1
|
Open-Celled Foams from Polyethersulfone/Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Blends Using Foam Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010118. [PMID: 36616468 PMCID: PMC9824152 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethersulfone (PESU), as both a pristine polymer and a component of a blend, can be used to obtain highly porous foams through batch foaming. However, batch foaming is limited to a small scale and is a slow process. In our study, we used foam extrusion due to its capacity for large-scale continuous production and deployed carbon dioxide (CO2) and water as physical foaming agents. PESU is a high-temperature thermoplastic polymer that requires processing temperatures of at least 320 °C. To lower the processing temperature and obtain foams with higher porosity, we produced PESU/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends using material penetration. In this way, without the use of organic solvents or a compounding extruder, a partially miscible PESU/PEG blend was prepared. The thermal and rheological properties of homopolymers and blends were characterized and the CO2 sorption performance of selected blends was evaluated. By using these blends, we were able to significantly reduce the processing temperature required for the extrusion foaming process by approximately 100 °C without changing the duration of processing. This is a significant advancement that makes this process more energy-efficient and sustainable. Additionally, the effects of blend composition, nozzle temperature and foaming agent type were investigated, and we found that higher concentrations of PEG, lower nozzle temperatures, and a combination of CO2 and water as the foaming agent delivered high porosity. The optimum blend process settings provided foams with a porosity of approximately 51% and an average foam cell diameter of 5 µm, which is the lowest yet reported for extruded polymer foams according to the literature.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sorze A, Valentini F, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Salt leaching as a green method for the production of polyethylene foams for thermal energy storage applications. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sorze
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Francesco Valentini
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
In-Situ Visualization of the Cell Formation Process of Foamed Polypropylene under Different Foaming Environments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091468. [PMID: 34062824 PMCID: PMC8125430 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the dynamic foaming process of micro-foaming polypropylene (PP) in different foaming environments in real time was obtained via a visualization device. The relationship curve between cell number (n) and foaming time (t) was plotted, and then the nucleation kinetics of foam cells was analyzed. Results showed that the formation rate of cells changed obviously with the variation of melt temperature and the content of the foaming agent. The n-t curves presented a typical "S" shape, which indicated that the appearance of the cell number increased slowly in the initial foaming period, then increased rapidly in a short time, and finally maintained a certain value. When a certain pressure was applied to the PP melt, the external force had a great influence on the n-t curve. With the increasing external force, the rate of cell formation increased rapidly, and the shape of the n-t curve changed from "S" to "semi-S" without an obvious slow increase. The investigation of the n-t relationship in the PP dynamic foaming process under different foaming environments could provide effective bases for improving the foaming quality of injection molding foaming materials.
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo QP, Wang J, Park CB. A Comparison of CO2 and N2 Foaming Behaviors of PP in a Visualization System. INT POLYM PROC 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q.-P. Guo
- EHC Canada, Inc., Oshawa, ON, Canada
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J. Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | - C. B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salehi M, Rezaei M, Salami Hosseini M. Effect of silica nanoparticles on the impregnation process, foaming dynamics and cell microstructure of styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer/n-pentane foams. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20912205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, two-step foaming procedure with a designed in-situ foaming observation apparatus was used to study the foaming dynamics of styrene-methyl methacrylate (St-MMA) copolymer/nanosilica composites. For this purpose, the St-MMA copolymer was synthesized using suspension copolymerization and its nanocomposites were prepared using solution method. The foaming dynamics was studied through temperature-induced (two-step batch foaming) method. Furthermore, the effects of content, size and surface chemistry of silica nanoparticles on the impregnation process, the foaming dynamics and the final morphology of prepared foams were investigated. The impregnation data showed that the presence of silica nanoparticles in matrix prolonged the impregnation and decreased diffusion coefficient. This effect would be clearer where nanoparticle contents are high and the temperature is quite above Tg. The foaming dynamics results illustrated that the nucleation and foaming rate were enhanced with the nanoparticle addition and its size reduction. At the St-MMA copolymer foaming system, the silica nanoparticles with hydrophilic surface chemistry are more efficient in comparison to hydrophobic nanoparticles where all foaming dynamics and the final microstructure parameters were improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salehi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Salami Hosseini
