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Arrigo R, Malucelli G, Mantia FPL. Effect of the Elongational Flow on the Morphology and Properties of Polymer Systems: A Brief Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3529. [PMID: 34685288 PMCID: PMC8541082 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-processing operations with dominating elongational flow have a great relevance, especially in several relevant industrial applications. Film blowing, fiber spinning and foaming are some examples in which the polymer melt is subjected to elongational flow during processing. To gain a thorough knowledge of the material-processing behavior, the evaluation of the rheological properties of the polymers experiencing this kind of flow is fundamental. This paper reviews the main achievements regarding the processing-structure-properties relationships of polymer-based materials processed through different operations with dominating elongational flow. In particular, after a brief discussion on the theoretical features associated with the elongational flow and the differences with other flow regimes, the attention is focused on the rheological properties in elongation of the most industrially relevant polymers. Finally, the evolution of the morphology of homogeneous polymers, as well as of multiphase polymer-based systems, such as blends and micro- and nano-composites, subjected to the elongational flow is discussed, highlighting the potential and the unique characteristics of the processing operations based on elongation flow, as compared to their shear-dominated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Chen H, Koh JJ, Long C, Liu S, Shi H, Min J, Zhou L, He C. Speed-Induced Extensibility Elastomers with Good Resilience and High Toughness. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - J. Justin Koh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637662, Singapore
| | - Chuanjiang Long
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Huihui Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Jiakang Min
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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Effect of Cold Drawing on Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Fibers. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2017; 15:e70-e76. [DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Biodegradable polymers are currently gaining importance in several fields, because they allow mitigation of the impact on the environment related to disposal of traditional, nonbiodegradable polymers, as well as reducing the utilization of oil-based sources (when they also come from renewable resources). Fibers made of biodegradable polymers are of particular interest, though, it is not easy to obtain polymer fibers with suitable mechanical properties and to tailor these to the specific application. The main ways to tailor the mechanical properties of a given biodegradable polymer fiber are based on crystallinity and orientation control. However, crystallinity can only marginally be modified during processing, while orientation can be controlled, either during hot drawing or cold stretching. In this paper, a systematic investigation of the influence of cold stretching on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of fibers prepared from different biodegradable polymer systems was carried out. Methods Rheological and thermal characterization helped in interpreting the orientation mechanisms, also on the basis of the molecular structure of the polymer systems. Results and conclusions It was found that cold drawing strongly improved the elastic modulus, tensile strength and thermomechanical resistance of the fibers, in comparison with hot-spun fibers. The elastic modulus showed higher increment rates in the biodegradable systems upon increasing the draw ratio.
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Zamani N, Kaufmann R, Kosinski P, Skauge A. Mechanisms of Non-Newtonian Polymer Flow Through Porous Media Using Navier–Stokes Approach. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2014.896221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang H, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanochemistry of Topological Complex Polymer Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 369:135-207. [PMID: 25791486 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although existing since the concept of macromolecules, polymer mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field which attracts great scientific interest in its ability to bias conventional reaction pathways and its potential to fabricate mechanoresponsive materials. We review here the effect of topology on the mechanical degradation of polymer chains and the activation of mechanophores in polymer backbones. The chapter focuses on both experimental and theoretical work carried out in the past 70 years. After a general introduction (Sect. 1), where the concept, the history, and the application of polymer mechanochemistry are briefly described, flow fields to study polymer mechanochemistry are discussed (Sect. 2), results of mechanochemistry study are presented for linear polymers (Sect. 3), cyclic polymers (Sect. 4), graft polymers (Sect. 5), star-shaped polymers (Sect. 6), hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers (Sect. 7), and systems with dynamic topology (Sect. 8). Here we focus on (1) experimental results involving the topological effect on the coil-to-stretch transition and the fracture of the polymer chains, (2) the underlying mechanisms and the key factor that determines the mechanical stability of the macromolecules, (3) theoretical models that relate to the experimental observations, and (4) rational design of mechanophores in complex topology to achieve multiple activations according to the existing results observed in chain degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China.
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Deformation and degradation of polymers in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6930-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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MAGUEUR A, MOAN G M, CHAUVETEAU G. EFFECT OF SUCCESSIVE CONTRACTIONS AND EXPANSIONS ON THE APPARENT VISCOSITY OF DILUTE POLYMER SOLUTIONS. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00986448508911265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. MAGUEUR
- a Laboratoire de Mécanique Physique -1. U.T , de Brest, Brest, Cédex, 29283, France
| | - M. MOAN G
- a Laboratoire de Mécanique Physique -1. U.T , de Brest, Brest, Cédex, 29283, France
| | - G. CHAUVETEAU
- b Institut Francais du Pétrole , BP 11, Rueil-Malmaison, 92506, France
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Keller A. A current account of chain extension, fibrous crystallization, and fiber formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polc.5070580128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Agarwal US, Bhargava R, Mashelkar RA. Brownian dynamics simulation of a polymer molecule in solution under elongational flow. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Polymer solutions under elongational flow: 1. Birefringence characterization of transient and stagnation point elongational flows. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)00290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Polymer solutions under elongational flow: 2. An evaluation of models of polymer dynamics for transient and stagnation point flows. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)00187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The effect of diameter on the mechanical properties of amorphous carbon fibres from linear low density polyethylene. Polym Bull (Berl) 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00316913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pennings AJ, Roukema M, Van der Veen A. Further studies on the high-speed gel-spinning of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Polym Bull (Berl) 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01032453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hoogsteen W, ten Brinke G, Pennings A. The influence of the extraction process and spinning conditions on morphology and ultimate properties of gel-spun polyethylene fibres. POLYMER 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(87)90164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Thirumalai D. Effect of elongational flow on the isotropic–nematic phase transition in rod‐like systems. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.450819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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La Mantia F, Nocilla M, Acierno D. Effect of the flow field on the mechanical degradation of molten polystyrene. Polym Degrad Stab 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-3910(85)90079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chauveteau G, Moan M. The onset of dilatant behaviour in non-inertial flow of dilute polymer solutions through channels with varying cross-sections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1051/jphyslet:019810042010020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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A study of the chain extending effect of elongational flow in polymer solutions. Colloid Polym Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01438032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pope DP, Keller A. Alignment of macromolecules in solution by elongational flow; a study of the effect of pure shear in a four roll mill. Colloid Polym Sci 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01550050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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