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Wu Y, Wang C, Xie M, Hu S. Polybutylene adipate terephthalate/polylactic acid interface enhanced compatibilization and its bead-foaming characteristics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135221. [PMID: 39218185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Bead foaming technique is regarded as a highly promising method for preparing foams with complex geometries and high expansion ratios. The biodegradability of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) has garnered significant attention in the field of foam materials. However, due to inherent disadvantages such as low melt strength and low modulus, PBAT faces challenges during bead foaming. In this study, a small amount of polylactic acid (PLA) was incorporated into PBAT. Utilizing the differential melting points of PLA and PBAT, PLA served as physical cross-linking points. The epoxy-based chain extender ADR4370S was used as a chain extender and compatibilizer. By varying its content, the compatibility and foaming performance of the PBAT/PLA blend were regulated. Finally, the foaming process employed supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) impregnation followed by heating to address the hydrolysis issue of the PBAT/PLA blend during bead foaming. The results demonstrated that the introduction of ADR could initiate reactions between its epoxy groups and PBAT and PLA, resulting in grafting and chain extension. When the ADR content reached 0.6 wt%, the cell structure evolved from a bimodal to a uniform cell structure, with a minimum average cell size of 12.3 μm and a maximum foaming ratio of 10.3 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Maoqing Xie
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Shengfei Hu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China..
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Song T, Bie D, Shi D, Yang H, Zhang L, Bao J, Wang Z. Nano-Scale Pores are Formed between the Shish-Kebab Structures of Double-Mold Polyethylene by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21060122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Luo G, Zhu Y, Zhang R, Cao P, Liu Q, Zhang J, Sun Y, Yuan H, Guo W, Shen Q, Zhang L. A Review on Mechanical Models for Cellular Media: Investigation on Material Characterization and Numerical Simulation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3283. [PMID: 34641100 PMCID: PMC8512906 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular media materials are used for automobiles, aircrafts, energy-efficient buildings, transportation, and other fields due to their light weight, designability, and good impact resistance. To devise a buffer structure reasonably and avoid resource and economic loss, it is necessary to completely comprehend the constitutive relationship of the buffer structure. This paper introduces the progress on research of the mechanical properties characterization, constitutive equations, and numerical simulation of porous structures. Currently, various methods can be used to construct cellular media mechanical models including simplified phenomenological constitutive models, homogenization algorithm models, single cell models, and multi-cell models. This paper reviews current key mechanical models for cellular media, attempting to track their evolution from their inception to their latest development. These models are categorized in terms of their mechanical modeling methods. This paper focuses on the importance of constitutive relationships and microstructure models in studying mechanical properties and optimizing structural design. The key issues concerning this topic and future directions for research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Luo
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China;
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Hubei Key Lab of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Huan Yuan
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Y.); (W.G.)
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Y.); (W.G.)
| | - Qiang Shen
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lianmeng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.Z.)
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Expanded Polycarbonate (EPC)-A New Generation of High-Temperature Engineering Bead Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102314. [PMID: 33050426 PMCID: PMC7601122 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bead foams serve in a wide variety of applications, from insulation and packaging to midsoles in shoes. However, the currently used materials are limited to somewhat low temperature or exhibit significant changes in modulus in the temperature range of many applications due to their glass transition. By comparison, polycarbonate (PC) exhibits almost constant mechanics for temperatures up to 130 °C. Therefore, it appears as an advantageous base material for bead foams. The aim of the publication is to provide comprehensive data on the properties of expanded PC (EPC) in comparison to already commercially available expanded polypropylene, EPP, and expanded polyethylene-terephthalate, EPET. A special focus is set on the thermo-mechanical properties as these are the most lacking features in current materials. In this frame, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile, bending, compression and impact tests at room temperature (RT), 80 °C, and 110 °C are conducted for the three materials of the same density. Already at RT, EPC exhibits superior mechanics compared to its peers, which becomes more pronounced toward higher temperature. This comes from the low sensitivity of properties to temperature as EPC is used below its glass transition. In summary, EPC proves to be an outstanding foam material over a broad range of temperatures for structural applications.
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Villamil Jiménez JA, Le Moigne N, Bénézet JC, Sauceau M, Sescousse R, Fages J. Foaming of PLA Composites by Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Processes: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153408. [PMID: 32731388 PMCID: PMC7436275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a well-known and commercially available biopolymer that can be produced from different sources. Its different characteristics generated a great deal of interest in various industrial fields. Besides, its use as a polymer matrix for foam production has increased in recent years. With the rise of technologies that seek to reduce the negative environmental impact of processes, chemical foaming agents are being substituted by physical agents, primarily supercritical fluids (SCFs). Currently, the mass production of low-density PLA foams with a uniform cell morphology using SCFs as blowing agents is a challenge. This is mainly due to the low melt strength of PLA and its slow crystallization kinetics. Among the different options to improve the PLA characteristics, compounding it with different types of fillers has great potential. This strategy does not only have foaming advantages, but can also improve the performances of the final composites, regardless of the implemented foaming process, i.e., batch, injection molding, and extrusion. In addition, the operating conditions and the characteristics of the fillers, such as their size, shape factor, and surface chemistry, play an important role in the final foam morphology. This article proposes a critical review on the different SCF-assisted processes and effects of operating conditions and fillers on foaming of PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Andrea Villamil Jiménez
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Jean-Charles Bénézet
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
| | - Martial Sauceau
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Romain Sescousse
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Jacques Fages
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.M.); (J.F.)
