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Thomsen TB, Almdal K, Meyer AS. Significance of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate crystallinity on enzymatic degradation. N Biotechnol 2023; 78:162-172. [PMID: 37939899 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a semi-crystalline plastic polyester material with a global production volume of 83 Mt/year. PET is mainly used in textiles, but also widely used for packaging materials, notably plastic bottles, and is a major contributor to environmental plastic waste accumulation. Now that enzymes have been demonstrated to catalyze PET degradation, new options for sustainable bio-recycling of PET materials via enzymatic catalysis have emerged. The enzymatic degradation rate is strongly influenced by the properties of PET, notably the degree of crystallinity, XC. The higher the XC of the PET material, the slower the enzymatic rate. Crystallization of PET, resulting in increased XC, is induced thermally (via heating) and/or mechanically (via stretching), and the XC of most PET plastic bottles and microplastics exceeds what currently known enzymes can readily degrade. The enzymatic action occurs at the surface of the insoluble PET material and improves when the polyester chain mobility increases. The chain mobility increases drastically when the temperature exceeds the glass transition temperature, Tg, which is ∼40 °C at the surface layer of PET. Since PET crystallization starts at 70 °C, the ideal temperature for enzymatic degradation is just below 70 °C to balance high chain mobility and enzymatic reaction activation without inducing crystal formation. This paper reviews the current understanding on the properties of PET as an enzyme substrate and summarizes the most recent knowledge of how the crystalline and amorphous regions of PET form, and how the XC and the Tg impact the efficiency of enzymatic PET degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thore Bach Thomsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology Section, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Almdal
- DTU Chemistry, Building 206, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology Section, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Luoma E, Välimäki M, Ollila J, Heikkinen K, Immonen K. Bio-Based Polymeric Substrates for Printed Hybrid Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091863. [PMID: 35567032 PMCID: PMC9104647 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Printed flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) is finding an increasing number of applications in the fields of displays, sensors, actuators and in energy harvesting and storage. The technology involves the printing of conductive and insulating patterns as well as mounting electronic devices and circuits on flexible substrate materials. Typical plastic substrates in use are, for example, non-renewable-based poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) or poly(imides) (PI) with high thermal and dimensional stability, solvent resistance and mechanical strength. The aim of this study was to assess whether renewable-based plastic materials can be applied on sheet-to-sheet (S2S) screen-printing of conductive silver patterns. The selected materials were biaxially oriented (BO) bio-based PET (Bio-PET BO), poly(lactic acid) (PLA BO), cellulose acetate propionate (CAP BO) and regenerated cellulose film, NatureFlex™ (Natureflex). The biaxial orientation and annealing improved the mechanical strength of Bio-PET and PLA to the same level as the reference PET (Ref-PET). All renewable-based substrates showed a transparency comparable to the Ref-PET. The printability of silver ink was good with all renewable-based substrates and printed pattern resistance on the same level as Ref-PET. The formation of the printed pattern to the cellulose-based substrates, CAP BO and Natureflex, was very good, showing 10% to 18% lower resistance compared to Ref-PET and obtained among the bio-based substrates the smallest machine and transverse direction deviation in the S2S printing process. The results will open new application possibilities for renewable-based substrates, and also potentially biodegradable solutions enabled by the regenerated cellulose film and PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Luoma
- Sustainable Products and Materials, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Visiokatu 4, 33720 Tampere, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marja Välimäki
- Digital Technologies, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (M.V.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Jyrki Ollila
- Digital Technologies, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (M.V.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Kyösti Heikkinen
- Digital Technologies, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (M.V.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Kirsi Immonen
- Sustainable Products and Materials, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Visiokatu 4, 33720 Tampere, Finland;
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Huang A, Hu J, Han M, Wang K, Xia JL, Song J, Fu X, Chang K, Deng X, Liu S, Li Q, Li Z. Tunable Photocontrolled Motions of Anil-Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Systems through Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Trans-Cis Isomerization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005249. [PMID: 33354839 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the combination of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer and trans-cis isomerization as microscopic molecular motions under light stimulus, multiple photodeformable processes are achieved in anil-poly(ethylene terephthalate) systems, including simple bending, dancing butterflies, and switches. The doping films can realize light-driven contraction as large as 70% and bending angle of about 141°, upon a simple stretching process. The internal mechanism is confirmed by transient absorption spectra, and the relationship between molecular structure and photocontrolled motion is investigated by theoretical calculations and crystal analysis. This work provides a convenient approach by utilizing anils to fabricate reversible actuations with desirable geometries, greatly contributing to the applications and manufacturing of soft robots and related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arui Huang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kangwei Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jian Long Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiajia Song