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tabatabaei A, Barzegari MR, Mark LH, Park CB. Visualization of polypropylene's strain-induced crystallization under the influence of supercritical CO2 in extrusion. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Azimi HR, Rezaei M. The determination of n-pentane solubility and diffusivity in styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymers via designed apparatus. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16652105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymer particles were synthesized by suspension polymerization process with different copolymer compositions. A system was designed to measure the solubility and diffusivity of n-pentane in the synthesized copolymers. The designed system consisted of the self-sealing cell equipped to the pressure and temperature controllers. The synthesized copolymer particles were impregnated by n-pentane and their expansion were recorded visually. Furthermore, the solubility and diffusivity of n-pentane in copolymer particles were measured by the same apparatus. The effect of different foaming conditions on the solubility and diffusivity of n-pentane in the samples were examined. It was concluded that the sorption pressure and temperature have contradictory effects on the solubility and diffusivity of n-pentane in styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymers at different sorption pressures. It was concluded that with methyl methacrylate content increment in copolymer, the diffusivity and dissolved n-pentane content in copolymer were reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Azimi
- Department of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Polymer Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gendron R, Daigneault LE, Caron LM. Rheological Behavior of Mixtures of Polystyrene with HCFC 142b and HFC 134a. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x9903500304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The processes for the production of thermoplastic foams, often in the shape of extruded sheets or boards, are largely dictated by the rheology of the mixture of a polymeric matrix with a blowing agent. This paper focuses on the theological behavior of mixtures of polystyrene (PS) and physical blowing agents (HCFC 142b and HFC 134a), examined using a commercial on-line rheometer mounted on an intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The PS resin was extruded while the blowing agent was injected at high pressure and various compositions. The extent of plasticization was found to be dependent on the blowing agent concentration and its type. The effects of type of blowing agent, composition, pressure, shear rate and temperature on the theological response were measured. These variables were incorporated into a generalized mathematical model, which described the viscosity of the PS/blowing agent mixture over the studied range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gendron
- National Research Council of Canada, 75 de Mortagne Blvd., Boucherville, Québec, J4B 6Y4, Canada
| | - Louis E. Daigneault
- National Research Council of Canada, 75 de Mortagne Blvd., Boucherville, Québec, J4B 6Y4, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taki K, Nakayama T, Yatsuzuka T, Ohshima M. Visual Observations of Batch and Continuous Foaming Processes. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x03039002005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The visual observations of batch and continuous foaming processes were conducted to understand the bubble nucleation and bubble growth behaviors in polymers. The batch foaming was performed using a newly developed high-pressure cell, where two sapphire windows were equipped on the walls so as to observe the early stage of bubble nucleation and growth behaviors with the help of a high-speed digital camera and microscope. In the batch process, homo polypropylene was foamed at different pressure release rates using CO2 as a physical blowing agent to see the effects of operating condition on the bubble nucleation and growth rates. The in situ observation could identify that (1) the bubble nucleation and growth occur simultaneously, (2) the influence region, where the nucleation was suppressed, exists around bubbles, and (3) the nucleation rate and the growth rate increase as the pressure release rate increases. The continuous foaming was performed using a different visualization unit, which consists of an autoclave and an extrusion slit-die with quartz windows. It was found that the nucleation mechanism in the continuous foaming, i.e., extrusion foaming, was different from that of batch foaming. In the continuous extrusion foaming, the nucleation could be induced by flow and/or shear stress, and by cavitations brought by the surface roughness of the wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Taki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida-Honmachi Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida-Honmachi Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Taichi Yatsuzuka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida-Honmachi Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida-Honmachi Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramesh NS, Malwitz N. A Non-Isothermal Model to Study the Influence of Blowing Agent Concentration on Polymer Viscosity and Gas Diffusivity in Thermoplastic Foam Extrusion. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x9903500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This fundamental study focuses on the influence of blowing agent on bubble growth during thermoplastic foam extrusion. The extruded molten mixture expands and cools simultaneously when exposed to ambient conditions. The bubble growth is influenced by the concentration-dependent blowing agent diffusion coefficient, transient cooling of the expanding foam, influence of blowing agent on polymer viscosity, and the escape of blowing agent from the surface of the foam. Previous models in the literature do not consider these significant influences. A model is presented accounting for those more subtle effects. In addition, a new experimental technique is described to collect experimental bubble growth data. Predictions of the new model reasonably agree with the experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Ramesh
- Corporate Chemical Research, Sealed Air Corporation, Danbury, CT 06810
| | - Nelson Malwitz
- Corporate Chemical Research, Sealed Air Corporation, Danbury, CT 06810
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fridman M, Sabsai OY, Nikolaeva N, Barshtein G. Rheological Properties of Gas-Containing Thermoplastic Materials During Extrusion. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x8902500610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Fridman
- Plastic Materials Research Institute Perovsky proezd 35 Moscow 111112, USSR
