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Kong P, Rosnan SM, Enomae T. Carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan edible films for food packaging: A review of recent advances. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 346:122612. [PMID: 39245494 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-based edible films have been widely developed as food packaging materials in response to the rising environmental concerns caused by the extensive use of plastic packaging. In recent years, the integration of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan (CS) for a binary edible film has received considerable interest because this binary edible film can retain the advantages of both constituents (e.g., the great oxygen barrier ability of CMC and moderate antimicrobial activity of CS) while mitigating their respective disadvantages (e.g., the low water resistance of CMC and poor mechanical strength of CS). This review aims to present the latest advancements in CMC-CS edible films. The preparation methods and properties of CMC-CS edible films are comprehensively introduced. Potential additives and technologies utilized to enhance the properties are discussed. The applications of CMC-CS edible films on food products are summarized. Literature shows that the current preparation methods for CMC-CS edible film are solvent-casting (main) and thermo-mechanical methods. The CMC-CS binary films have superior properties compared to films made from a single constituent. Moreover, some properties, such as physical strength, antibacterial ability, and antioxidant activity, can be greatly enhanced via the incorporation of some bioactive substances (e.g. essential oils and nanomaterials). To date, several applications of CMC-CS edible films in vegetables, fruits, dry foods, dairy products, and meats have been studied. Overall, CMC-CS edible films are highly promising as food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifu Kong
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Shalida Mohd Rosnan
- College of Creative Arts, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Toshiharu Enomae
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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2
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Yang B, Liu B, Gao Y, Wei J, Li G, Zhang H, Wang L, Hou Z. PEG-crosslinked O-carboxymethyl chitosan films with degradability and antibacterial activity for food packaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10825. [PMID: 38734808 PMCID: PMC11088648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study developed a kind of PEG-crosslinked O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC-PEG) with various PEG content for food packaging. The crosslinking agent of isocyanate-terminated PEG was firstly synthesized by a simple condensation reaction between PEG and excess diisocyanate, then the crosslink between O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC) and crosslinking agent occurred under mild conditions to produce O-CMC-PEG with a crosslinked structure linked by urea bonds. FT-IR and 1H NMR techniques were utilized to confirm the chemical structures of the crosslinking agent and O-CMC-PEGs. Extensive research was conducted to investigate the impact of the PEG content (or crosslinking degree) on the physicochemical characteristics of the casted O-CMC-PEG films. The results illuminated that crosslinking and components compatibility could improve their tensile features and water vapor barrier performance, while high PEG content played the inverse effects due to the microphase separation between PEG and O-CMC segments. The in vitro degradation rate and water sensitivity primarily depended on the crosslinking degree in comparison with the PEG content. Furthermore, caused by the remaining -NH2 groups of O-CMC, the films demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. When the PEG content was 6% (medium crosslinking degree), the prepared O-CMC-PEG-6% film possessed optimal tensile features, high water resistance, appropriate degradation rate, low water vapor transmission rate and fine broad-spectrum antibacterial capacity, manifesting a great potential for application in food packaging to extend the shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Public Security Management Technology in Universities of Shandong, School of Intelligence Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baoliang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Taian Yingxiongshan Middle School, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Junjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Public Security Management Technology in Universities of Shandong, School of Intelligence Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Li
- Shandong Tianming Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Security Management Technology in Universities of Shandong, School of Intelligence Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Security Management Technology in Universities of Shandong, School of Intelligence Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaosheng Hou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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3
