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Grząbka-Zasadzińska A, Piątek A, Klapiszewski Ł, Borysiak S. Structure and Properties of Polylactide Composites with TiO 2-Lignin Hybrid Fillers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4398. [PMID: 38673982 PMCID: PMC11050034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The research presented in this article focuses on the use of inorganic-organic material, based on titanium dioxide and lignin, as a filler for polylactide (PLA) biocomposites. To date, no research has been conducted to understand the impact of hybrid fillers consisting of TiO2 and lignin on the supermolecular structure and crystallization abilities of polylactide. Polymer composites containing 1, 3 or 5 wt.% of hybrid filler or TiO2 were assessed in terms of their structure, morphology, and thermal properties. Mechanical properties, including tensile testing, bending, impact strength, and hardness, were discussed. The hybrid filler is characterized by a very good electrokinetic stability at pH greater than 3-4. The addition of all fillers led to a small decrease in the glass transition temperature but, most importantly, the addition of 1% of the hybrid filler to the PLA matrix increased the degree of crystallinity of the material by up to 20%. Microscopic studies revealed differences in the crystallization behavior and nucleation ability of fillers. The use of hybrid filler resulted in higher nucleation density and shorter induction time than in unfilled PLA or PLA with only TiO2. The introduction of small amounts of hybrid filler also affected the mechanical properties of the composites, causing an increase in bending strength and hardness. This information may be useful from a technological process standpoint and may also help to increase the range of applicability of biobased materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Grząbka-Zasadzińska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (A.P.); (S.B.)
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Zikeli F, Jusic J, Palocci C, Mugnozza GS, Romagnoli M. Spray Coating of Wood with Nanoparticles from Lignin and Polylactic Glycolic Acid Loaded with Thyme Essential Oils. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:947. [PMID: 38611206 PMCID: PMC11013818 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the longevity of wooden constructions depends heavily on the preservation process. However, several traditional preservation methods involving fossil-based compounds have become outdated because they pose a significant risk to the environment and to human health. Therefore, the use of bio-based and bioactive solutions, such as essential oils, has emerged as a more sustainable alternative in protecting wood from biotic attacks. The entrapment of essential oils in polymeric carrier matrices provides protection against oxidation and subsequent degradation or rapid evaporation, which implies the loss of their biocidal effect. In this work, lignin as well as PLGA nanoparticles containing the essential oils from two different thyme species (Thymus capitatus and T. vulgaris) were applied on beech wood samples using spray coating. The prepared coatings were investigated using FTIR imaging, SEM, as well as LSM analysis. Release experiments were conducted to investigate the release behavior of the essential oils from their respective lignin and PLGA carrier materials. The study found that lignin nanoparticles were more effective at trapping and retaining essential oils than PLGA nanoparticles, despite having larger average particle diameters and a more uneven particle size distribution. An analysis of the lignin coatings showed that they formed a uniform layer that covered most of the surface pores. PLGA nanoparticles formed a film-like layer on the cell walls, and after leaching, larger areas of native wood were evident on the wood samples treated with PLGA NPs compared to the ones coated with lignin NPs. The loading capacity and efficiency varied with the type of essential oil, while the release behaviors were similar between the two essential oil types applied in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zikeli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (J.J.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Jasmina Jusic
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (J.J.); (G.S.M.)
- Fraunhofer, Via Alessandro Volta 13A, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Cleofe Palocci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (J.J.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Manuela Romagnoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.Z.); (J.J.); (G.S.M.)
