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Okeola AA, Hernandez-Limon JE, Tatar J. Core-Shell Rubber Nanoparticle-Modified CFRP/Steel Ambient-Cured Adhesive Joints: Curing Kinetics and Mechanical Behavior. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:749. [PMID: 38591654 PMCID: PMC10856704 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Externally bonded wet-layup carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening systems are extensively used in concrete structures but have not found widespread use in deficient steel structures. To address the challenges of the adhesive bonding of wet-layup CFRP to steel substrates, this study investigated the effect of core-shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles on the curing kinetics, glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical properties of ambient-cured epoxy/CSR blends. The effects of silane coupling agent and CSR on the adhesive bond properties of CFRP/steel joints were also investigated. The results indicate that CSR nanoparticles have a mild catalytic effect on the curing kinetics of epoxy under ambient conditions. The effect of CSR on the Tg of epoxy was negligible. Epoxy adhesives modified with 5 to 20%wt. of CSR nanoparticles were characterized with improved ductility over brittle neat epoxy; however, the addition of CSR nanoparticles reduced tensile strength and modulus of the adhesives. An up to 250% increase in the single-lap shear strength of CFRP/steel joints was accomplished in CSR-modified joints over neat epoxy adhesive joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abass Abayomi Okeola
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (A.A.O.); (J.E.H.-L.)
| | - Jorge E. Hernandez-Limon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (A.A.O.); (J.E.H.-L.)
| | - Jovan Tatar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Composite Materials, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Sung KS, Kim N. Synergistic Improvement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Benzoxazine/Aluminum Trihydrate Adhesive Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112452. [PMID: 37299250 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin was mixed with benzoxazine resin and an aluminum trihydrate (ATH) additive to provide flame retardancy and good mechanical properties. The ATH was modified using three different silane coupling agents and then incorporated into a 60/40 epoxy/benzoxazine mixture. The effect of blending compositions and surface modification on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of the composites was investigated by performing UL94, tensile, and single-lap shear tests. Additional measurements were conducted including thermal stability, storage modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) assessments. The mixtures containing more than 40 wt% benzoxazine revealed a UL94 V-1 rating with high thermal stability and low CTE. Mechanical properties including storage modulus, and tensile and shear strength, also increased in proportion to the benzoxazine content. Upon the addition of ATH to the 60/40 epoxy/benzoxazine mixture, a V-0 rating was achieved at 20 wt% ATH. The pure epoxy passed a V-0 rating by the addition of 50 wt% ATH. The lower mechanical properties at high ATH loading could have been improved by introducing a silane coupling agent to the ATH surface. The composites containing surface-modified ATH with epoxy silane revealed about three times higher tensile strength and one and a half times higher shear strength compared to the untreated ATH. The enhanced compatibility between the surface-modified ATH and the resin was confirmed by observing the fracture surface of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Sung
- Research & Development Center, Protavic Korea, Daejeon 34326, Republic of Korea
| | - Namil Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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Babu N, Zhang P, Xian G. Improving epoxy adhesion with steel adherends using a tannic acid‐based additive: Impact on resin properties and interfacial bonding. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noel Babu
- Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control, Ministry of Education Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- School of Civil Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Puxuan Zhang
- Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control, Ministry of Education Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- School of Civil Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Guijun Xian
- Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control, Ministry of Education Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- School of Civil Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
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Lee C, Yamaguchi S, Imazato S. Quantitative evaluation of the degradation amount of the silane coupling layer of CAD/CAM resin composites by water absorption. J Prosthodont Res 2023; 67:55-61. [PMID: 34980788 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_21_00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Degradation of silane coupling layers by water ingress in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of resin composites has been reported qualitatively. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated how water absorption of CAD/CAM resin composites affects the silane coupling layer by in vitro and in silico methods. METHODS A Katana Avencia block (KAB) and an experimental matrix block composed of only a matrix resin were used to evaluate the effect of water immersion for seven days on the elastic modulus. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with fluorine-labeling of the KAB was performed to evaluate the atomic percentage of F1s, which represents the hydrolysis amount by water immersion. In silico analysis of the three-dimensional model of the KAB was performed to determine the coupling ratios before and after water immersion. RESULTS The elastic modulus of the KAB was 8.2 GPa before and 6.9 GPa after immersion in water. The atomic percentages of F1s in the after- and before-immersion groups were 14.31% and 11.52%, respectively, suggesting that hydrolysis of the silane coupling layer occurred during water immersion. From in silico analysis of the three-dimensional model of the KAB, the coupling ratio was predicted to be 78.2% before water immersion. After water immersion, the coupling ratio was predicted to be 68.4%. