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Open-Celled Foams from Polyethersulfone/Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Blends Using Foam Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010118. [PMID: 36616468 PMCID: PMC9824152 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethersulfone (PESU), as both a pristine polymer and a component of a blend, can be used to obtain highly porous foams through batch foaming. However, batch foaming is limited to a small scale and is a slow process. In our study, we used foam extrusion due to its capacity for large-scale continuous production and deployed carbon dioxide (CO2) and water as physical foaming agents. PESU is a high-temperature thermoplastic polymer that requires processing temperatures of at least 320 °C. To lower the processing temperature and obtain foams with higher porosity, we produced PESU/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends using material penetration. In this way, without the use of organic solvents or a compounding extruder, a partially miscible PESU/PEG blend was prepared. The thermal and rheological properties of homopolymers and blends were characterized and the CO2 sorption performance of selected blends was evaluated. By using these blends, we were able to significantly reduce the processing temperature required for the extrusion foaming process by approximately 100 °C without changing the duration of processing. This is a significant advancement that makes this process more energy-efficient and sustainable. Additionally, the effects of blend composition, nozzle temperature and foaming agent type were investigated, and we found that higher concentrations of PEG, lower nozzle temperatures, and a combination of CO2 and water as the foaming agent delivered high porosity. The optimum blend process settings provided foams with a porosity of approximately 51% and an average foam cell diameter of 5 µm, which is the lowest yet reported for extruded polymer foams according to the literature.
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Zhang C, Cai R, Xu C, Xia H, Zhu Y, Zhang S. A void surface flame retardant strategy for polymeric
polyHIPEs. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ruiyun Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Chuanbang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hongwei Xia
- Wuxi New Hongtai Electric Technology Co., Ltd. Wuxi China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Wuxi New Hongtai Electric Technology Co., Ltd. Wuxi China
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Raje A, Buhr K, Koll J, Lillepärg J, Abetz V, Handge UA. Open-Celled Foams of Polyethersulfone/Poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone) Blends for Ultrafiltration Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061177. [PMID: 35335507 PMCID: PMC8953762 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since membranes made of open porous polymer foams can eliminate the use of organic solvents during their manufacturing, a series of previous studies have explored the foaming process of various polymers including polyethersulfone (PESU) using physical blowing agents but failed to produce ultrafiltration membranes. In this study, blends containing different ratios of PESU and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were used for preparation of open-celled polymer foams. In batch foaming experiments involving a combination of supercritical CO2 and superheated water as blowing agents, blends with low concentration of PVP delivered uniform open-celled foams that consisted of cells with average cell size less than 20 µm and cell walls containing open pores with average pore size less than 100 nm. A novel sample preparation method was developed to eliminate the non-foamed skin layer and to achieve a high porosity. Flat sheet membranes with an average cell size of 50 nm in the selective layer and average internal pore size of 200 nm were manufactured by batch foaming a PESU blend with higher concentration of PVP and post-treatment with an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite. These foams are associated with a water-flux up to 45 L/(h m2 bar). Retention tests confirmed their applicability as ultrafiltration membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Raje
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Kristian Buhr
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Joachim Koll
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Jelena Lillepärg
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich A. Handge
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
- Chair of Plastics Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Leonhard-Euler-Straße 5, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-231-755-8628
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Alekseev ES, Alentiev AY, Belova AS, Bogdan VI, Bogdan TV, Bystrova AV, Gafarova ER, Golubeva EN, Grebenik EA, Gromov OI, Davankov VA, Zlotin SG, Kiselev MG, Koklin AE, Kononevich YN, Lazhko AE, Lunin VV, Lyubimov SE, Martyanov ON, Mishanin II, Muzafarov AM, Nesterov NS, Nikolaev AY, Oparin RD, Parenago OO, Parenago OP, Pokusaeva YA, Ronova IA, Solovieva AB, Temnikov MN, Timashev PS, Turova OV, Filatova EV, Philippov AA, Chibiryaev AM, Shalygin AS. Supercritical fluids in chemistry. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Owusu-Nkwantabisah S, Gillmor J. Simultaneous Wrinkle-Patterning and In Situ Foaming in Polymer Films Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45657-45664. [PMID: 32966046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Unique and random wrinkle features are desired for applications, especially in anticounterfeiting. Multifunctional wrinkled materials as well as simple wrinkling methods are desired for more applications. In this study, free-standing wrinkle-patterned porous polymer films were prepared using a modified supercritical CO2 foaming strategy. Spontaneous wrinkling was generated by applying moderate normal stress to the polymer films while foaming in situ. The wrinkle characteristics (wavelength and amplitude) were shown to be governed by the film thickness and the magnitude of the applied stress. Excessive (>5000 N) or no stress produced no obvious wrinkling or foaming whatsoever. Moreover, different morphologies of the wrinkles such as brain coral and herringbone patterns were achieved depending upon the shape of the mold used to apply the stress. Thus, the patterns show unique features for each batch process. Notwithstanding, geometric shape of the foamed wrinkle area is customizable. The reported wrinkling strategy offers the complementary advantage of patterning a foam in a polymer film and templating a PDMS stamp for different applications such as "mask-less" soft lithography, anticounterfeiting, pattern transfer, flexographic printing, and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Owusu-Nkwantabisah
- Non-volatile Memory Solutions Group, Intel Corporation, 1600 Rio Rancho Blvd. SE, Rio Rancho, New Mexico 87144, United States
| | - Jeffrey Gillmor
- Technical Solutions Division, Eastman Kodak Company, 1999 Lake Avenue, Rochester, New York 14650, United States
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Liu T, Peng X, Mi H, Li H, Turng L, Xu B. Preparation of fast‐degrading poly(lactic acid)/soy protein concentrate biocomposite foams via supercritical CO
2
foaming. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of EducationSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xiang‐Fang Peng
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringFujian University of Technology Fuzhou 350118 China
| | - Hao‐Yang Mi
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of EducationSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Faculty of Construction and EnvironmentHong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong 518000 China
| | - Heng Li
- Faculty of Construction and EnvironmentHong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong 518000 China
| | - Lih‐Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Bai‐Ping Xu
- Department of Intelligent ManufacturingWuyi University Jiangmen 529030 China
- Technology Development Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Colleges and UniversitiesGuangdong Industry Technical College Guangzhou China
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Rahman MA, Lok M, Lesser AJ. Superheated Water and Ethanol As Green Additives to Process Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO). Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Arifur Rahman
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Matthew Lok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Alan J. Lesser
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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