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Krasian T, Punyodom W, Molloy R, Topham PD, Tighe BJ, Mahomed A, Chaiwarit T, Panraksa P, Rachtanapun P, Jantanasakulwong K, Worajittiphon P. Low cytotoxicity, antibacterial property, and curcumin delivery performance of toughness-enhanced electrospun composite membranes based on poly(lactic acid) and MAX phase (Ti 3AlC 2). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129967. [PMID: 38316324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
MXenes, synthesized from their precursor MAX phases, have been extensively researched as additives to enhance the drug delivery performance of polymer matrices, whereas there is a limited number of previous reports on the use of MAX phases themselves for such applications. The use of MAX phases can exclude the complicated synthesis procedure and lessen resultant production and environmental costs required to convert MAX phases to MXenes. Herein, electrospun membranes of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and a MAX phase (Ti3AlC2) have been fabricated for curcumin delivery. The composite membrane exhibits significantly higher toughness (8.82 MJ m-3) than the plasticized PLA membrane (0.63 MJ m-3) with low cytotoxicity, supporting proliferation of mouse fibroblast L929 cells. The curcumin-loaded composite membrane exhibits high water vapor transmission (∼7350 g m-2 day-1), porosity (∼85 %), water wettability, and antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. Seven-day curcumin release is enhanced from 45 % (PLA) to 67 % (composite) due to curcumin diffusion from the polymer fibers and MAX phase surface that contributes to overall increased curcumin adsorption and release sites. This work demonstrates the potential of the MAX phase to enhance both properties and curcumin delivery, promising for other eco-friendly systems for sustainable drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharnthip Krasian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Winita Punyodom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Robert Molloy
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Paul D Topham
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Brian J Tighe
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Anisa Mahomed
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Tanpong Chaiwarit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pattaraporn Panraksa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Division of Packaging Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Division of Packaging Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Sikhosana ST, Gumede TP, Malebo NJ, Ogundeji AO, Motloung B. The influence of cellulose content on the morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/
Eucomis autumnalis
cellulose biocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Sikhosana
- Department of Life Sciences Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - T. P. Gumede
- Department of Life Sciences Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - N. J. Malebo
- Department of Life Sciences Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - A. O. Ogundeji
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry University of Free State Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - B. Motloung
- Department of Life Sciences Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
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Palucci Rosa R, Rosace G, Arrigo R, Malucelli G. Preparation and Characterization of 3D-Printed Biobased Composites Containing Micro- or Nanocrystalline Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091886. [PMID: 35567055 PMCID: PMC9105471 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereolithography (SLA), one of the seven different 3D printing technologies, uses photosensitive resins to create high-resolution parts. Although SLA offers many advantages for medical applications, the lack of biocompatible and biobased resins limits its utilization. Thus, the development of new materials is essential. This work aims at designing, developing, and fully characterizing a bio-resin system (made of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO)), filled with micro- or nanocellulose crystals (MCC and CNC), suitable for 3D printing. The unfilled resin system containing 80 wt.% AESO was identified as the best resin mixture, having a biobased content of 68.8%, while ensuring viscosity values suitable for the 3D printing process (>1.5 Pa s). The printed samples showed a 93% swelling decrease in water, as well as increased tensile strength (4.4 ± 0.2 MPa) and elongation at break (25% ± 2.3%). Furthermore, the incorporation of MCC and CNC remarkably increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the cured network, thus indicating a strong reinforcing effect exerted by the fillers. Lastly, the presence of the fillers did not affect the UV-light penetration, and the printed parts showed a high quality, thus proving their potential for precise applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Palucci Rosa
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, Dalmine, 24044 Bergamo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Rosace
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Local INSTM Unit, Viale Marconi 5, Dalmine, 24044 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Local INSTM Unit, Viale T. Michel 5, Provincia di Alessandria, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Local INSTM Unit, Viale T. Michel 5, Provincia di Alessandria, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
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Ren Z, Guo R, Zhou X, Bi H, Jia X, Xu M, Wang J, Cai L, Huang Z. Effect of amorphous cellulose on the deformation behavior of cellulose composites: molecular dynamics simulation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19967-19977. [PMID: 35479899 PMCID: PMC9033998 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at predicting and enhancing the properties of the blend, as well as exploring the mechanism, of a polylactic acid (PLA)/amorphous cellulose composite system through molecular characterization. The static properties of the amorphous cellulose/PLA blend model and the mechanical response of the material under uniaxial tension were studied by molecular dynamics simulation to establish the structure-property relationship. PLA and cellulose showed poor miscibility, the change in the compatibility of the mixture can be attributed to the hydrogen bond interaction between the cellulose and PLA functional groups. The radius of gyration, interaction and free volume of the molecular chain in the blend were analyzed. The conformational changes under tensile deformation indicated that the load-bearing role of cellulose in the system was the main reason for increasing the strength of the material. The yield process was considered to be the infiltration of free volume caused by deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechun Ren
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
| | - Rui Guo
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
| | - Hongjie Bi
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
