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Fajkowska M, Quirin M, Rauthmann J. Personality dynamics: Regulatory mechanisms and processes. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 37186288 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Personality dynamics have recently revived interest as a subject of systematic investigation in personality science. Personality dynamics theories and research refer to nonstatic phenomena related to personality, such as the regulatory mechanisms and processes involved in the control of behavior and experience related to personality and their interactions with situations. Such research is not only important to understand personality but also important to explain the large amount of variability in behavior and experience in an individual that can hardly be explained by a few personality traits. This introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Personality outlines the contributions of 11 articles tackling four emerging trends in the field: (1) personality dynamics and levels of regulation; (2) personality dynamics and the motivational dimension of regulation; (3) dynamics and regulatory potentials of structural personality components; and (4) personality dynamics and timescales. Moreover, we add recommendations for future exploration. Together, we believe that our special issue advances personality science in conceptualizing and examining personality dynamics as well as drawing attention to unanswered issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Quirin
- Department of Sport & Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - John Rauthmann
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Fujikawa T, Kabir RS, Haramaki Y. Experimental Manipulation of Guided Attention to the Shoulder Movement Task in Clinical Dohsa-hou Induces Shifts in the Reactive Mode and Indicates Flexible Cognitive Control Performance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:785385. [PMID: 35465484 PMCID: PMC9018985 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The empirical basis for self-control in Dohsa-hou as it relates to effects on cognitive processes has been explored in a few studies of the Japanese psychotherapy, but not under standardized conditions with a strong predictive theory of control. This study reports on a series of experiments with the Dual Mechanisms of Control framework to clarify the possible regulatory mechanism of Dohsa-hou by focusing on shoulder movement, a key body movement task used by practitioners across applied settings. Cognitive control was operationalized with the AX version of Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT) paradigm for proactive control and a modified Stroop task paradigm for reactive control in a 3-arm parallel group trial study design. Healthy Japanese university students were assigned to a Dohsa-hou group that performed a shoulder movement task for few minutes, an active control group that performed a similar task, or a passive control group comprised of a resting condition. A total of 55 participants performed the AX-CPT and 57 participants performed the modified Stroop task before and after the group manipulation. In the AX-CPT, an increase in the error rate of AY (true cue-false probe) trial from pre- to post-test was observed in the passive control group only, and found to be marginally higher in the passive control group relative to Dohsa-hou group at post-test. This indicated that Dohsa-hou moderated the activation of proactive control by repeated AX-CPT performance. The error rate of the Proactive Behavioral Index did not differ from zero at post-test only in the Dohsa-hou group, indicating flexible cognitive control. In the modified Stroop task, there was no difference between congruent and incongruent trials at post-test for the Dohsa-hou group only, indicating the facilitation of reactive control. The evidence for a balancing effect for the Dohsa-hou-based shoulder movement task indicates that clients experience a form of continuous self-monitoring, which might reduce mind-wandering from their focus on movement execution combined with iterative verbal feedback from the therapist. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that the self-regulatory mechanism promoted in clinical Dohsa-hou emphasizes guided shifts in attention to the reactive mode toward a balance of cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Russell Sarwar Kabir
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yutaka Haramaki
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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Zahler L, Meyers M, Woud ML, Blackwell SE, Margraf J, Velten J. Using Three Indirect Measures to Assess the Role of Sexuality-Related Associations and Interpretations for Women's Sexual Desire: An Internet-Based Experimental Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:2471-2484. [PMID: 33844117 PMCID: PMC8416817 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical models emphasize the role of both automatic appraisals (i.e., associations) and conscious appraisals (i.e., interpretations) for sexual desire. Studies on sexuality-related appraisals have not combined self-report measures and experimental paradigms in order to compare the relevance of associations or interpretations. The aim of this study was to assess the relative contribution of both associations and interpretations to the explanation of low sexual desire in women. Toward this goal, indirect measures assessing associations (via a Single Target Implicit Association Test [STIAT]) and interpretations (via a Scrambled Sentences Test [SST] and a scenario task) were administered in a sample of 263 women (Mage = 27.90, SD 8.27) with varying levels of sexual desire and different sexual orientations (exclusively heterosexual women: 54.6%). Negative sexuality-related interpretations as assessed with two variants of the SST as well as the scenario task added to the explanation of lower sexual desire in women. Negative associations as measured with the STIAT were predictive of lower sexual desire only in women who did not indicate an exclusively heterosexual orientation. In this study, sexuality-related interpretations were more relevant to women's sexual desire than automatic associations. Future studies should assess the causal mechanism underlying sexuality-related interpretations (e.g., by evaluating whether these can be changed via cognitive bias modification techniques or psychological treatments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zahler
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Massenbergstr. 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Milena Meyers
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Massenbergstr. 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcella L Woud
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Massenbergstr. 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon E Blackwell
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Massenbergstr. 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Massenbergstr. 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Velten
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Massenbergstr. 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany.
