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Jiang T, Wang XY, Liu H, Yu L, Park CB, Wang J. Closely Packed Conductive Droplets with Polygon-Like Patterns Confined at the Interface in Ternary Polymer Blends. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3189-3201. [PMID: 35245061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the formation of closely packed conductive droplets demonstrating polygon-like patterns at the interface in partially wetted ternary polymer systems prepared by melt blending and annealing treatment. The low-density polyethylene/poly(ether-block-amide)/poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (LDPE/PEBA/PBAT) blend showed an intermediate partial wetting tendency where the interfacially localized conductive PEBA phase developed connected structure after blending but transformed into dispersed droplets upon annealing. The coalescence of the PEBA droplets appeared to be initiated by the Rayleigh-type instability in the thin PBAT film separating PEBA. However, the intrinsic coalescence rate of the PEBA droplets was very low due to the low interfacial tension of PEBA/PBAT. This slow coalescence of PEBA combined with the fast reduction in the interfacial area during annealing and the intermediate partial wetting state of the LDPE/PEBA/PBAT system resulted in a unique morphology of closely packed PEBA droplets with polygon-like patterns at a volume fraction of 50/10/40. Two other representative ternary polymer blends, LDPE/PEBA/polypropylene (PP) and compatibilized LDPE/PEBA/polystyrene (PS), with strong and weak partial wetting morphologies were also examined to highlight the mechanism for the morphology development in the LDPE/PEBA/PBAT blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiang
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Knowledge City, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Long Yu
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Knowledge City, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Polymers from Renewable Resources, Collage of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
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Sun XR, Gong T, Pu JH, Bao RY, Xie BH, Yang MB, Yang W. Effect of phase coarsening under melt annealing on the electrical performance of polymer composites with a double percolation structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:137-147. [PMID: 29211093 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07493j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of phase coarsening on the evolution of the carbon black (CB) nanoparticle network under quiescent melt annealing and the electrical performance of polypropylene/polystyrene/carbon black (PP/PS/CB) composites with a double percolation structure was investigated. The results showed that when the CB content is low, the coarsening process of PP/PS/CB blends can be divided into two stages. In the first stage, the coarsening rate is fast before the formation of the CB nanoparticle network, and after annealing for a certain time, the evolution of the co-continuous morphology can drive the CB nanoparticles to self-assemble into a complete nanoparticle network. In the second stage, the coarsening rate is slow after the formation of the CB nanoparticle network. When the CB content is high, the CB nanoparticle network can be maintained throughout the whole annealing process, so that the conductivity and morphology of the PP/PS/CB composites are stable. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of the PP/PS/CB composites greatly increases after annealing for a certain time, and a percolation threshold as low as 0.07 vol% can be obtained. These results reveal the relationship between the evolution of the morphology and the conductivity in the conductive polymer composites with a double percolation structure, and provide a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the double percolation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Zolali AM, Favis BD. Partial to complete wetting transitions in immiscible ternary blends with PLA: the influence of interfacial confinement. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2844-2856. [PMID: 28352895 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study it is shown that the three different intermediate phases in melt blended ternary PLA/PHBV/PBS, PLA/PBAT/PE and PLA/PE/PBAT systems all demonstrate partial wetting, but have very different wetting behaviors as a function of composition and annealing. The interfacial tension of the various components, their spreading coefficients and the contact angles of the confined partially wet droplets at the interface are examined in detail. A wetting transition from partially wet droplets to a complete layer at the interface is observed for both PHBV and PBAT by increasing the concentration and also by annealing. In contrast, in PLA/PE/PBAT, the partially wet droplets of PE at the interface of PLA/PBAT coalesce and grow in size, but remain partially wet even at a high PE concentration of 20% and after 30 min of quiescent annealing. The dewetting speed of the intermediate phase is found to be the principal factor controlling these wetting transitions. This work shows the significant potential for controlled wetting and structuring in ternary polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Zolali
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C3A7, Canada.