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xuelian Fu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kai Chang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaocong Deng
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Siwei Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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4
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Chou CE, Liu YL, Zhang Y, Hsueh CH, Yang F, Lee S. Thermomechanical deformation of polyethylene-terephthalate artificial muscles. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Youm JS, Park JJ, Kim JC. Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on Gas-barrier Property of Biaxially Drawn Nylon/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Films. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Hopmann C, Twardowski B, Bakir C. Limitations of Reptation Theory for Modeling the Stress‐Dependent Rheological Behavior of Polyethylene Terephthalate Above the Glass‐Transition Temperature. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hopmann
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Benjamin Twardowski
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Can Bakir
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
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7
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Choi YH, Lyu MY. Comparison of Rheological Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Fossil-Based and Bio-Based Polycarbonate. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Zekriardehani S, Joshi AS, Jabarin SA, Coleman MR. Combined effect of small molecule antiplasticizers and strain induced crystallization on properties of polyethylene terephthalate. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anup S. Joshi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Toledo Toledo Ohio
| | - Saleh A. Jabarin
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Toledo Toledo Ohio
| | - Maria R. Coleman
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Toledo Toledo Ohio
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9
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Mao Y, Bucknall DG, Kriegel RM. Synchrotron X-ray scattering study on amorphous poly(ethylene furanoate) under uniaxial deformation. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Joshi AS, Alipourasiabi N, Kim YW, Coleman MR, Lawrence JG. Role of enhanced solubility in esterification of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with ethylene glycol at reduced temperatures: energy efficient synthesis of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate). REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00086g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced solubility of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid in ethylene glycol results in faster kinetics at lower temperatures compared to conventional reaction temperatures for polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup S. Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Toledo
- USA
| | | | - Yong-Wah Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Toledo
- USA
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11
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Zekriardehani S, Jabarin SA, Gidley DR, Coleman MR. Effect of Chain Dynamics, Crystallinity, and Free Volume on the Barrier Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Biaxially Oriented Films. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Zekriardehani
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - S. A. Jabarin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - D. R. Gidley
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - M. R. Coleman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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12
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Abstract
An investigation of oleic acid-modified clay versus plain clay with regard to the physical and barrier properties of PET/clay nanocomposites was performed. Montmorillonite (MMT) and Cloisite 30B nanoclays were modified by long-chain oleic acid and identified as ol-MMT and ol-30B, respectively. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the fatty acid was associated with the clay surface and that the gallery spacing of the layered silicates was expanded. In the case of ol-MMT, a disordered structure of layered silicates was achieved. TGA results indicated that ol-MMT showed thermal stability and could survive PET processing temperature. The degradation of ol-30B, however, increased after modification because of the presence of oleic acid. PET/clay nanocomposites were prepared with modified ol-MMT and modified ol-30B by using a twin screw extruder. XRD indicated that there was a significant improvement on the dispersion of nanoclays modified with long-chain oleic acid into the PET matrix, and an exfoliated structure was achieved. DSC data also revealed that crystallization behaviors of nanocomposites prepared with oleic acid-modified clays are similar to that of extruded PET. Significant improvements in the mechanical and barrier properties of stretched PET/clay nanocomposites were also achieved.
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13
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Vu HN, Gauthier C, Lame O, Cavaillé JY. Influence of annealing treatments on the essential work of fracture of biaxially drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate). POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Menary G, Tan C, Harkin-Jones E, Armstrong C, Martin P. Biaxial deformation and experimental study of PET at conditions applicable to stretch blow molding. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Balik CM, Bai C, Koch C, Spontak R, Saw CK. Mechanical Alloying of Pet and Pet/Vectra Blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-461-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTMechanical alloying represents a potential method for producing finely dispersed alloys of normally incompatible polymers. In this paper, PET and blends of PET with a Vectra thermotropic copolyester have been processed via high energy ball milling at room temperature (ambimilled) and at liquid nitrogen temperatures (cryomilled). Milled powders and compacted disks have been characterized using molecular weight, density and hardness measurements, aswell as DSC, WAXS, TEM and FTIR.
