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Yang X, Ye Y, Liu J, Liu W, Xiong X, He Z. Graphene oxide as a multi-functional additive for compatilizer, enhancer, and barrier in ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer/aramid pulp composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4746-4753. [PMID: 36760315 PMCID: PMC9900475 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07182g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH)/aramid pulp (AP), graphene oxide (GO) was used as a compatilizer, enhancer, and barrier to fabricate EVOH-based composites. The results showed that graphene oxide serves as an ideal compatilizer to reinforce the interfacial action between the EVOH matrix and aramid pulp. The EVOH/AP/GO composite presented the best combination of thermal stability, tensile strength, oxygen barrier, and heat deformation temperature by adding only 1 wt% graphene oxide, compared to those of pure EVOH. Moreover, both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) photographs demonstrated that the aramid pulp dispersed homogeneously into the EVOH resin with the addition of 1 wt% graphene oxide. Our work provides a novel and facile way for producing a prominent EVOH-based composite, which can be potentially used in packaging fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Weijun Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Xianqiang Xiong
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Zhicai He
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
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Hammer A, Roland W, Zacher M, Praher B, Hannesschläger G, Löw-Baselli B, Steinbichler G. In Situ Detection of Interfacial Flow Instabilities in Polymer Co-Extrusion Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Ultrasonic Techniques. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172880. [PMID: 34502920 PMCID: PMC8434255 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-extrusion is a widely used processing technique for combining various polymers with different properties into a tailored multilayer product. Individual melt streams are combined in a die to form the desired shape. Under certain conditions, interfacial flow instabilities are observed; however, fundamental knowledge about their onset and about critical conditions in science and industry is scarce. Since reliable identification of interfacial co-extrusion flow instabilities is essential for successful operation, this work presents in situ measurement approaches using a novel co-extrusion demonstrator die, which is fed by two separate melt streams that form a well-controlled two-layer co-extrusion polymer melt flow. An interchangeable cover allows installation of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) sensor and of an ultrasonic (US) measurement system, where the former requires an optical window and the latter good direct coupling with the cover for assessment of the flow situation. The feasibility of both approaches was proven for a material combination that is typically found in multilayer packaging applications. Based on the measurement signals, various parameters are proposed for distinguishing reliably between stable and unstable flow conditions in both measurement systems. The approaches presented are well suited to monitoring for and systematically investigating co-extrusion flow instabilities and, thus, contribute to improving the fundamental knowledge about instability onset and critical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hammer
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (W.R.); (M.Z.); (B.L.-B.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wolfgang Roland
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (W.R.); (M.Z.); (B.L.-B.); (G.S.)
- Pro2Future GmbH, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Maximilian Zacher
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (W.R.); (M.Z.); (B.L.-B.); (G.S.)
- Pro2Future GmbH, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | | | | | - Bernhard Löw-Baselli
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (W.R.); (M.Z.); (B.L.-B.); (G.S.)
| | - Georg Steinbichler
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (W.R.); (M.Z.); (B.L.-B.); (G.S.)
- Institute of Polymer Injection Molding and Process Automation, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Interfacial Phenomena in Multi-Micro-/Nanolayered Polymer Coextrusion: A Review of Fundamental and Engineering Aspects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030417. [PMID: 33525487 PMCID: PMC7865391 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multilayer coextrusion process is known to be a reliable technique for the continuous fabrication of high-performance micro-/nanolayered polymeric products. Using laminar flow conditions to combine polymer pairs, one can produce multilayer films and composites with a large number of interfaces at the polymer-polymer boundary. Interfacial phenomena, including interlayer diffusion, interlayer reaction, interfacial instabilities, and interfacial geometrical confinement, are always present during multilayer coextrusion depending on the processed polymers. They are critical in defining the microstructural development and resulting macroscopic properties of multilayered products. This paper, therefore, presents a comprehensive review of these interfacial phenomena and illustrates systematically how these phenomena develop and influence the resulting physicochemical properties. This review will promote the understanding of interfacial evolution in the micro-/nanolayer coextrusion process while enabling the better control of the microstructure and end use properties.
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Lu B, Bondon A, Touil I, Zhang H, Alcouffe P, Pruvost S, Liu C, Maazouz A, Lamnawar K. Role of the Macromolecular Architecture of Copolymers at Layer–Layer Interfaces of Multilayered Polymer Films: A Combined Morphological and Rheological Investigation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Arnaud Bondon
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Ibtissam Touil
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Huagui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Pierre Alcouffe
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Sébastien Pruvost
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Abderrahim Maazouz
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
- Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Khalid Lamnawar
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
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