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Ranjan R, Rai R, Naik K, Parmar AS, Dhar P. Scalable phosphorylated cellulose production with improved environmental sustainability, crosslinkability and processability using 3D bioprinting for dye remediation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130577. [PMID: 38453115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In the present work, phosphorylated cellulose (PC) gel has been produced following an environmentally benign approach using agro-based chemicals with improved yield. The PC gels produced were transparent, negatively charged with high consistency, charge content (1133.33 mmol/kg), degree of substitution (DS) of 0.183 and increased yield (>87 %). The XPS and EDS analysis confirms the covalently bonded phosphate groups at weight percent of 9.42 % and 11.01 %, respectively. The life cycle assessment (LCA) shows that PC gel production via the phosphorylation route is an ecologically favourable strategy compared with traditional TEMPO oxidation, resulting in 1.67 times lower CO2 emission. The rheological studies of PC gels show shear-thinning behaviour with improved 3D printability followed by heat-induced crosslinking of phosphate groups. The mechanistic insights for the condensation of phosphate to form a phosphoric ester group during cross-linking were evaluated through 31P solid-state NMR and XPS studies. Interestingly, the 3D-printed structures showed high structural stability under both compression and tensile load in both dry and wet conditions, with high water absorption (5408.33 %) and swelling capacity of 700 %. The structures show improved methylene blue (MB) remediation capabilities with a maximum removal efficiency of 99 % for 10-200 mg/L and more than seven times reusability. This work provides a green, facile and energy-efficient strategy for fabricating PCs with easy processability through additive manufacturing techniques for producing value-added products, opening up new avenues for high-performance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Ranjan
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rohit Rai
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Kaustubh Naik
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Avanish Singh Parmar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Prodyut Dhar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Dhiman A, Thaper P, Bhardwaj D, Agrawal G. Biodegradable Dextrin-Based Microgels for Slow Release of Dual Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11860-11871. [PMID: 38410836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In this research, we report dextrin-based biodegradable microgels (PDXE MGs) having phosphate-based cross-linking units for slow release of urea and a potential P source to improve fertilization. PDXE MGs (∼200 nm) are synthesized by cross-linking the lauroyl-functionalized dextrin chains with sodium tripolyphosphate. The developed PDXE MGs exhibit high loading (∼10%) and encapsulation efficiency (∼88%) for urea. It is observed that functionalization of PDXE MGs with lauroyl chains slows down the release of urea (90% in ∼24 days) as compared to nonfunctionalized microgels (PDX MGs) (99% in ∼17 days) in water. Further studies of the developed formulation display that Urea@PDXE MGs significantly boost maize seed germination and overall plant growth as compared to pure urea fertilizer. Moreover, analysis of maize leaves obtained from plants treated with Urea@PDXE MGs reveals 3.5 ± 0.3% nitrogen content and 90 ± 0.7 mg/g chlorophyll content. These values are significantly higher than 1.4 ± 0.6% nitrogen content and 48 ± 0.05 mg/g chlorophyll content obtained by using bare urea. Further, acid phosphatase activity in roots is reduced upon treatment with PDXE MGs and Urea@PDXE MGs, suggesting the availability of P upon degradation of PDXE MGs by the amylase enzyme in soil. These experimental results present the developed microgel-based biodegradable formulation with a slow release feature as a potential candidate to move toward sustainable agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Dhiman
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Piyush Thaper
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Dimpy Bhardwaj
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Garima Agrawal
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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Wang Y, McClements DJ, Peng X, Xu Z, Meng M, Ji H, Zhi C, Ye L, Zhao J, Jin Z, Chen L. Effects of crosslinking agents on properties of starch-based intelligent labels for food freshness detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129822. [PMID: 38307437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The impact of citric acid, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl starch, sodium trimetaphosphate, or soybean protein on the crosslinking of starch-based films was examined. These crosslinking starch films were then used to create pH-sensitive food labels using a casting method. Blueberry anthocyanins were incorporated into these smart labels as a pH-sensitive colorimetric sensor. The mechanical properties, moisture resistance, and pH responsiveness of these smart labels were then examined. Crosslinking improved the mechanical properties and pH sensitivity of the labels. These different crosslinking agents also affected the hydrophobicity of the labels to varying degrees. Soybean protein was the only additive that led to labels that could sustain their structural integrity after immersion in water for 12 h. Because it increased the hydrophobicity of the labels, which decreased their water vapor permeability, moisture content, swelling index, and water solubility by 47 %, 29 %, 52 % and 10 %, respectively. The potential of using these labels to monitor the freshness of chicken breast was then examined. Only the films containing soybean protein exhibited good pH sensitivity, high structural stability, and low pigment leakage. This combination of beneficial attributes suggests that the composite films containing starch and soybean protein may be most suitable for monitoring meat freshness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | | | - Xinwen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Man Meng
- Licheng Detection & Certification Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Hangyan Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chaohui Zhi