| | - O. Yu. Sabsai
- Plastic Materials Research Institute Perovsky proezd 35 Moscow 111112, USSR
| | - N.E. Nikolaeva
- Plastic Materials Research Institute Perovsky proezd 35 Moscow 111112, USSR
| | - G.R. Barshtein
- Plastic Materials Research Institute Perovsky proezd 35 Moscow 111112, USSR
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mahmood SH, Xin CL, Lee JH, Park CB. Study of volume swelling and interfacial tension of the polystyrene-carbon dioxide-dimethyl ether system. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 456:174-81. [PMID: 26122798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction of blended carbon dioxide (CO2) and dimethyl ether (DME) with polystyrene (PS) through volume swelling and interfacial tension. The experiments were carried out over a temperature range of 423-483 K, and the pressure was varied from 6.89 MPa to 20.68 MPa. With an incremental concentration of DME in the blend, the volume swelling increased while the interfacial tension between the PS/blend gas mixture and the blend gas decreased. The validity of the Simha-Somcynsky (SS) equation of state (EOS) for the ternary system was established by comparing experimentally measured volume swelling to that obtained via SS-EOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Mahmood
- Microcellular Plastic Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - C L Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - J H Lee
- Microcellular Plastic Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - C B Park
- Microcellular Plastic Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rahman MA, Andrade R, Maia J, Baer E. Viscosity contrast effects on the structure – Property relationship of multilayer soft film/foams. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Wong A, Guo Y, Park CB, Zhou NQ. A polymer visualization system with accurate heating and cooling control and high-speed imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9196-216. [PMID: 25915031 PMCID: PMC4463585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A visualization system to observe crystal and bubble formation in polymers under high temperature and pressure has been developed. Using this system, polymer can be subjected to a programmable thermal treatment to simulate the process in high pressure differential scanning calorimetry (HPDSC). With a high-temperature/high-pressure view-cell unit, this system enables in situ observation of crystal formation in semi-crystalline polymers to complement thermal analyses with HPDSC. The high-speed recording capability of the camera not only allows detailed recording of crystal formation, it also enables in situ capture of plastic foaming processes with a high temporal resolution. To demonstrate the system’s capability, crystal formation and foaming processes of polypropylene/carbon dioxide systems were examined. It was observed that crystals nucleated and grew into spherulites, and they grew at faster rates as temperature decreased. This observation agrees with the crystallinity measurement obtained with the HPDSC. Cell nucleation first occurred at crystals’ boundaries due to CO2 exclusion from crystal growth fronts. Subsequently, cells were nucleated around the existing ones due to tensile stresses generated in the constrained amorphous regions between networks of crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anson Wong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
| | - Yanting Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Chul B Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Nan Q Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang L, Zhao G, Dong G, Li S, Wang G. Bubble morphological evolution and surface defect formation mechanism in the microcellular foam injection molding process. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiphase model was established to simulate the bubble morphological evolution in MFIM, and a new phenomenon of surface collapse and pits with the gradient depth was discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
| | - Guiwei Dong
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsui A, Frank CW. Impact of Processing Temperature and Composition on Foaming of Biodegradable Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Blends. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5021766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Tsui
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Curtis W. Frank
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gonçalves OH, Leimann FV, de Araújo PHH, Francisco Machado RA. Expansion of core-shell PS/PMMA particles. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odinei Hess Gonçalves
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology; Federal University of Technology - Paraná; Campo Mourão; PR; Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vitória Leimann
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology; Federal University of Technology - Paraná; Campo Mourão; PR; Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamada T, Murata Y, Yokoi H. Visualization Analysis of a Multilayer Foam Development Process in Microcellular Injection Molding. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, cross-sectional analyses were performed on microcellular injection-molded high-impact polystyrene products. The results confirm that the following five types of layers were formed: Skin layers I (the silver streak layer) and II (a nonfoamed layer), Core layers I (cell diameter, d > 150 μm), II (d < 50 μm), and III (d > 100 μm). As the maximum in-mold pressure (Pmax) was increased from 5 to 30 MPa, the thickness of Skin layer II remained nearly constant. However, the foam types in the core layers changed from I and II to II and III or III only, resulting in an increase in cell diameter and a decrease in cell density. The process of cellular structure formation was observed using a glass-inserted mold, which revealed that this process consists of a flow (with a burst of cells at the melt front and the subsequent flow of the melt containing the cells), an end of the filling (involving elastic compression or the dissolution and disappearance of cells formed in the flow stage), and a cooling (new cell generation and growth and cooling solidification). Based on these cross-sectional observations, in concert with melt-pressure measurements and visualizations, we developed a model describing the formation process of Skin layer II and the core layers including a new concept that considers the melt pressure inside the cavity. The following layers are incorporated into the model: Skin layer II: A nonfoamed layer is formed in the area of the melt front where gases diffuse out from within the melt during the filling stage, and this nonfoamed layer moves to from melt front to the surface of the product due to fountain flow. Core layers I and II: A multilayer is formed containing a distribution of cells preserved from the flow stage due to the low compression forces, Core layer III: cells are dissolved in the melt due to strong compression forces at the end of the filling stage and then reform and grow in the cooling stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Yamada
