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Song M, Wang X, Du R, Zhou Z, Li X, Li G, Luo Y. Effects of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) on the structure and performance of PEEK/CF composites. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12446-12452. [PMID: 35480369 PMCID: PMC9036590 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01450e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone (PEEK/CF) composites feature diverse advantages and have been applied in various fields. However, the high melt viscosity of PEEK leads to their poor processing performance and affects their practical applications. Here a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) was introduced into a PEEK/CF system as a new strategy to address the aforementioned issues. Bearing aromatic rings on the main chains, LCP can strongly interact with PEEK by pi-pi interaction, which alters the crystallization behaviour and facilitates processing of PEEK/CF, eventually improving its mechanical performance. As a result, a high crystallinity (37.37%), a decreased equilibrium torque (8.902 Nm), and a high tensile strength (230.97 MPa) are realized with 5 wt% LCP. The current approach offers a new solution to simultaneously promote processing and mechanical performance of PEEK/CF and other polymer-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyun Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Ran Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Guoping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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2
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de Kort GW, Saidi S, Hermida-Merino D, Leoné N, Rastogi S, Wilsens CHRM. Reactive Processing Route to Thermotropic Polyesters with a Low Processing Temperature and Enhanced Relaxation Time. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs W. de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Saidi
- LMOPS, EA 4423, Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupelec Metz, 2 Rue Edouard Belin, Metz F-57070, France
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolus H. R. M. Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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de Kort GW, Saidi S, Hermida-Merino D, Leoné N, Srinivas V, Rastogi S, Wilsens CHRM. Importance of Viscosity Control for Recyclable Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. Macromolecules 2020; 53:6690-6702. [PMID: 34305176 PMCID: PMC8290909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic composites consisting of a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and poly(lactide) (PLA) have the potential to combine good mechanical performance with recyclability and are therefore interesting as strong and sustainable composite materials. The viscoelastic behavior of both the LCP and the PLA is of great importance for the performance of these composites, as they determine the LCP morphology in the composite and play a crucial role in preventing the loss of mechanical performance upon recycling. Though the effect of the matrix viscosity is well-documented in literature, well-controlled systems where the LCP viscosity is tailored are not reported. Therefore, four LCPs, with the same chemical backbone but different molecular weights, are used to produce reinforced LCP-PLA composites. The differences in viscosity of the LCPs and viscosity ratio between the dispersed phase and the matrix of the blends are evident in the resultant composite morphology: in all cases fibrils are formed; however, the diameter increases considerably as the viscosity ratio increases for the higher molar mass LCPs. The fibril diameter ranges from several hundred nanometer to a few micrometer. A typical layered structure in the injection molded composites is observed, where the layer-thickness is influenced by the LCP viscosity. The LCPs are found to effectively reinforce the PLLA matrix, increasing the Young's modulus by 60% and the maximum stress by 40% for the composite containing 30 wt % of the most viscous LCP. Remarkably, this did not result in an increase in brittleness, effectively increasing the toughness of the composite compared to pure PLLA. The feasible reprocessability of this composite is confirmed, by subjecting it to three reprocessing cycles. The relaxation of the LCPs orientation upon heating is measured via in situ WAXD. We compare the relaxation in an amorphous PLA matrix and in a semicrystalline PLLA matrix with that of the pure LCPs. The matrix viscosity is found to strongly influence the relaxation. For example, in a low viscous amorphous matrix relaxation of the LCP fibrils into droplets dominates the process, whereas a semicrystalline matrix helps in maintaining the fibril morphology and intermolecular orientation of the LCP. In the latter case, the LCPs relax via contraction and coalescence of the polydomain texture and maintains a significant degree of orientation until the PLLA crystals melt and the matrix viscosity decreases. The insights gained in this study on the role of the LCP viscosity on the morphology and performance of thermoplastic composites, as well as the relaxation of LCPs in a matrix, will aid progression toward sustainable and reprocessable LCP reinforced thermoplastic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs W de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Saidi
- LMOPS, EA 4423, Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupelec Metz, 2 rue Edouard Belin, Metz F-57070, France.,Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Varun Srinivas
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Sabic Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, 6160AL Geleen, The Netherlands
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4
