1
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Li Z, Zhu G, Lin N. Dispersibility Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymeric-Based Composites. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4439-4468. [PMID: 36195577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are hydrophilic nanoparticles extracted from biomass with properties and functions different from cellulose and are being developed for property-oriented applications such as high stiffness, abundant active groups, and biocompatibility. It has broad application prospects in the field of composite materials, while the dispersibility of the CNC in polymers is the key to its application performance. Many reviews have discussed in-depth the modification strategies to improve the dispersibility of the CNC and summarized all characterization for the CNC, but there are no reviews on the in-depth exploration of dispersion characterization. This review is a comprehensive summary of the characterization of CNC dispersion in the matrix in terms of direct observation, indirect evaluation, and quantified evaluation, summarizing how and why different characterization tools reveal dispersibility. In addition, "decision tree" flowcharts are presented to provide the reader with a reference for selecting the appropriate characterization method for a specific composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ge Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
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2
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Niinivaara E, Ouzas A, Fraschini C, Berry RM, Dubé MA, Cranston ED. How latex film formation and adhesion at the nanoscale correlate to performance of pressure sensitive adhesives with cellulose nanocrystals. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200330. [PMID: 34334024 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion polymerized latex-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are more environmentally benign because they are synthesized in water but often underperform compared to their solution polymerized counterparts. Studies have shown a simultaneous improvement in the tack, and peel and shear strength of various acrylic PSAs upon the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). This work uses atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine the role of CNCs in (i) the coalescence of hydrophobic 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate/n-butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate (EHA/BA/MMA) latex films and (ii) as adhesion modifiers over multiple length scales. Thin films with varying solids content and CNC loading were prepared by spin coating. AFM revealed that CNCs lowered the solids content threshold for latex particle coalescence during film formation. This improved the cohesive strength of the films, which was directly reflected in the increased shear strength of the EHA/BA/MMA PSAs with increasing CNC loading. Colloidal probe AFM indicated that the nano-adhesion of thicker continuous latex films increased with CNC loading when measured over small contact areas where the effect of surface roughness was negligible. Conversely, the beneficial effects of the CNCs on macroscopic PSA tack and peel strength were outweighed by the effects of increased surface roughness with increasing CNC loading over larger surface areas. This highlights that CNCs can improve both cohesive and adhesive PSA properties; however, the effects are most pronounced when the CNCs interact favourably with the latex polymer and are uniformly dispersed throughout the adhesive film. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Niinivaara
- Chemical Engineering Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Alexandra Ouzas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Carole Fraschini
- FPInnovations, 570 Saint-Jean Boulevard, Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada H9R 3J9
| | - Richard M Berry
- CelluForce Inc., 570, Boulevard Saint-Jean, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, H9R 3J9
| | - Marc A Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Chemical Engineering Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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3
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Mamat Razali NA, Ismail MF, Abdul Aziz F. Characterization of nanocellulose from
Indica
rice straw as reinforcing agent in epoxy‐based nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amira Mamat Razali
- Department of Physics, Centre For Defence Foundation Studies National Defence University of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Fareez Ismail
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry MAHSA University Selangor Malaysia
| | - Fauziah Abdul Aziz
- Department of Physics, Centre For Defence Foundation Studies National Defence University of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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4
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Li J, Tao J, Ma C, Yang J, Gu T, Liu J. Carboxylated cellulose nanofiber/montmorillonite nanocomposite for the removal of levofloxacin hydrochloride antibiotic from aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42038-42053. [PMID: 35516750 PMCID: PMC9057890 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08987g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the facile two-step synthesis of an effective carboxylated cellulose nanofiber/montmorillonite nanocomposite (CMNFs-MMT) adsorbent for levofloxacin hydrochloride (Levo-HCl). CMNFs-MMT was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Based on the central composite design, the effects of various factors on the removal of Levo-HCl by the CMNFs-MMT were explored, wherein the effect of pH was the most significant. To gain a clearer perspective on the adsorption process of Levo-HCl onto CMNFs-MMT, the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were also measured, revealing that the reaction is pseudo-second-order and the Sips models provide the best fit with experimental data. Comparing the adsorption in pure water with the removal in river water, the rate of river water removal (90.37%) was slightly lower than that of pure water (93.97%) when adsorption equilibrium was reached, confirming that CMNFs-MMT is not easily influenced by environmental conditions. Reusability experiments indicate that CMNFs-MMT can maintain a certain adsorption capacity for Levo-HCl after six uses. Overall, this work indicates that CMNFs-MMT is an effective adsorbent for eliminating Levo-HCl from aqueous media in future engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832000 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Junhong Tao
- College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832000 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Chengxiao Ma
- College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832000 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832000 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Tiantian Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University Xinjiang 832003 PR China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China
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5
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Limousin E, Rafaniello I, Schäfer T, Ballard N, Asua JM. Linking Film Structure and Mechanical Properties in Nanocomposite Films Formed from Dispersions of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Acrylic Latexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2052-2062. [PMID: 32031814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are unique, lightweight materials that possess high elastic modulus and tensile strength, making them of great interest in the formation of nanocomposite materials. However, efficient design of the composite material is essential in translating the mechanical properties of the individual CNCs into the nanocomposite film. In this work, we demonstrate the formation of structured CNC/acrylic dispersions by physical blending of the anionic CNCs with charged acrylic latex particles. By blending with large cationic latex particles, the CNCs adsorbed onto the acrylic latex surface while blending with small latex particles led to the inverse structure. Films were cast from these dispersions and the physical properties were compared with the aim of understanding the influence of the initial structure of the hybrid dispersion on the structure of the final film. A significant difference in the mechanical properties was observed based on the position of the CNCs in the initial dispersion. Adsorption of latex particles onto the CNC surface led to a random distribution of nonconnected CNCs, which contributed little to improving the Young's modulus, while adsorption of CNC onto the latex led to a honeycomb CNC network and a large increase in the Young's modulus. This work underlines the importance of particle structure on the structure and mechanical properties of nanostructured films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Limousin