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Chen J, Yang L, Chen D, Mai Q, Wang M, Wu L, Kong P. Cell structure and mechanical properties of microcellular PLA foams prepared via autoclave constrained foaming. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489320930328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microcellular polylactic acid (PLA) foams with various cell size and cell morphologies were prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) solid-state foaming to investigate the relationship between the cell structure and mechanical properties. Constrained foaming was used and a wide range of cell structures with a constant porosity of ∼75% by tuning saturation pressure (8–24 MPa) was developed. Experiments varying the saturation pressure while holding other variables’ constant show that the mean cell size and the mean cell wall thickness decreased, while the cell density and the open porosity increased with increase of pressure. Tensile modulus of PLA foams decreased with increasing the saturation pressure, but the specific tensile modulus of PLA foams was still 15–80% higher than that of solid PLA. Tensile strength and elongation at break first increased with increasing saturation pressure up to 16 MPa and then decreased with further increasing saturation pressure (20 MPa and 24 MPa) at which opened-cell structure produced. Compressive modulus, compressive strength, and compressive yield stress also followed the same variation trend. The results indicated that not only cell size plays an important role in properties of PLA foams but also cell morphology can influence these properties significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Chen
- Department of Polymer Processing, Advanced Research Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dahua Chen
- Department of Polymer Processing, Advanced Research Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qunshan Mai
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meigui Wang
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Wu
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Kong
- School of Light Chemical Technology, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang R, Chen J, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Luo G, Cao P, Shen Q, Zhang L. Correlation Between the Structure and Compressive Property of PMMA Microcellular Foams Fabricated by Supercritical CO 2 Foaming Method. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020315. [PMID: 32028727 PMCID: PMC7077491 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we fabricated poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microcellular foams featuring tunable cellular structures and porosity, through adjusting the supercritical CO2 foaming conditions. Experimental testing and finite element model (FEM) simulations were conducted to systematically elucidate the influence of the foaming parameters and structure on compressive properties of the foam. The correlation between the cellular structure and mechanical properties was acquired by separating the effects of the cell size and foam porosity. It was found that cell size reduction contributes to improved mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the dispersion of stress and decreasing stress concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ju Chen
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Guoqiang Luo
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.S.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;
| | - Qiang Shen
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lianmeng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.S.); (L.Z.)
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Mantaranon N, Chirachanchai S. Polyoxymethylene foam: From an investigation of key factors related to porous morphologies and microstructure to the optimization of foam properties. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Escudero J, Lopez-Gil A, Laguna-Gutierrez E, Rodriguez-Perez M. Low Density Non-crosslinked Closed/Open Cell Polypropylene Foams with High Mechanical Properties. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931603500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low density polypropylene based foams with different cellular structures have been produced by the improved compression molding route using a high melt strength polypropylene as polymer matrix. In addition, different types of nanoparticles have been introduced in the formulation (multi-wall carbon nanotubes, organomodified nanoclays and natural nanoclays) to modify the structure and properties. The results have showed a clear correlation between the open cell content of the foams and the mechanical properties in compression. In the unfilled polypropylene high specific mechanical properties are only achievable with low values of open cell content. In comparison, for an equal value of the interconnectivity between cells, the samples containing nanoclays present much higher specific properties. This result is attributed to the reinforcement of these nanoparticles in the solid matrix, due to an improved exfoliation during the foaming process and the presence of a bimodal cellular structure. The produced foams have interesting properties with stiffness similar to those of commercial polymer foams used for the core of sandwich panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Escudero
- Cellular Materials Laboratory, (CellMat). Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belhtén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - A. Lopez-Gil
- CellMat Technologies S.L. CTTA, Paseo de Belén 9A, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - E. Laguna-Gutierrez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory, (CellMat). Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belhtén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - M.A. Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory, (CellMat). Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belhtén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
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Lopez-Gil A, Saiz-Arroyo C, Tirado J, Rodriguez-Perez MA. Production of non-crosslinked thermoplastic foams with a controlled density and a wide range of cellular structures. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lopez-Gil
- Cellular Materials Laboratory; (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Science School; Paseo de Belén, 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Cristina Saiz-Arroyo
- CellMat Technologies S.L. Centro de Tecnologías y Transferencia Aplicadas (CTTA); Paseo de Belén, 9 A 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Josias Tirado
- Cellular Materials Laboratory; (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Science School; Paseo de Belén, 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory; (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Science School; Paseo de Belén, 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
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Mechanical and dielectric properties of microcellular polycarbonate foams with unimodal or bimodal cell-size distributions. J CELL PLAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14542989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on the compressive, dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of microcellular polycarbonate foams with unimodal or bimodal cell-size distributions fabricated using the environment-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide. The effects of cell morphologies such as relative density, cell-size distribution and porosity on the compressive strength, Young’s modulus, storage modulus, loss modulus, dielectric constant and loss tangent of the microcellular polycarbonate foams are investigated quantitatively. Experimental values of the compressive strength and Young’s modulus fit very well with the theoretical values calculated from the Gibson–Ashby model at low relative densities. The higher relative density leads to higher storage modulus and loss modulus. The bimodal foams significantly improve the compressive and dynamic mechanical properties compared to the unimodal foams with the same relative density. The dielectric properties of microcellular foams depend only on the total porosity, but not on the cell-size distribution or microstructure of the foams. With increasing porosity, the dielectric constant of the microcellular foams gradually decreases, and agrees very well with the curve calculated from the Maxwell-Garnett-spheres model.
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