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de Kort GW, Bouvrie L, Rastogi S, Wilsens CHRM. Thermoplastic PLA-LCP Composites: A Route toward Sustainable, Reprocessable, and Recyclable Reinforced Materials. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:624-631. [PMID: 32953282 PMCID: PMC7493304 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reprocessing of reinforced composites is generally accompanied by loss of value and performance, as normally the reinforcing phase is damaged, or the matrix is lost in the process. In the search for more sustainable recyclable composite materials, we identify blends based on poly(l-lactide) (PLA) and thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (LCP) as highly promising self-reinforced thermoplastic composites that can be recycled several times without loss in mechanical properties. For example, irrespective of the thermal history of the blend, injection molded bars of PLA containing 30 wt % LCP exhibit a tensile modulus of 6.4 GPa and tensile strength around 110 MPa, as long as the PLA matrix has a molecular weight of 170 kg mol-1 or higher. However, after several mechanical reprocessing steps, with the gradual decrease in the molecular weight of the PLA matrix, deterioration of the mechanical performance is observed. The origin of this behavior is found in the increasing LCP to PLA viscosity ratio: at a viscosity ratio below unity, the dispersed LCP droplets are effectively deformed into the desired fibrillar morphology during injection molding. However, deformation of LCP droplets becomes increasingly challenging when the viscosity ratio exceeds unity (i.e., when the PLA matrix viscosity decreases during consecutive reprocessing), eventually resulting in a nodular morphology, a poor molecular orientation of the LCP phase, and deterioration of the mechanical performance. This molecular weight dependency effectively places a limit on the maximum number of mechanical reprocessing steps before chemical upgrading of the PLA phase is required. Therefore, a feasible route to maintain or enhance the mechanical properties of the blend, independent of the number of reprocessing cycles, is proposed.
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5
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de Kort GW, Rastogi S, Wilsens CHRM. Controlling Processing, Morphology, and Mechanical Performance in Blends of Polylactide and Thermotropic Polyesters. Macromolecules 2019; 52:6005-6017. [PMID: 31543551 PMCID: PMC6748672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic composites based on thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) materials are interesting candidates for reinforced composite application due to their promising mechanical performance and potential for recyclability. In combination with a societal push toward the more sustainable use of materials, these properties warrant new interest in this class of composites. Though numerous studies have been performed in the past, a coherent set of design rules for LCP design for the generation of injection-molded reinforced thermoplastic composites is not yet available, likely due to the complex interplay between LCP and matrix components. In this study, we report on the processing of poly(l-lactide) with two different LCPs, at relatively low processing temperatures. The study focuses on critical parameters for the morphological development and mechanical performance of LCP-reinforced composites. The influence of blend composition and the processing conditions, on the mechanical response of the composites, is investigated using rheology, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, mechanical analysis, and microscopy techniques. The study conclusively demonstrates that both the matrix viscosity and viscosity ratio between the dispersed and matrix phase, determine the deformation and breakup of the dispersed LCP droplets during extrusion. In addition, the thermal dependence of the viscosity ratio appears to be a critical parameter for the composite performance after injection molding. For example, during injection molding, stretching and molecular orientation of the LCP phase into highly oriented fibrils are prevented when the viscosity ratio increases rapidly upon cooling. In contrast, melt drawing proves to be a more effective processing route as the extensional flow field stabilizes elongated droplets, independent of the viscosity ratio. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights in the morphological development of LCP-reinforced blends, highlighting the importance of the development of viscoelastic properties as a function of temperature, and provide guidelines for the design of new LCP polymers and their thermoplastic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs W de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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6
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Pospiech D, Korwitz A, Eckstein K, Komber H, Jehnichen D, Suckow M, Lederer A, Arnhold K, Göbel M, Bremer M, Hoffmann A, Fischer S, Werner A, Walther T, Brünig H, Voit B. Fiber formation and properties of polyester/lignin blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Pospiech
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Korwitz
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Kathrin Eckstein
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Dieter Jehnichen
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Marcus Suckow
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Kerstin Arnhold
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Göbel
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Martina Bremer
- Technische Universität DresdenWood and Plant Chemistry, Pienner Str. 19 01737 Tharandt Germany
| | - Anton Hoffmann
- Technische Universität DresdenWood and Plant Chemistry, Pienner Str. 19 01737 Tharandt Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Technische Universität DresdenWood and Plant Chemistry, Pienner Str. 19 01737 Tharandt Germany
| | - Anett Werner
- Technische Universität DresdenInstitute of Natural Materials Technology, ZINT, Berg Str. 120 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Walther
- Technische Universität DresdenInstitute of Natural Materials Technology, ZINT, Berg Str. 120 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Harald Brünig
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
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7
