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Kamalipour J, Beheshty M, Zohuriaan-Mehr M. Novel phosphonated hardeners derived from diamino diphenyl sulfone for epoxy resins: Synthesis and one-pack flame-retardant formulation alongside dicyandiamide. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xie C, Leng F, Dong Z, Xu W, Zhu M, Xie K, Du J, Zhao L. Synthesis of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide derivative grafted polyethylene films for improving the flame retardant and anti‐dripping properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Fan Leng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Mengjiao Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Kangjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jifu Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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Zhang Y, Yang W, Zhao W, Ruan F, Li S, Liu J. Synthesis and characterization of SPDSCD and its flame retardant application on epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28654-28663. [PMID: 35520038 PMCID: PMC9055797 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a flame retardant agent, 2,4,8,10-tetraoxo-3,9-diphosphospiro[5.5]undecane spirophosphate-4,4-diaminopair benzene disulfone-1,3,5-himetriazine (SPDSCD), is synthesized through a direct polycondensation reaction. SPDSCD is a chemically expanded phosphorus-containing flame retardant in epoxy resins (EP). The molecular structure of SPDSCD and thermal stability are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and EP/SPDSCD composites were investigated in detail. These properties are associated with the phosphorus-containing spiro structure on the main molecular chain which can promote condensation polymerization into carbon during pyrolysis, the new nitrogen-containing carbon source, and the triazine structure. SPDSCD shows good thermal stability and low flammability, the weight loss from 500 to 800 °C was only 6.1 wt%, and the residual mass at 800 °C was 48.9 wt%. With the addition of SPDSCD, the flame retardant quality of the composites was gradually enhanced, the carbon residue becomes denser, which isolates heat transfer and inhibits the volatilization of flue gas. The addition of 20 wt% SPDSCD in the EP sample was associated with a limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 26% and a vertical burning V-0 rating. Cone calorimeter test shows that the peak heat release rate is reduced by 75%; the heat release rate curve enters the heat release platform area with a value lower than the first peak, TSP is reduced by 24%, the ac-CO2Y value reduced by 25.6%, indicating that SPDSCD/EP produced less CO2, which obviously prevented the combustion of volatile gas. SPDSCD exerted a charring and barrier effect in the condensation phase. Using basic characterization and flame retardancy testing, this work determined that SPDSCD has good flame retardancy when added to EP. In this study, a flame retardant agent, 2,4,8,10-tetraoxo-3,9-diphosphospiro[5.5]undecane spirophosphate-4,4-diaminopair benzene disulfone-1,3,5-himetriazine (SPDSCD), is synthesized through a direct polycondensation reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891.,Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Vocational College of Science &Technology Weifang 261053 China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
| | - Wei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100094 China
| | - Fang Ruan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
| | - Shulei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
| | - Jiping Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
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Seidi F, Jouyandeh M, Akbari V, Paran SMR, Livi S, Ducos F, Vahabi H, Ganjali MR, Saeb MR. Super‐crosslinked ionic liquid‐intercalated montmorillonite/epoxy nanocomposites: Cure kinetics, viscoelastic behavior and thermal degradation mechanism. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional MaterialsNanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of ChemistryCollege of Science, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Université de LorraineCentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F‐57000 Metz France
| | - Vahideh Akbari
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of ChemistryCollege of Science, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Université de LorraineCentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F‐57000 Metz France
| | - Seyed Mohamad Reza Paran
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of ChemistryCollege of Science, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | | | - Franck Ducos
- Université de LorraineIUT de Moselle Est, Department SGM Forbach France
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de LorraineCentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F‐57000 Metz France
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of ChemistryCollege of Science, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular‐Cellular Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and AdditivesInstitute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 16765‐654 Tehran Iran
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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092145. [PMID: 32384706 PMCID: PMC7254395 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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Synthesis and characterization of an efficient flame retardant based on aromatic ring and phosphate ester for epoxy resin. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li A, Mao P, Liang B. The effect of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen reactive flame retardant curing agent on the performance of epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2018.1560226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anxin Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Pingli Mao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Liang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Abdel Aziz MS, Salama HE, Saad GR. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/chitosan‐
graft
‐polyaniline composites with electromagnetic interference shielding properties: Synthesis, characterization, and curing kinetics. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hend E. Salama
- Faculty of Science, Department of ChemistryCairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Gamal R. Saad
- Faculty of Science, Department of ChemistryCairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
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Yang S, Hu Y, Zhang Q. Synthesis of a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318756496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant (DOPO-T) was successfully synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and cyanuric chloride. The chemical structure of DOPO-T was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and phosphorous-31 NMR, and elemental analysis. DOPO-T was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins. Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of the cured epoxy resins were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that the glass transition temperature ( Tg) and temperature at 5% weight loss of epoxy resin (EP)/DOPO-T thermosets were gradually decreased with the increasing content of DOPO-T. DOPO-T catalyzed the decomposition of EP matrix in advance. The flame-retardant performance of EP thermosets was significantly enhanced with the addition of DOPO-T. EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample had an LOI value of 36.2% and achieved UL94 V-1 rating. In addition, the average of heat release rate, peak of heat release rate, average of effective heat of combustion, and total heat release (THR) of EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample were decreased by 32%, 48%, 23%, and 31%, respectively, compared with the neat EP sample. Impressively, EP/DOPO-T thermosets acquired excellent flame retardancy under low loading of flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yefa Hu
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Huang S, Hou X, Li J, Tian X, Yu Q, Wang Z. A novel curing agent based on diphenylphosphine oxide for flame-retardant epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317745957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A phosphorous/nitrogen-containing diphenylphosphine oxide (DPO) derivative (DPO-SS) was designed and synthesized via a two-step reaction of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone, 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, and DPO. The structure of DPO-SS was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). DPO-SS was used as a flame retardant and curing agent for copolymerizing with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A. Thermal and flame-retardant properties of the obtained flame-retardant epoxy resin (F-EP) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic thermomechanical analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, vertical burning test (UL-94), and cone calorimeter test. Results indicated that all F-EP samples exhibited excellent thermal stability and flame-retardant property. Especially for F-EP with P content of 0.7 wt% (denoted as EP/P-0.7), it achieved high LOI values (32.4%) and UL-94 V-0 rating. Compared with pure EP, all F-EP samples showed lower heat release rate, total heat release, total smoke produce, and little Tg fluctuation. In order to study the flame-retardant mechanism, the char residues were investigated by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis. The results manifested that DPO-SS acted as flame retardant in both gas phase and condensed phase. Water absorption properties of pure EP and F-EP were also compared through immersion experiments. Results showed that EP/P-0.7 sample had apparently lower water absorptivity than pure EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiujuan Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Chen T, Chen X, Wang M, Hou P, Jie C, Li J, Xu Y, Zeng B, Dai L. A novel halogen-free co-curing agent with linear multi-aromatic rigid structure as flame-retardant modifier in epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Xianming Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Meijie Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Peixin Hou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Cao Jie
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Jilu Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Birong Zeng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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