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Munóz-Jiménez J, Rojas-Valverde D, Leon K. Future Challenges in the Assessment of Proprioception in Exercise Sciences: Is Imitation an Alternative? Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:664667. [PMID: 34149381 PMCID: PMC8206265 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.664667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Facultad Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Kiko Leon
- Facultad Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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How can different psychological and behavioural constructs be used to personalise weight management? Development of the diet styles. Appetite 2021; 164:105272. [PMID: 33940053 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was first, to explore whether distinct combinations of key psychological and eating-related characteristics, could be identified and, second, whether these styles were related to measures of dieting success such as weight status and the number of previous weight loss attempts. Participants were any person 18 years or older with access to the internet and were recruited through Facebook to complete a 30-min, online survey. The survey included 23 different measures of factors related to personality, eating behaviours and current weight management. 1047 (68.3% of starters) completed the full survey. These people were 82.4% female with a mean age of 42.54 years (SD = 14.07). Factor analysis using Maximum Likelihood Extraction method with Promax rotation resulted in the extraction of 5 novel factors: Temptation (including experiencing cravings and difficulty controlling eating); Foodie (higher engagement and involvement with food); Overthinking (neuroticism, behavioural inhibition and perfectionistic tendencies); Social (extroversion and agreeableness); Impulsivity (impulsivity, lower conscientiousness, higher fun-seeking). Each of the factors associated bivariately, and in the expected direction, with behaviours such as vegetable consumption, frequency of diet attempts, and self-rated health. Each possible diet style is described further and interpreted in the context of existing literature with a focus on how understanding these could help personalise future interventions. Future work will validate this structure in different samples.
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BIS-dependent cognitive strategies mediate the relationship between BIS and positive, negative affect. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Corr PJ. Clarifying Problems in Behavioural Control: Interface, Lateness and Consciousness. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/per.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The target paper highlights a number of unresolved issues that, I believe, continue to impede the construction of a viable model of behavioural control in personality psychology; namely, (a) the relationship between controlled and automatic processing (the ‘interface’ problem’) and (b) the time it takes for controlled processes, including consciousness, to be generated (the ‘lateness’ problem). The diversity of views expressed in the commentatories indicates that these are, indeed, real and unresolved problems. This response is structured around the following key questions. (1) How long–term goal planning interfaces with the automatic machinery of behaviour? (2) The extent of the impact of the ‘lateness’ of controlled (including conscious) processes for building models of behavioural control? (3) How best to characterise the personality traits associated with the FFFS, BIS and BAS? (4) How does the BIS control mismatch detection, the generation of error signals, and response inhibition and switching? (5) Is consciousness really a necessary explanatory construct in models of behavioural control? (6) Might neural ‘crosstalk’ of encapsulated action–goal response systems point to the functional significance of consciousness? (7) What are the implications of issues raised in the target paper for lexical and social–cognitive approaches to personality? I conclude by re–iterating the importance of the problems of ‘lateness’ and ‘interface’ for the construction of a viable model of behavioural control sufficient for the fostering of theoretical integration within personality psychology as well as affording the building of conceptual bridges with general psychology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Velten J, Milani S, Margraf J, Brotto LA. Visual Attention to Sexual Stimuli in Women With Clinical, Subclinical, and Normal Sexual Functioning: An Eye-Tracking Study. J Sex Med 2021; 18:144-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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de Boer BJ, van Hooft EAJ, Bakker AB. Stop and Start Control: A Distinction within Self–Control. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical distinction within self–control, between stop control and start control, was investigated in two studies. Study 1 consisted of a pilot study in which expert ratings of existing self–control items were used to distinguish between stop and start control items and a confirmatory factor analyses of these items using a student sample ( N = 474). Also, stop and start control were related to overall affect and behavioural outcomes. Stop control was negatively related to negative affect, whereas start control was positively related to positive affect. Study 2 ( N = 226) replicated some of these findings; stop control was the best predictor (−) of smoking and alcohol consumption whereas start control was the best predictor (+) of exercising and studying. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold B. Bakker
- Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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van Lankveld J, Wolfs K, Grauvogl A. Gender Differences in the Relationship of Sexual Functioning with Implicit and Explicit Sex Liking and Sex Wanting: A Community Sample Study. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:860-871. [PMID: 30489161 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1542656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate associations of automatic and controlled cognition with sexual functioning, and moderation of these associations by working memory capacity in a community sample of heterosexual women (N = 65) and men (N = 51). Participants performed two single-target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IATs) to assess implicit liking and wanting of erotic stimuli. The Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS) was used to assess explicit liking of sex. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were used to assess sexual function. Working memory capacity was assessed using the Towers of Hanoi task and mood using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). In female participants, higher levels of sexual functioning co-occurred with stronger implicit associations of erotic stimuli with wanting, whereas implicit sex liking was unrelated to level of sexual functioning. In male participants, higher levels of sexual functioning co-occurred with lower implicit liking of erotic stimuli, whereas implicit sex wanting was unrelated to sexual functioning. Higher erotophilia scores were related to higher levels of sexual functioning in both women and men, but anxiety and depression symptoms were unrelated to sexual functioning. Working memory capacity did not moderate the associations between erotophilia and sexual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques van Lankveld
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands
- AltraCura , Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Kenny Wolfs
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands
- AltraCura , Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Grauvogl
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands
- AltraCura , Geleen, The Netherlands
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11
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Jayasinghe H, Short CE, Braunack-Mayer A, Merkin A, Hume C. Evidence Regarding Automatic Processing Computerized Tasks Designed For Health Interventions in Real-World Settings Among Adults: Systematic Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e17915. [PMID: 32499213 PMCID: PMC7424486 DOI: 10.2196/17915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dual process theories propose that the brain uses 2 types of thinking to influence behavior: automatic processing and reflective processing. Automatic processing is fast, immediate, nonconscious, and unintentional, whereas reflective processing focuses on logical reasoning, and it is slow, step by step, and intentional. Most digital psychological health interventions tend to solely target the reflective system, although the automatic processing pathway can have strong influences on behavior. Laboratory-based research has highlighted that automatic processing tasks can create behavior change; however, there are substantial gaps in the field on the design, implementation, and delivery of automatic processing tasks in real-world settings. It is important to identify and summarize the existing literature in this area to inform the translation of laboratory-based research to real-world settings. Objective This scoping review aims to explore the effectiveness of automatic training tasks, types of training tasks commonly used, mode of delivery, and impacts of gamification on automatic processing tasks designed for digital psychological health interventions in real-world settings among adults. Methods The scoping review methodology proposed by Arskey and O’Malley and Colquhoun was applied. A scoping review was chosen because of the novelty of the digital automatic processing field and to encompass a broad review of the existing evidence base. Electronic databases and gray literature databases were searched with the search terms “automatic processing,” “computerised technologies,” “health intervention,” “real-world,” and “adults” and synonyms of these words. The search was up to date until September 2018. A manual search was also completed on the reference lists of the included studies. Results A total of 14 studies met all inclusion criteria. There was a wide variety of health conditions targeted, with the most prevalent being alcohol abuse followed by social anxiety. Attention bias modification tasks were the most prevalent type of automatic processing task, and the majority of tasks were most commonly delivered over the web via a personal computer. Of the 14 studies included in the review, 8 demonstrated significant changes to automatic processes and 4 demonstrated significant behavioral changes as a result of changed automatic processes. Conclusions This is the first review to synthesize the evidence on automatic processing tasks in real-world settings targeting adults. This review has highlighted promising, albeit limited, research demonstrating that automatic processing tasks may be used effectively in a real-world setting to influence behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille E Short
- Melbourne Centre for Beahviour Change, Melbourne School of Psychological Science and Melbourne School of Health Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ashley Merkin
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Clare Hume