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Heifferon KV, Spiering GA, Talley SJ, Hegde M, Moore RB, Turner SR, Long TE. Synthesis and characterization of a nematic fully aromatic polyester based on biphenyl 3,4′-dicarboxylic acid. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00683d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fully-aromatic homopolyester based on biphenyl 3,4′-bibenzoate facilitated a nematic mesophase and restricted crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn A. Spiering
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Samantha J. Talley
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Maruti Hegde
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Robert B. Moore
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - S. Richard Turner
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
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8
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Romo-Uribe A, Reyes-Mayer A, Calixto-Rodriguez M, Benavente R, Jaffe M. Synchrotron scattering and thermo-mechanical properties of high performance thermotropic polymer. A multi-scale analysis and structure-property correlation. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Genovese L, Soccio M, Lotti N, Munari A, Szymczyk A, Paszkiewicz S, Linares A, Nogales A, Ezquerra TA. Effect of chemical structure on the subglass relaxation dynamics of biobased polyesters as revealed by dielectric spectroscopy: 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid vs. trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15696-15706. [PMID: 29850678 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01810c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure-dynamics relationship for poly(trimethylene 2,5-furanoate) and poly(trimethylene 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) was investigated via dielectric spectroscopy and compared with that of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) in order to evaluate the impact on the subglass dynamics of the chemical nature of the ring. Further comparison was accomplished with the neopentyl glycol containing counterparts: poly(neopentyl 2,5-furanoate) and poly(neopentyl 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate). Our study reveals a multimodal nature of the subglass β process. For the more flexible polymers (containing cyclohexane rings) three modes for the β process were detected. The faster mode was assigned to the relaxation of the oxygen linked to the aliphatic carbon, the slower one to the link between the aliphatic ring and the ester group, and the third mode to the aliphatic ring. For stiffer polymers (containing aromatic rings), the local modes appear more coupled. This effect is more evident in the polymers with the furan ring where essentially a single β mode can be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Genovese
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Universitá di Bologna, Via Terracini 28, Bologna 40131, Italy.
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10
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Conjugation break spacers and flexible linkers as tools to engineer the properties of semiconducting polymers. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Park JH, Rutledge GC. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Advanced Polymer Fibers: High Performance and Ultrafine. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Hoon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory C. Rutledge
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Sarker AK, Kimura K, Yokoyama F, Yamashita Y. Control of the Length of Aromatic Polyester Whiskers. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/0954-0083/13/2/330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The control method of poly( p-oxybenzoyl) (POB) whisker length is reported, with the main focus being on how to make the length of the whiskers longer. The POB whiskers were prepared by the polymerization of p-acetoxybenzoic acid in LPF at 330°C. The increase in whisker length is caused by the way oligomer lamellaepileupalongthelongaxisoftheneedle-likecrystalswithspiralgrowth. From the present detailed morphological observations during polymerization, the tip angle of the whiskers is constant at 80° up to a time 10 min, whereas it becomes significantly sharper to 12° at 30 min. This sharpening of the tip angles seems to be highly related to the degree of supersaturation of the oligomers dissolved in solution. In order to depress the sharpening of the tip angle and to extend the steady-state growth for increase of the whisker length, oligomers were added twice into the polymerization system, after 10 min just before the tip angle becomes sharper and then after 20 min. The addition of oligomers extended the steady-state growth period, and the length was increased from 40 μm to 47 μm with the first addition and then to 50 μm with the second addition. The addition of oligomers during steady-state growth gives the most favourable conditions for continuous growth with spiral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Kumer Sarker
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kunio Kimura
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Yuhiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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13
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Sarker AK, Kimura K, Uchida S, Yamashita Y. Size Control of Poly(p -Oxybenzoyl) Whiskers by Addition of Crystals during Polymerization of p -Acetoxybenzoic Acid. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095400830201400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Control of the size, such as the length and width, of poly(p-oxybenzoyl) (POB) whiskers is a desirable technology. In this study, the addition of nuclei to the polymerization system is examined to control the size of the POB whisker. Polymerizations were carried out in liquid paraffin at 330 'C for 6 hr. The polymerization concentration was 1%. The crystals were prepared for 10 min, of which the tip angle is 800, are added as nuclei to the polymerization solution just before the crystallization is about to begin. The length does not increase at all by addition of the added crystals. The width increases and its distribution becomes significantly broader in all cases. The broadness of the width distribution reveals that nuclei are newly formed in the course of polymerization after the addition of crystals. It is difficult to inhibit the generation of new crystals by the control of the number of added crystals because the precipitation rate of the oligomers is much higher than the consumption rate of the oligomers by crystallization and therefore the excess oligomers which cannot participate in the crystal growth induce nucleation. It is concluded that the addition of the crystals as nuclei is not an available method to lengthen the POB whisker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuhiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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14