- Saitama Industrial Technology Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y. Murata
- Nippon Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - H. Yokoi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leung SN, Wong A, Wang LC, Park CB. Mechanism of extensional stress-induced cell formation in polymeric foaming processes with the presence of nucleating agents. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
Azimi HR, Rezaei M, Abbasi F. The effect of expansion conditions on the batch foaming dynamics of St–MMA copolymer. J CELL PLAST 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x11432960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymer particles by suspension polymerization process to study the foaming dynamics via visual batch foaming apparatus. The weight ratio of styrene–methyl methacrylate was 53–47. The foaming system consisted of a self-sealing observation cell equipped with two glass windows and a stereo microscope attached with a high-speed digital camera as well as a pressure and temperature controller. The required pentane pressure was supplied by heating a small pentane flask. The synthesized copolymer particles impregnated by pentane and then the foaming dynamics were recorded after a rapid pressure release. The effect of different foaming conditions, such as temperature, impregnation time, and impregnation pressure on the expansion ratio of styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymer was investigated. It was concluded that impregnation pressure, time, and temperature have different effects on the foaming ratio at impregnation pressures lower and higher than 4 bar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Azimi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhang Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Wang J, Lee PC, Park CB. Visualization of initial expansion behavior of butane-blown low-density polyethylene foam at extrusion die exit. POLYM ENG SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
23
|
Mahapatra SP, Tripathy DK. Rheological behavior of a microcellular, oil-extended ethylene–propylene–diene rubber compound: Effects of the blowing agent curing agent, and conductive carbon black filler. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
24
|
Rubens LC. Cellular materials: the unending opportunity and challenge for multidisciplinary polymer science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polc.5070720126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
25
|
Shukla S, Koelling KW. Steady flow simulation of a polymer-diluent solution through an abrupt axisymmetric contraction using internally consistent rheological scaling. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
26
|
Guo Q, Wang J, Park CB, Ohshima M. A Microcellular Foaming Simulation System with a High Pressure-Drop Rate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie060105w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Guo
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jin Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Qin X, Thompson MR, Hrymak AN, Torres A. Rheological Comparison of Chemical and Physical Blowing Agents in a Thermoplastic Polyolefin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0510932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Qin
- MMRI/ CAPPA-D, Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - M. R. Thompson
- MMRI/ CAPPA-D, Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - A. N. Hrymak
- MMRI/ CAPPA-D, Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - A. Torres
- Applications Group, INDESCA, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Di Maio E, Iannace S, Mensitieri G, Nicolais L. A predictive approach based on the Simha–Somcynsky free-volume theory for the effect of dissolved gas on viscosity and glass transition temperature of polymeric mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation for nucleated solution flow through slit die in foam extrusion. POLYM ENG SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
30
|
The morphology, mechanical properties and ageing behavior of porous injection molded starch-based blends for tissue engineering scaffolding. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
31
|
Di Maio E, Mensitieri G, Iannace S, Nicolais L, Li W, Flumerfelt R. Structure optimization of polycaprolactone foams by using mixtures of CO2 and N2 as blowing agents. POLYM ENG SCI 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
Nanoparticles are suitable to nucleate small foam cells and simultaneously reinforce the thin foam cell walls. In this paper, it is found that the foam morphology and the physical properties are greatly influenced by the dispersion of nanoclay, the clay surface modification, and the nanocomposite blend morphology. The addition of nanoclay to polystyrene (PS) strongly affects the nucleation of foam bubbles, especially after exfoliation and proper surface modification. CO2 appears to nucleate on the solid clay surface with a CO2-affinitive surface modifier. PS/(PMMA/MHABS) nanocomposite blends composed of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate)/nanoclay exfoliated nanocomposite show an unexpected trend that bubble nucleation inversely correlates with domain size, where the bigger PMMA/MHABS domains are significant in nucleating more bubbles. The total influence volume, formed by the CO2 diffusion from the PMMA/MHABS phase to the PS phase where CO2 concentration decreases from a high value in the former to a low value in the latter, is related to the domain size and determines the nucleation efficiency in the PS phase. The physical properties of PS nanocomposites exhibit unique behaviour in the presence of CO2.