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4
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Effects of nanoparticles on the morphology of immiscible polymer blends – Challenges and opportunities. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Chen Y, Yang Q, Huang Y, Liao X, Niu Y. Influence of phase coarsening and filler agglomeration on electrical and rheological properties of MWNTs-filled PP/PMMA composites under annealing. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Monemian S, Korley LTJ. Exploring the Role of Supramolecular Associations in Mechanical Toughening of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedali Monemian
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - LaShanda T. J. Korley
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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7
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Szczepanski CR, Stansbury JW. Modification of linear prepolymers to tailor heterogeneous network formation through photo-initiated Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation. POLYMER 2015; 70:8-18. [PMID: 26190865 PMCID: PMC4503221 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) was studied in ambient photopolymerizations of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) modified by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The molecular weight of PMMA and the rate of network formation (through incident UV-irradiation) were varied to influence both the promotion of phase separation through increases in overall free energy, as well as the extent to which phase development occurs during polymerization through diffusion prior to network gelation. The overall free energy of the polymerizing system increases with PMMA molecular weight, such that PIPS is promoted thermodynamically at low loading levels (5 wt%) of a higher molecular weight PMMA (120 kDa), while a higher loading level (20 wt%) is needed to induce PIPS with lower PMMA molecular weight (11 kDa), and phase separation was not promoted at any loading level tested of the lowest molecular weight PMMA (1 kDa). Due to these differences in overall free energy, systems modified by PMMA (11 kDa) underwent phase separation via Nucleation and Growth, and systems modified by PMMA (120 kDa), followed the Spinodal Decomposition mechanism. Despite differences in phase structure, all materials form a continuous phase rich in TEGDMA homopolymer. At high irradiation intensity (Io=20mW/cm2), the rate of network formation prohibited significant phase separation, even when thermodynamically preferred. A staged curing approach, which utilizes low intensity irradiation (Io=300µW/cm2) for the first ~50% of reaction to allow phase separation via diffusion, followed by a high intensity flood-cure to achieve a high degree of conversion, was employed to form phase-separated networks with reduced polymerization stress yet equivalent final conversion and modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R. Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Szczepanski CR, Stansbury JW. Accessing photo-based morphological control in phase-separated, cross-linked networks through delayed gelation. Eur Polym J 2015; 67:314-325. [PMID: 25954051 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an approach to extend the period for phase separation, independent of temperature, in ambient phase-separating photopolymerizations based on the copolymerization of structurally similar mono- and di-vinyl monomers. Copolymer resins composed of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (EGMEMA) were modified with a thermoplastic prepolymer, poly(butyl methacrylate). With increasing EGMEMA modification into the bulk TEGDMA resin, there is a decrease in the initial reaction rate, which increases the time for development of compositionally different phases prior to network gelation. The period between phase separation and gelation was probed through optical and rheological measurements, and it was extended from 22 s in a TEGDMA resin to 69 s in a TEGDMA:EGMEMA copolymer, allowing these materials to be processed under a wide range of UV-irradiation intensities (300 µW cm-2 - 100 mW cm-2), which provided an additional degree of control over the resulting phase separated domain size and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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9
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Feng JM, Liu XQ, Bao RY, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB. Suppressing phase coarsening in immiscible polymer blends using nano-silica particles located at the interface. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13637g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coalescence suppressing effect of nanoparticles at the interface of polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Feng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xi-Qiang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Bang-Hu Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
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10
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Liu XQ, Wang QY, Bao RY, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB. Suppressing phase retraction and coalescence of co-continuous polymer blends: effect of nanoparticles and particle network. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09138h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Liu XQ, Li RH, Bao RY, Jiang WR, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB. Suppression of phase coarsening in immiscible, co-continuous polymer blends under high temperature quiescent annealing. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3587-3596. [PMID: 24663286 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm53211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The properties of polymer blends greatly depend on the morphologies formed during processing, and the thermodynamic non-equilibrium nature of most polymer blends makes it important to maintain the morphology stability to ensure the performance stability of structural materials. Herein, the phase coarsening of co-continuous, immiscible polyamide 6 (PA6)-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) blends in the melt state was studied and the effect of introduction of nano-silica particles on the stability of the phase morphology was examined. It was found that the PA6-ABS (50/50 w) blend maintained the co-continuous morphology but coarsened severely upon annealing at 230 °C. The coarsening process could be divided into two stages: a fast coarsening process at the initial stage of annealing and a second coarsening process with a relatively slow coarsening rate later. The reduction of the coarsening rate can be explained from the reduction of the global curvature of the interface. With the introduction of nano-silica, the composites also showed two stages of coarsening. However, the coarsening rate was significantly decreased and the phase morphology was stabilized. Rheological measurements indicated that a particle network structure was formed when the concentration of nano-silica particles was beyond 2 wt%. The particle network inhibited the movement of molecular chains and thus suppressed the coarsening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan, China.