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Reyes-Mayer A, Alvarado-Tenorio B, Romo-Uribe A, Benavente R, Jaffe M, Molina-Ocampo A. Nanostructure reorganization in a thermotropic copolyester. A simultaneous WAXS and SAXS study. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Reyes-Mayer
- Laboratorio de Nanopolimeros y Coloides; UNAM; Cuernavaca Mor. 62210 Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos; Av. Universidad 1001 Cuernavaca Mor., 62209 Mexico
| | - B. Alvarado-Tenorio
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Cd. Juárez Chihuahua 32310 Mexico
| | - A. Romo-Uribe
- Laboratorio de Nanopolimeros y Coloides; UNAM; Cuernavaca Mor. 62210 Mexico
| | - R. Benavente
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; CSIC; Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - M. Jaffe
- Medical Device Concept Laboratory; New Jersey Institute of Technology; 111 Lock Street Newark NJ 07103 USA
| | - A. Molina-Ocampo
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos; Av. Universidad 1001 Cuernavaca Mor., 62209 Mexico
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15
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Park JR, Yoon DS, Bang MS. Effect of Linkage Groups on the Properties of Semi-flexible Liquid Crystalline Polymers. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2015.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Wilsens CH, Deshmukh YS, Liu W, Noordover BA, Yao Y, Meijer HE, Rastogi S. Processing and performance of aromatic-aliphatic thermotropic polyesters based on vanillic acid. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Multilayer coextrusion of rheologically modified main chain liquid crystalline polymers and resulting orientational order. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Wilsens CH, Noordover BA, Rastogi S. Aromatic thermotropic polyesters based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and vanillic acid. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Rahman A, Gupta RK, Bhattacharya SN, Ray S, Costa F. Simulation Study of Thermotropic LCPs and Prediction of Normal Stress Difference at High Shear Rate. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The shear viscosity and normal stress difference of two filled and two unfilled thermotropic liquid crystal polymer (TLCPs) were studied. The rigid and rod like molecules of TLCPs orientate differently at different shear rates. Under low shear rate, the molecules tend to align in the direction of the flow but also tumble and wagging on their own axis. The abnormal orientation of the molecules also depends upon temperature, fillers contents, aspect ratio and elastic nature of LCP molecules. These behaviors lead to unusual rheological properties of LCPs, such as negative first normal stress difference for filled LCPs at low shear rates. But with the increase of shear rate, the molecules are oriented in the direction of flow, which lead to isotropic flow at high shear rates. The complicated rheological properties and characteristic anisotropic properties of LCPs are modelled by recently developed Leonov's viscoselastic constitutive equations. Simulation has been carried out using Mathematica software and the characteristic anisotropic properties of LCPs have been identified. The experimentally measured viscosities at high shear rate have been compared with model predictions. Moreover, the normal stress differences using at high shear rates have been estimated using Leonov's model, which is experimentally not accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rahman
- Rheology and Materials Processing Centre, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R. K. Gupta
- Rheology and Materials Processing Centre, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S. N. Bhattacharya
- Rheology and Materials Processing Centre, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S. Ray
- Autodesk Pty. Ltd., Kilsyth, Australia
| | - F. Costa
- Autodesk Pty. Ltd., Kilsyth, Australia
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Li Z, Gonzalez Garza PA, Baer E, Ellison CJ. Modification of rheological properties of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer by melt-state reactive processing. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Investigation of unique interactions between cellulose acetate and ionic liquid [EMIM]SCN, and their influences on hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Noël C. Synthesis, characterization and recent developments of liquid crystalline polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19880220108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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La Mantia FP, Valenza A. Processing and properties of blends with liquid crystal polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19900380115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mandal PK, Siddhanta SK, Chakraborty D. Studies on the engineering properties of LCP-Vectra B 950/PP blends with the variations of EAA content. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xie HL, Jie CK, Yu ZQ, Liu XB, Zhang HL, Shen Z, Chen EQ, Zhou QF. Hierarchical Supramolecular Ordering with Biaxial Orientation of a Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Obtained from Radical Polymerization of 2-Vinylterephthalate. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8071-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101184u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He-Lou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Chang-Kai Jie