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Liutsko L. The integrative model of personality and the role of personality in a Planetary Health context. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Jackson CJ, Minbashian A, Criado-Perez C. A multi-level super meta-theory of personality meta-theories: Why behavior is not always associated with reproductive success. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Jeon HA, Kuhl U, Friederici AD. Mathematical expertise modulates the architecture of dorsal and cortico-thalamic white matter tracts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6825. [PMID: 31048754 PMCID: PMC6497695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To what extent are levels of cognitive expertise reflected in differential structural connectivity of the brain? We addressed this question by analyzing the white matter brain structure of experts (mathematicians) versus non-experts (non-mathematicians) using probabilistic tractography. Having mathematicians and non-mathematicians as participant groups enabled us to directly compare profiles of structural connectivity arising from individual levels of expertise in mathematics. Tracking from functional seed regions activated during the processing of complex arithmetic formulas revealed an involvement of various fiber bundles such the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus (AF/SLF), cross-hemispheric connections of frontal lobe areas through the corpus callosum and cortico-subcortical connectivity via the bilateral thalamic radiation. With the aim of investigating expertise-dependent structural connectivity, the streamline density was correlated with the level of expertise, defined by automaticity of processing complex mathematics. The results showed that structural integrity of the AF/SLF was higher in individuals with higher automaticity, while stronger cortico-thalamic connectivity was associated with lower levels of automaticity. Therefore, we suggest that expertise in the domain of mathematics is reflected in plastic changes of the brain's white matter structure, possibly reflecting a general principle of cognitive expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ae Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea.
- Partner Group of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences at the Department for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
| | - Ulrike Kuhl
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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Scheuble V, Nieden K, Leue A, Beauducel A. The N2 component in a go-nogo learning task: Motivation, behavioral activation, and reasoning. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 137:1-11. [PMID: 30590087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the association of the N2 component with behavioral inhibition (BIS) has regularly been investigated, its association with other personality characteristics remains widely unknown. We investigated the association of the N2 with the sensitivity of the behavioral activation system (BAS). The aim was not to show that the N2 is linked to trait BAS instead of trait BIS, but that a motivating setting may alter its association with those traits. Furthermore, we aimed at replicating results indicating that the association between reasoning ability and the N2 depends on the matching of the content of the reasoning tasks and the go-nogo task. The electroencephalogram (64 electrodes, P9/P10 offline reference, Biosemi) was recorded in a sample of 117 healthy participants (60 females; age: M = 24.79, SD = 3.98), who performed a numerical learning task. At the beginning of each trial, participants heard motivating or neutral words. Participants completed Carver and White's BIS/BAS scales (1994) and the Intelligence-Structure-Test 2000R (Liepmann et al., 2007). The N2 was identified by a temporospatial principal component analysis. Structural equation models revealed that higher trait BAS scores were associated with larger N2s especially when hearing motivating words. Solely higher numerical reasoning scores were associated with larger N2s in the neutral condition. Moreover, the interaction of trait BAS with verbal reasoning ability predicted an increased negativity of the N2 with time-on-task in the motivating condition, suggesting that motivating words yielded an increase of conflict monitoring with time-on-task for participants with higher verbal reasoning ability and higher trait BAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Scheuble
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Katharina Nieden
- Institute of Psychology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Leue
- Institute of Psychology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - André Beauducel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111 Bonn, Germany
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Knyazev GG, Merkulova EA, Savostyanov AN, Bocharov AV, Saprigyn AE. Effect of Cultural Priming on Social Behavior and EEG Correlates of Self-Processing. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:236. [PMID: 30349465 PMCID: PMC6186948 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are social beings and the self is inevitably conceptualized in terms of social environment. The degree to which the self is perceived as fundamentally similar or fundamentally different from other people is modulated by cultural stereotypes, such as collectivism and individualism. These stereotypes are not hardwired in our brains and individuals differ in the degree to which they adopt the attitudes that define their culture. Moreover, individuals can acquire multiple sets of cultural knowledge and, depending on the context, either individualistic or collectivistic cultural mindset could be activated. In this study, we used cultural priming techniques to activate either individualistic or collectivistic mindset and investigated the association between source-level EEG connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) and spontaneous self-related thoughts in the subsequent resting state. Afterward, participants performed a social interaction task, in which they were allowed to choose between friendly, avoidant, or aggressive behavior. After collectivism priming, self-related thoughts were associated with increased connectivity of DMN with the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ), which is involved in taking the perspective of others and is more active in representatives of collectivistic cultures, whereas after individualism priming they were associated with increased connectivity with the temporal pole, which is involved in self/other discrimination and is more active in representatives of individualistic cultures. Individual differences in the intensity of post-priming self-related thoughts and the strength of DMN-temporal pole connectivity predicted individual differences in behavior during the social interaction task, with individualistic mindset predisposing to more friendly and trustful social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G. Knyazev