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16
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Manoharan MP, Kumar S, Haque MA, Rajagopalan R, Foley HC. Room temperature amorphous to nanocrystalline transformation in ultra-thin films under tensile stress: an in situ TEM study. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:505707. [PMID: 21098951 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/50/505707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The amorphous to crystalline phase transformation process is typically known to take place at very high temperatures and facilitated by very high compressive stresses. In this study, we demonstrate crystallization of amorphous ultra-thin platinum films at room temperature under tensile stresses. Using a micro-electro-mechanical device, we applied up to 3% uniaxial tensile strain in 3-5 nm thick focused ion beam deposited platinum films supported by another 3-5 nm thick amorphous carbon film. The experiments were performed in situ inside a transmission electron microscope to acquire the bright field and selected area diffraction patterns. The platinum films were observed to crystallize irreversibly from an amorphous phase to face-centered cubic nanocrystals with average grain size of about 10 nm. Measurement of crystal spacing from electron diffraction patterns confirms large tensile residual stress in the platinum specimens. We propose that addition of the externally applied stress provides the activation energy needed to nucleate crystallization, while subsequent grain growth takes place through enhanced atomic and vacancy diffusion as an energetically favorable route towards stress relaxation at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Prasad Manoharan
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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17
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Cristea M, Ionita D, Simionescu BC. A new insight in the dynamo-mechanical behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Vshivkov SA, Kulichikhin SG, Rusinova EV. Phase transitions in polymer solutions induced by mechanical fields. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1998v067n03abeh000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Arzhakova OV, Dolgova AA, Chernov IV, Yarysheva LM, Volynskii AL, Bakeev NF. The effect of preliminary orientation of polymers via tensile drawing at elevated temperature on solvent crazing. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x07080068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Improving the transparency of stretched poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyamide blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Natu A, Lofgren E, Jabarin S. Effect of morphology on barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate). POLYM ENG SCI 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Ajji A, Cole KC, Dumoulin MM, Ward IM. Orientation of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) by tensile drawing, roll-drawing, and die-drawing. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Dargent E, Grenet J, Dahoun A. Evolution of hot strain induced crystalline texture of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Liu RYF, Hu YS, Schiraldi DA, Hiltner A, Baer E. Crystallinity and oxygen transport properties of PET bottle walls. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Varma P, Lofgren EA, Jabarin SA. Properties and kinetics of thermally crystallized oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). II: Physical and optical properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Kattan M, Dargent E, Grenet J. Microstructural modifications in uniaxially hot-drawn polycyclohexylene terephthalate films. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Varma P, Lofgren EA, Jabarin SA. Properties and kinetics of thermally crystallized oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). I: Kinetics of crystallization. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Lyu MY, Pae Y. Bottom design of carbonated soft drink poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottle to prevent solvent cracking. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Kint DP, Muñoz-Guerra S. Modification of the thermal properties and crystallization behaviour of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by copolymerization. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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31
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Connor DM, Allen SD, Collard DM, Liotta CL, Schiraldi DA. Effect of linear comonomers on the rate of crystallization of copolyesters. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Connor DM, Allen SD, Collard DM, Liotta CL, Schiraldi DA. Effect of comonomers on the rate of crystallization of PET: U-turn comonomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Middleton AC, Duckett RA, Ward IM, Mahendrasingam A, Martin C. Real-time FTIR and WAXS studies of drawing behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20010307)79:10<1825::aid-app110>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Kattan M, Dargent E, Ledru J, Grenet J. Strain-induced crystallization in uniaxially drawn PETG plates. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Boyce M, Socrate S, Llana P. Constitutive model for the finite deformation stress–strain behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) above the glass transition. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Sun N, Yang J, Gu Q, Shen D. Conditions of homogeneous deformation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films during uniaxially drawing. J Appl Polym Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20000829)77:9<2044::aid-app21>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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38
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Okamoto M, Kubo H, Kotaka T. Elongational Flow-Induced Higher-Order Structure Development in a Supercooled Liquid of a Metallocene-Catalyzed Syndiotactic Polystyrene. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990186q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Okamoto
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, Hisakata 2-12-1, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, Hisakata 2-12-1, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
| | - Tadao Kotaka
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, Hisakata 2-12-1, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
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39
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Elongational flow-induced crystallization in supercooled poly(ethylene terephthalate) with different crystallization habit. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)10230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Okamoto M, Kubo H, Kotaka T. Elongational Flow-Induced Crystallization and Structure Development in Supercooled Poly(ethylene naphthalate). Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971713d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Okamoto
- Toyota Technological Institute, Hisakata 2-12-1, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- Toyota Technological Institute, Hisakata 2-12-1, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
| | - Tadao Kotaka
- Toyota Technological Institute, Hisakata 2-12-1, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
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Kubo H, Sato H, Okamoto M, Kotaka T. Elongational flow opto-rheometry for polymeric liquids: 4. Rayleigh scattering studies on elongational flow-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the supercooled state. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zaroulis J, Boyce M. Temperature, strain rate, and strain state dependence of the evolution in mechanical behaviour and structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with finite strain deformation. POLYMER 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(96)00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ajji A, Guèvremont J, Cole K, Dumoulin M. Orientation and structure of drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate). POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)00175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mukherjee S, Jabarin SA. Aging characteristics of oriented ply(ethylene terephthalate). POLYM ENG SCI 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760351404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Amorphous orientation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by X-ray diffraction in combination with Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. POLYMER 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(95)90981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sambaru P, Jabarin SA. Properties and morphology of oriented ternary blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate), high density polyethylene, and compatibilizing agent. POLYM ENG SCI 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760331307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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