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Zhen-Qiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Xuan-Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Er-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Qi-Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
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Kalfon-Cohen E, Pegoretti A, Marom G. Annealing of drawn monofilaments of liquid crystalline polymer vectra/vapor grown carbon fiber nanocomposites. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Deepa G, Balamurugan R, Kannan P. Photoactive liquid crystalline polyesters based on bisbenzylidene and pyridine moieties. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mandal PK, Chakraborty D. Studies on morphology, mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical behavior of extrusion blended polypropylene and thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer in presence of compatibilizer. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ahn YH, Chang JH. Thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester nanocomposites viain situ intercalation polycondensation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Park SK, Kim SH, Hwang JT. Carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotube-reinforced thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cohen EK, Marom G, Weinberg A, Wachtel E, Migliaresi C, Pegoretti A. Microstructure and nematic transition in thermotropic liquid crystalline fibers and their single polymer composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Liquid crystalline (LC) polymers of rigid monomers based on flora and fauna were prepared by in-bulk polymerization. Para-coumaric (p-coumaric) acid [4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4HCA)] and its derivatives were selected as phytomonomers and bile acids were selected as biomonomers. The 4HCA homopolymer showed a thermotropic LC phase only in a state of low molecular weight. The copolymers of 4HCA with bile acids such as lithocholic acid (LCA) and cholic acid (CA) showed excellent cell compatibilities but low molecular weights. However, P(4HCA-co-CA)s allowed LC spinning to create molecularly oriented biofibers, presumably due to the chain entanglement that occurs during in-bulk chain propagation into hyperbranching architecture. P[4HCA-co-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (DHCA)]s showed high molecular weight, high mechanical strength, high Young's modulus, and high softening temperature, which may be achieved through the entanglement by in-bulk formation of hyperbranching, rigid structures. P(4HCA-co-DHCA)s showed a smooth hydrolysis, in-soil degradation, and photo-tunable hydrolysis. Thus, P(4HCA-co-DHCA)s might be applied as an environmentally degradable plastic with extremely high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kaneko
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan.
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The effect of curing reaction on mesophase-rich islands of segmented main chain liquid crystalline oligoesters. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Liu P, Liang Q, Liu C, Jian X, Hong D, Li Y. Preparation and Characterization of Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Aromatic Copolyamides Containing Twisty and Non-coplanar Moiety. Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.38.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shaikh VAE, Ubale VP, Maldar NN, Lonikar SV, Rajan CR, Ponrathnam S. Main-chain liquid crystalline poly(ester-amide)s containing lithocholic acid units. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Dynamic magnetic resonance of liquid crystal polymers: Molecular organization and macroscopic properties. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-52159-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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37
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Thin-film polymerization and ‘RIS’ Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation of fluorinated aromatic copoly(ester–amide)s. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Teoh MM, Liu SL, Chung TS. Effect of pyridazine structure on thin-film polymerization and phase behavior of thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chi Z, Yao X, Zhang Y, Xu J. Thermal decomposition kinetics of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesterimides. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu C, Manzione LT. Process studies in precision injection molding. II: Morphology and precision in liquid crystal polymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pickles AP, Gibson AG. Shear and extensional flow of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pramoda KP, Chung TS. Crystallization and melting behavior of zenite thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Seo Y, Kim J, Kim HJ. Effect of the compatibilizer on the physical properties of biaxially deformedin situ composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kaneko T, Matsusaki M, Hang TT, Akashi M. Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Derived from Natural Cinnamoyl Biomonomers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chung TS, Jin X. Studies on the phase transition and thermal stability of Xydar and Zenite series liquid crystalline polymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chung TS, Cheng M, Pallathadka PK, Goh SH. Thermal analysis of vectra B950 liquid crystal polymer. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu SL, Chung TS, Goh SH, Torii Y, Yamaguchi A, Ohta M. Crystallization morphology of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymide. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Naffakh M, Gómez MA, Ellis G, Marco C. Thermal properties, structure and morphology of PEEK/thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer blends. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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