Collapse
|
33
|
Tuladhar T, Mackley M. Experimental observations and modelling relating to foaming and bubble growth from pentane loaded polystyrene melts. Chem Eng Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
34
|
Baldwin DF, Park CB, Suh NP. An extrusion system for the processing of microcellular polymer sheets: Shaping and cell growth control. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
35
|
Baldwin DF, Park CB, Suh NP. Microcellular sheet extrusion system process design models for shaping and cell growth control. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
36
|
Lee M, Tzoganakis C, Park CB. Extrusion of PE/PS blends with supercritical carbon dioxide. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Lee M, Park CB, Tzoganakis C. Measurements and modeling of PS/supercritical CO2 solution viscosities. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
38
|
Garcia-Leiner M, Lesser AJ. CO2-assisted polymer processing: A new alternative for intractable polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
39
|
Nayak NC, Tripathy DK. Rheological behavior of ethylene-octene copolymer vulcanizates: Effect of blowing agent and precipitated silica filler. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
40
|
Nayak N, Bhattachariya A, Tripathy D. Rheological Behavior of Ethylene-Octene Copolymer Vulcanizates: Effect of Blowing Agent and Precipitated Aluminium Silicate Filler. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2002. [DOI: 10.1177/026248930202100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study of the rheological behaviour of aluminium silicate filled ethylene-octene copolymer vulcanizates in extrusion containing blowing agent has been carried out. The cell morphology development has been studied through scanning electron microscope. Rheological properties of unfilled and aluminium silicate filled systems with variation of blowing agent, extrusion temperature and shear rate have been studied using Monsanto processability tester (MPT). The total extrusion pressure (ΔPT), apparent shear stress (x), apparent viscosity (ηa), and die swell (%) of the unfilled and aluminium silicate filled compounds have been determined by using MPT. It is found that there is a reduction in stress and viscosity with blowing agent loading. It is observed that incorporation of blowing agent led to decreased shear thinning behaviour resulting in an increase in power law index. The viscosity reduction factor (VRF) of unfilled vulcanizates is found to be dependent on concentration of blowing agent, shear rate and temperature, whereas VRF of aluminium silicate filled vulcanizates is found to be independent of shear rate and temperature but dependent on blowing agent concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N.C. Nayak
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - A.K. Bhattachariya
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - D.K. Tripathy
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Kharagpur-721302, India
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Rheological properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) compound — effect of blowing agent, curing agent and carbon black filler. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
43
|
Kostrzewski W, Lindt J. Flow Characterization of a Chemically Blown Polymeric Foam III. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 1986. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng.1986.6.1-4.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
44
|
Throne JL. An observation on the han-villamizar critical pressure concept in thermoplastic foams. POLYM ENG SCI 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760230610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
45
|
Han CD, Yoo HJ. Studies on structural foam processing. IV. Bubble growth during mold filling. POLYM ENG SCI 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760210903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Yoo HJ, Han CD. Studies on structural foam processing. III. Bubble dynamics in foam extrusion through a converging die. POLYM ENG SCI 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
48
|
Young SS, White JL, Clark ES, Oyanagi Y. A basic experimental study of sandwich injection molding with sequential injection. POLYM ENG SCI 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760201206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|