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro and in silico approaches established in this study were able to predict the silane coupling ratios of CAD/CAM resin composites, and they showed that the silane coupling ratio decreased by water absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwoo Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Li S, Ma C, Hou B, Liu H. Rational design of adhesives for effective underwater bonding. Front Chem 2022; 10:1007212. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1007212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Underwater adhesives hold great promises in our daily life, biomedical fields and industrial engineering. Appropriate underwater bonding can reduce the huge cost from removing the target substance from water, and greatly lift working efficiency. However, different from bonding in air, underwater bonding is quite challenging. The existence of interfacial water prevents the intimate contact between the adhesives and the submerged surfaces, and water environment makes it difficult to achieve high cohesiveness. Even so, in recent years, various underwater adhesives with macroscopic adhesion abilities were emerged. These smart adhesives can ingeniously remove the interfacial water, and enhance cohesion by utilizing their special physicochemical properties or functional groups. In this mini review, we first give a detail introduction of the difficulties in underwater bonding. Further, we overview the recent strategies that are used to construct underwater adhesives, with the emphasis on how to overcome the difficulties of interfacial water and achieve high cohesiveness underwater. In addition, future perspectives of underwater adhesives from the view of practical applications are also discussed. We believe the review will provide inspirations for the discovery of new strategies to overcome the obstacles in underwater bonding, and therefore may contribute to designing effective underwater adhesives.
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Tsuji Y, Yoshizawa K. Competition between Hydrogen Bonding and Dispersion Force in Water Adsorption and Epoxy Adhesion to Boron Nitride: From the Flat to the Curved. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11351-11364. [PMID: 34519515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a material with excellent thermal conductivity and electrical insulation, used as an additive to various matrices. To increase the affinity of h-BN to them, hydrogen bonds should be formed at the interface. In reality, however, they are not formed; the N atoms are not capable of accepting hydrogen bonds due to the delocalization of their lone pair electrons over the B-N π bonds. To make it form hydrogen bonds, one may need to break the planarity of h-BN so that the orbital overlap in the B-N π bonds can be reduced. This idea is verified with first-principles calculations on the adsorption of a water molecule on hypothetical h-BN surfaces, the planarity of which is broken. One can do it in silico but not in vitro. BN nanotubes (BNNTs) are considered as a more realistic BN surface with nonplanarity. The hydrogen bond is shown to become stronger as the curvature of the tube increases. On the contrary, the strength of the dispersion force acting at the interface becomes weaker. In water adsorption, these two interactions are in competition with each other. However, in epoxy adhesion, the interaction due to dispersion forces is overwhelmingly stronger than that due to hydrogen bonding. The smaller the curvature of the surface, the smaller the distance between more atoms at the interface; thus, the interaction due to dispersion forces maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Catechol-modified epoxy coatings with high adhesive strength on saturated concrete substrate. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-021-00899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Harmanci YE, Michels J, Chatzi E. Behaviour of Prestressed CFRP Anchorages during and after Freeze-Thaw Cycle Exposure. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060565. [PMID: 30966599 PMCID: PMC6404005 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term performance of externally-bonded reinforcements (EBR) on reinforced concrete (RC) structures highly depends on the behavior of constituent materials and their interfaces to various environmental loads, such as temperature and humidity exposure. Although significant efforts have been devoted to understanding the effect of such conditions on the anchorage resistance of unstressed EBR, with or without sustained loading, the effect of a released prestressing has not been thoroughly investigated. For this purpose, a series of experiments has been carried out herein, with concrete blocks strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips, both unstressed, as well as prestressed using the gradient anchorage. The gradient anchorage is a non-mechanical technique to anchor prestressed CFRP by exploiting the accelerated curing property of epoxy under higher temperatures and segment-wise prestress-force releasing. Subsequently, strengthened blocks are transferred into a chamber for exposure in dry freeze-thaw cycles (FTC). Following FTC exposure, the blocks are tested in a conventional lap-shear test setup to determine their residual anchorage resistance and then compared with reference specimens. Blocks were monitored during FTC by conventional and Fabry–Pérot-based fiber optic strain (FOS) sensors and a 3D-digital image correlation (3D-DIC) system during gradient application and lap-shear testing. Results indicate a reduction of residual anchorage resistance, stiffness and deformation capacity of the system after FTC and a change in the failure mode from concrete substrate to epoxy-concrete interface failure. It was further observed that all of these properties experienced a more significant reduction for prestressed specimens. These findings are presented with a complementary finite element model to shed more light onto the durability of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Emre Harmanci
- Institute of Structural Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Michels
- Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- re-fer AG, 6440 Brunnen, Switzerland.