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Iliane Rafaniello
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Thomas Schäfer
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José M Asua
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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6
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Yu Q, Yang W, Wang Q, Dong W, Du M, Ma P. Functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals with γ-MPS and its effect on the adhesive behavior of acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 217:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Li MC, Dong J, Lee S, Cheng HN, Lei T, Wu Q. Cellulose nanocrystal driven microphase separated nanocomposites: Enhanced mechanical performance and nanostructured morphology. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:685-694. [PMID: 30826401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) lies in the potential to homogenously disperse CNCs in hydrophobic polymer matrices and to promote interfacial adhesion. In this work, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) were grafted onto CNCs, thereby imparting their hydrophobic traits. The successful grafting modification led to the increased thermal stability of modified CNCs (MCNCs), and the hydrophobic surface modification was integrated with crystalline structure and morphology of CNCs. The nanocomposites with 7 wt% MCNCs/PBA-co-PMMA had an increase in Young's modulus of >25-fold and in tensile strength at about 3 times compared to these of neat PBA-co-PMMA copolymer. In addition, a micro-phase separated morphology (PBA soft domains, and PMMA and CNC hard domains) of MCNCs/PBA-co-PMMA nanocomposites was observed. The large increase in the storage moduli (glass transition temperatures) and organized morphology of MCNCs/PBA-co-PMMA nanocomposites also elucidated the relationship between mechanical properties and micro-phase separated morphology. Therefore, the MCNCs are effective reinforcing agents for the PBA-co-PMMA thermoplastic elastomers, opening up opportunities for their wide-spread applications in polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhang
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Xiuqiang Zhang
- Key Biomass Energy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, China
| | - Mei-Chun Li
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ju Dong
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Forest Products, National Institute of Forest Research, Seoul 130-712, Republic of Korea
| | - H N Cheng
- US Department of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States
| | - Tingzhou Lei
- Key Biomass Energy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, China.
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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8
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Ferreira FV, Mariano M, Pinheiro IF, Cazalini EM, Souza DH, Lepesqueur LS, Koga‐Ito CY, Gouveia RF, Lona LM. Cellulose nanocrystal‐based poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) nanocomposites covered with antimicrobial silver thin films. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe V. Ferreira
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano)Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcos Mariano
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano)Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ivanei F. Pinheiro
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Elisa M. Cazalini
- Department of PhysicsTechnological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA) São José dos Campos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Diego H.S. Souza
- Institute of Macromolecules Professor Eloísa Mano (IMA)Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Laura S.S. Lepesqueur
- Department of Biosciences and Oral DiagnosisInstitute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São José dos Campos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Cristiane Y. Koga‐Ito
- Department of Biosciences and Oral DiagnosisInstitute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São José dos Campos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rubia F. Gouveia
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano)Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Liliane M.F. Lona
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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9
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Limousin E, Ballard N, Asua JM. Synthesis of cellulose nanocrystal armored latex particles for mechanically strong nanocomposite films. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically strong films are generated from cellulose nanocrystal armored latex particles synthesized by emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Limousin
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
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10
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Dastjerdi Z, Cranston ED, Berry R, Fraschini C, Dubé MA. Polymer Nanocomposites for Emulsion‐Based Coatings and Adhesives. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dastjerdi
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCentre for Catalysis Research and InnovationUniversity of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt. Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Richard Berry
- CelluForce, 625 President Kennedy Ave., Suite 1501 Montreal QC H3A 1K2 Canada
| | - Carole Fraschini
- FPInnovations, 570 St Jean Blvd. Pointe‐Claire QC H9R 3J9 Canada
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCentre for Catalysis Research and InnovationUniversity of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt. Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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11
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Kedzior SA, Marway HS, Cranston ED. Tailoring Cellulose Nanocrystal and Surfactant Behavior in Miniemulsion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Kedzior
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Heera S. Marway
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
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12
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Mucci VL, Ivdre A, Buffa JM, Cabulis U, Stefani PM, Aranguren MI. Composites made from a soybean oil biopolyurethane and cellulose nanocrystals. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L. Mucci
- Division Ecomateriales Instituto de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), UNMDP, CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería; Mar del Plata 7600 Argentina
| | - Aiga Ivdre
- Polymer Laboratory; Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry; Riga LV-1006 Latvia
| | - Juan M. Buffa
- Division Ecomateriales Instituto de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), UNMDP, CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería; Mar del Plata 7600 Argentina
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory; Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry; Riga LV-1006 Latvia
| | - Pablo M. Stefani
- Division Ecomateriales Instituto de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), UNMDP, CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería; Mar del Plata 7600 Argentina
| | - Mirta I. Aranguren
- Division Ecomateriales Instituto de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), UNMDP, CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería; Mar del Plata 7600 Argentina
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