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Modi S, Koelling K, Vodovotz Y. Assessing the mechanical, phase inversion, and rheological properties of poly-[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] (PHBV) blended with poly-(l-lactic acid) (PLA). Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Analysis of phase structure and evolution of PP/PEOc blends during quiescent molten-state annealing process from SEM patterns. Part II. Co-continuous morphology. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-2901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Dimzoski B, Fortelný I, Šlouf M, Sikora A, Michálková D. Morphology evolution during cooling of quiescent immiscible polymer blends: matrix crystallization effect on the dispersed phase coalescence. Polym Bull (Berl) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-012-0848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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16
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Fortelný I, Jůza J, Vacková T, Šlouf M. The effect of anisometry of dispersed droplets on their coalescence during annealing of polymer blends. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Pu G, Luo Y, Wang A, Li B. Tuning Polymer Blends to Cocontinuous Morphology by Asymmetric Diblock Copolymers as the Surfactants. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1026719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gongwei Pu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yingwu Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Anni Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Bogeng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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18
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Chen F, Zhang J. Effects of plasticization and shear stress on phase structure development and properties of soy protein blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:3324-3332. [PMID: 20964281 DOI: 10.1021/am100751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, soy protein concentrate (SPC) was used as a plastic component to blend with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). Effects of SPC plasticization and blend composition on its deformation during mixing were studied in detail. Influence of using water as the major plasticizer and glycerol as the co-plasticizer on the deformation of the SPC phase during mixing was explored. The effect of shear stress, as affected by SPC loading level, on the phase structure of SPC in the blends was also investigated. Quantitative analysis of the aspect ratio of SPC particles was conducted by using ImageJ software, and an empirical model predicting the formation of percolated structure was applied. The experimental results and the model prediction showed a fairly good agreement. The experimental results and statistic analysis suggest that both SPC loading level and its water content prior to compounding had significant influences on development of the SPC phase structure and were correlated in determining the morphological structures of the resulting blends. Consequently, physical and mechanical properties of the blends greatly depended on the phase morphology and PBAT/SPC ratio of the blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Materials Science Program & Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-1806, USA
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19
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Li G, Favis BD. Morphology Development and Interfacial Interactions in Polycaprolactone/Thermoplastic-Starch Blends. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Anisotropy and instability of the co-continuous phase morphology in uncompatibilized and reactively compatibilized polypropylene/polystyrene blends. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Yuan Z, Favis BD. Influence of the efficacy of interfacial modification on the coarsening of cocontinuous PS/HDPE blends during quiescent annealing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Yuan Z, Favis BD. Macroporous poly(l-lactide) of controlled pore size derived from the annealing of co-continuous polystyrene/poly(l-lactide) blends. Biomaterials 2004; 25:2161-70. [PMID: 14741631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed study on the static annealing of co-continuous polystyrene/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) blends is presented. The effects of temperature, time at temperature, viscosity of the phases and interfacial modification on the coarsening of the blend are discussed. In this paper, polystyrene and PLLA are blended at compositions of 50/50 and 60/40 to form co-continuous morphologies. These co-continuous morphologies are coarsened under quiescent annealing conditions, and the subsequent removal of the polystyrene phase leaves a macroporous PLLA structure. The microstructure is analyzed using three different techniques: the BET nitrogen adsorption technique, mercury intrusion porosimetry and SEM combined with image analysis. It is shown that static annealing can be used to generate a series of co-continuous networks with controlled pore sizes ranging from 1 to hundreds of microns. A non-linear pore size growth rate is observed for these systems due to the degradation of PLLA and this study indicates that controlled degradation can be used as an additional tool for morphology control. Compatibilized polystyrene/PLLA blends demonstrate significantly reduced coarsening effects due to the reduction of interfacial tension. The coarsening rate of the co-continuous structure was examined in terms of the pore size, R and this growth rate is discussed in terms of a previously proposed coarsening mechanism. This approach is a route towards the preparation of a macroporous PLLA structure with pore sizes in the range required for scaffolds for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yuan
- Centre de Recherche Appliquée Sur les Polymères, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montrèal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7
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23
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Tol R, Groeninckx G, Vinckier I, Moldenaers P, Mewis J. Phase morphology and stability of co-continuous (PPE/PS)/PA6 and PS/PA6 blends: effect of rheology and reactive compatibilization. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Yuan Z, Favis BD. Coarsening of immiscible co-continuous blends during quiescent annealing. AIChE J 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Galloway JA, Koester KJ, Paasch BJ, Macosko CW. Effect of sample size on solvent extraction for detecting cocontinuity in polymer blends. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Fortelný I, Hlavatá D, Mikešová J, Michálková D, Potroková L, Šloufová I. Effect of mixing conditions on the morphology and properties of polystyrene/polyethylene blends compatibilized with styrene-butadiene block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Pötschke P, Paul DR. Formation of Co-continuous Structures in Melt-Mixed Immiscible Polymer Blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-120018022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Chuai C, Almdal K, Lyngaae-Jørgensen J. Phase continuity and inversion in polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Harrats C, Fayt R, Jérôme R, Blacher S. Stabilization of a cocontinuous phase morphology by a tapered diblock or triblock copolymer in polystyrene-rich low-density polyethylene/polystyrene blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Morphology development during phase inversion in isothermal, model experiments: steady simple-shear and quiescent flow fields. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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