| | - Eleni Chatzi
- Institute of Structural Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Frigione M, Lettieri M. Durability Issues and Challenges for Material Advancements in FRP Employed in the Construction Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E247. [PMID: 30966282 PMCID: PMC6414872 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the rehabilitation of buildings or other infrastructure is increasingly becoming an effective and popular solution, being able to overcome some of the drawbacks experienced with traditional interventions and/or traditional materials. The knowledge of long-term performance and of durability behavior of FRP, in terms of their degradation/aging causes and mechanisms taking place in common as well as in harsh environmental conditions, still represents a critical issue for a safe and advantageous implementation of such advanced materials. The research of new and better performing materials in such fields is somewhat limited by practical and economical constrains and, as a matter of fact, is confined to an academic argument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaenrica Frigione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Mariateresa Lettieri
- Institute of Archaeological Heritage-Monuments and Sites, CNR⁻IBAM, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Zhou J, Wan Y, Liu N, Yin H, Li B, Sun D, Ran Q. Epoxy adhesive with high underwater adhesion and stability based on low viscosity modified Mannich bases. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials; Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd; Nanjing 211103 Jiangsu China
| | - Yun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials; Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd; Nanjing 211103 Jiangsu China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials; Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu China
- Nanjing Bote New Materials Co., Ltd; Nanjing 211500 Jiangsu China
| | - Hao Yin
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd; Nanjing 211103 Jiangsu China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials; Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu China
| | - Dewen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials; Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd; Nanjing 211103 Jiangsu China
| | - Qianping Ran
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials; Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd; Nanjing 211103 Jiangsu China
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13
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Ohtsuka K, Kimura H, Iwai T, Matsumoto A. Properties of novel diallyl phthalate resin modified with sulfur-containing allyl ester compounds. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ohtsuka
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute; 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku Osaka 536-8553 Japan
| | - Hajime Kimura
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute; 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku Osaka 536-8553 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Iwai
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute; 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku Osaka 536-8553 Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute; 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku Osaka 536-8553 Japan
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Stewart A, Schlosser B, Douglas EP. Surface modification of cured cement pastes by silane coupling agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1218-1225. [PMID: 23312012 DOI: 10.1021/am301967v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and static contact angle measurements were used to study the interaction between silane coupling agents and cured cement paste. Three different silane coupling agents were investigated: aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTES), 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (GPTMS), and methoxy-terminated polydimethxyl siloxane (PDMS). These silanes have different end groups, so the change in surface energy after undergoing a successful reaction between the silane and hydroxyls on the surface of the cement paste was demonstrated by a change in contact angle. Relative to untreated samples, APTES samples decreased the contact angle, PDMS samples increased the contact angle, and GPTMS did not show a significant change in contact angle. Samples with a water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.5 showed a larger change in contact angle than 0.4 w/c ratio samples, because of a greater number of hydroxyl groups at the surface. Deconvolution of the O 1s and Si 2p XPS peaks were performed to determine contributions from bridging and nonbridging atoms. An increase in bridging silicon and oxygen atoms relative to untreated samples indicated successful silane condensation and that a covalent bond was formed between the cement paste and silanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stewart
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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