- Changzhou Longjun Skypurl Environmental Protection Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213100, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Changzhou Longjun Skypurl Environmental Protection Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213100, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Pereira JF, Marim BM, Simões BM, Yamashita F, Mali S. Hydrogels based on gelatin, xanthan gum, and cellulose obtained by reactive extrusion and thermopressing processes. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:942-953. [PMID: 36592021 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2162921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides and proteins are compatible macromolecules that can be used to obtain biopolymeric hydrogels through physical interactions. In this study, an environmentally friendly strategy is being proposed to produce gelatin-xanthan gum- cellulose hydrogels, without the addition of chemical synthetic crosslinkers. Xanthan gum was employed as an alternative crosslinking agent, and cellulose was used as a potential reinforcing agent in the polymeric matrix. Firstly, the biopolymers were mixed by the extrusion process, and glycerol was used as a plasticizer. Then, the polymeric mixture was molded by thermopressing to obtain hydrogels as laminated films. All hydrogels formulations resulted in films with smooth surfaces, without pores or cracks, resulting in amorphous polymeric matrices. The obtained hydrogels had a pH-dependent degree of swelling, the highest swelling values were obtained at pH 4 (5.3-7.9 g/g) after 24 h of immersion. Cellulose acted as a reinforcing agent for hydrogels, increasing thermal stability, tensile strength, and Young's modulus of films when employed at the higher level (7%). The strategy employed in this study to obtain nontoxic hydrogels without synthetic crosslinkers was effective, resulting in materials with promising properties to be used as pharmaceutical forms to deliver active compounds in cosmetic or pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica F Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Marim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Simões
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Agricultural Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabio Yamashita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Agricultural Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Suzana Mali
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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7
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Recent advances in the improvement of carboxymethyl cellulose-based edible films. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Cui C, Jia Y, Sun Q, Yu M, Ji N, Dai L, Wang Y, Qin Y, Xiong L, Sun Q. Recent advances in the preparation, characterization, and food application of starch-based hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Mechanical and Physicochemical Properties of Composite Biopolymer Films Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young Palmyra Palm Fruit Husk and Rice Flour. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091872. [PMID: 35567041 PMCID: PMC9104019 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose from young Palmyra palm fruit husk (CMCy) film has low water barrier properties, which can limit its application. Thus, the combination of CMCy with other polysaccharides, such as rice flour (RF), may solve this problem. The aim of this study is to prepare the CMCy/RF composite films in different proportions (CMCy100, CMCy75/RF25, CMCy50/RF50, CMCy25/RF75, and RF100) and investigate their mechanical and physicochemical properties. The film strength (33.36−12.99 MPa) and flexibility (9.81−3.95%) of the CMCy/RF composite films decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with an increase in the RF proportion. Blending the RF with CMCy could improve the water vapor permeability (9.25−6.18 × 10−8 g m m−2 s−1 Pa−1) and film solubility (82.70−21.64%) of the CMCy/RF composite films. Furthermore, an increased lightness with a coincidental decreased yellowness of the CMCy/RF composite films was pronounced when the RF proportion increased (p < 0.05). However, the addition of RF in different proportions did not influence the film thickness and transparency. Based on SEM micrographs, all film samples had a relatively coarser surface. FTIR spectra showed that some interactions between CMCy and RF blended films had occurred. According to these findings, the CMCy50/RF50 composite film was found to be the best formulation because it has good mechanical and physicochemical properties.
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Dai L, Yu H, Zhang J, Cheng F. Preparation and characterization of cross-linked starch nanocrystals and self-reinforced starch-based nanocomposite films. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:868-876. [PMID: 33838201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, starch-based nanocomposite films reinforced by cross-linked starch nanocrystals (CSNCs) were successfully prepared. CSNCs were obtained by cross-linking reaction between starch nanocrystals (SNCs) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). Through the characterization and comparison of SNCs and CSNCs in microscopic morphology, degree of substitution, swelling degree, XRD spectrum, and FTIR spectrum, the successful progress of the cross-linking reaction was confirmed. Besides, the effects of adding CSNCs on physiochemical properties of the nanocomposite films including mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, and contact angle were studied. The results confirmed that CSNCs had good enhancement effects on the physicochemical properties of starch-based films due to the self-reinforcing effect, and when the CSNCs content reached 10%, the nanocomposite film had the best overall performance. We further evaluated the cytotoxicity of the nanocomposite. Taken together, it is believed that the reported self-reinforced starch-based films are very promising for food packaging and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Dai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Intelligent Agriculture Research, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hengjie Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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