| | - Xin Jia
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
| | - Min Xu
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
| | - Jun Wang
- Civil Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
| | - Liping Cai
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of North Texas Denton TX 76201 USA.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhenhua Huang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of North Texas Denton TX 76201 USA
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7
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Mechanical, rheological and anaerobic biodegradation behavior of a Poly(lactic acid) blend containing a Poly(lactic acid)-co-poly(glycolic acid) copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Moroishi H, Sonotaki S, Murakami Y. PLA- and PLA/PLGA-Emulsion Composite Biomaterial Sheets for the Controllable Sustained Release of Hydrophilic Compounds. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122588. [PMID: 30572611 PMCID: PMC6316162 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, by spin-coating a solution containing w/o (water-in-oil) emulsions and hydrophobic polymers, we obtained sheets possessing uniformly dispersed w/o emulsions. We performed release experiments for more than 100 days and clarified the effects of the number of layers, the sheet-forming polymers (polylactide (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)), the ratio of organic solvent to water, and the composition of block copolymers on the release properties of the sheets. For a variety of sheets, we successfully achieved the sustained release of compounds from the sheets for 100–150 days. The sustained-release of compounds occurred because the compounds had to diffuse into polymer networks after their release from the emulsions. Interestingly, we observed an inflection point in the release profiles at around 50 days; that is, the sheet exhibited a “two-step” release behavior. The results obtained in the present study provide strong evidence for the future possibility of the time-programmed release of multiple compounds from sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Moroishi
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Seiichi Sonotaki
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Murakami
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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Sindeeva OA, Gusliakova OI, Inozemtseva OA, Abdurashitov AS, Brodovskaya EP, Gai M, Tuchin VV, Gorin DA, Sukhorukov GB. Effect of a Controlled Release of Epinephrine Hydrochloride from PLGA Microchamber Array: In Vivo Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37855-37864. [PMID: 30299076 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis of highly biocompatible and biodegradable poly(lactide- co-glycolide) (PLGA) microchamber arrays sensitive to low-intensity therapeutic ultrasound (1 MHz, 1-2 W, 1 min). A reliable method was elaborated that allowed the microchambers to be uniformly filled with epinephrine hydrochloride (EH), with the possibility of varying the cargo amount. The maximum load of EH was 4.5 μg per array of 5 mm × 5 mm (about 24 pg of EH per single microchamber). A gradual, spontaneous drug release was observed to start on the first day, which is especially important in the treatment of acute patients. Ultrasound triggered a sudden substantial release of EH from the films. In vivo real-time studies using a laser speckle contrast imaging system demonstrated changes in the hemodynamic parameters as a consequence of EH release under ultrasound exposure. We recorded a decrease in blood flow as a vascular response to EH release from a PLGA microchamber array implanted subcutaneously in a mouse. This response was immediate and delayed (1 and 2 days after the implantation of the array). The PLGA microchamber array is a new, promising drug depot implantable system that is sensitive to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Sindeeva
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215 , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ekaterina P Brodovskaya
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215 , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
- Ogarev Mordovia State University , 68 Bolshevistskaya Street , Saransk 430005 , Russia
| | - Meiyu Gai
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215 , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
- Tomsk Polytechnic University , 30 Lenin Avenue , Tomsk 634050 , Russia
- Max Plank Institute of Polymer Research , 10 Ackermannweg , Mainz 55128 , Germany
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics , Tomsk State University , 36 Lenin Avenue , Tomsk 634050 , Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems , Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of RAS , 24 Rabochaya Street , 410028 Saratov , Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials , Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Nobel Street, Building 3 , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215 , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
- Tomsk Polytechnic University , 30 Lenin Avenue , Tomsk 634050 , Russia
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Wang F, Zhou S, Yang M, Chen Z, Ran S. Thermo-Mechanical Performance of Polylactide Composites Reinforced with Alkali-Treated Bamboo Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E401. [PMID: 30966436 PMCID: PMC6415211 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, polylactide acid (PLA) is filled with bamboo fibers (BFs) to fabricate a biodegradable natural composite for industrial applications. The influence of pre-treatment of BFs using 4 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at room temperature for 1 h on thermal and mechanical properties of resultant composites is systematically investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that the incorporation of treated BFs promotes higher glass transition and crystallization temperatures of the resultant composites relative to untreated fiber composites, whereas alkali treatment results in superior thermal stability. Furthermore, the fracture surfaces are characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The changes in morphology reveal the possible dissolution of hemicellulose and lignin by alkalization with NaOH, indicative of an improved interfacial adhesion. An increment in the tensile strength of composites is achieved through the reinforcement with treated fibers. However, a lower tensile modulus is found for composites reinforced with chemically modified BFs, which might be due to the partial conversion of cellulose I into II. The results highlight that the use of BFs could be a feasible candidate as reinforcements for the development of biodegradable composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shujue Zhou
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Mengqing Yang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhiqian Chen
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Siyan Ran
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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