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Merkulova
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Savostyanov
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Humanitarian Institute, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Bocharov
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Humanitarian Institute, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander E. Saprigyn
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Hinsz VB, Park E, Leung AKY, Ladbury J. Cultural Disposition Influences in Workgroups: A Motivational Systems Theory of Group Involvement Perspective. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1046496418797443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modern organizations often involve workgroup members who have different cultural heritage. This article provides an examination of how different cultural dimensions (e.g., uncertainty avoidance, individualism–collectivism) influence the ways that workgroups and their members respond to situations that involve threats and rewards. The threats and rewards activate distinct response patterns that are associated with a motivational systems theory of group involvement. Based on this theoretical foundation, a cultural dispositions approach is applied to reveal how culture could impact the ways group members respond (cognitively, affectively, motivationally) to situations that involve varying degrees of threats or rewards. This focus on cultural dispositions locates this article in the larger theoretical context of persons within situations that account for complexities of threat and reward cues as well as groups, organizations, and cultures. Consequently, this article has broad implications to the scientific and applied science communities interested in multicultural workgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernest Park
- Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
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van Lankveld JJDM, Bandell M, Bastin-Hurek E, van Beurden M, Araz S. Implicit and Explicit Associations with Erotic Stimuli in Women with and Without Sexual Problems. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:1663-1674. [PMID: 29464452 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conceptual models of sexual functioning have suggested a major role for implicit cognitive processing in sexual functioning. The present study aimed to investigate implicit and explicit cognition in sexual functioning in women. Gynecological patients with (N = 38) and without self-reported sexual problems (N = 41) were compared. Participants performed two Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT), measuring the implicit association of visual erotic stimuli with attributes representing, respectively, valence and motivation. Participants also rated the erotic pictures that were shown in the ST-IATs on the dimensions of valence, attractiveness, and sexual excitement, to assess their explicit associations with these erotic stimuli. Participants completed the Female Sexual Functioning Index and the Female Sexual Distress Scale for continuous measures of sexual functioning, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess depressive symptoms. Compared to nonsymptomatic women, women with sexual problems were found to show more negative implicit associations of erotic stimuli with wanting (implicit sexual motivation). Across both groups, stronger implicit associations of erotic stimuli with wanting predicted higher level of sexual functioning. More positive explicit ratings of erotic stimuli predicted lower level of sexual distress across both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques J D M van Lankveld
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Myrthe Bandell
- Department of Gynecology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Myra van Beurden
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Araz
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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Radel R, Pelletier L, Pjevac D, Cheval B. The links between self-determined motivations and behavioral automaticity in a variety of real-life behaviors. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-017-9618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Construct validity of the Polish version of the reinforcement sensitivity theory-personality questionnaire. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Explicit and implicit approach vs. avoidance tendencies towards high vs. low calorie food cues in patients with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. Appetite 2016; 107:171-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Van Dam NT, Brown A, Mole TB, Davis JH, Britton WB, Brewer JA. Development and Validation of the Behavioral Tendencies Questionnaire. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140867. [PMID: 26535904 PMCID: PMC4633225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
At a fundamental level, taxonomy of behavior and behavioral tendencies can be described in terms of approach, avoid, or equivocate (i.e., neither approach nor avoid). While there are numerous theories of personality, temperament, and character, few seem to take advantage of parsimonious taxonomy. The present study sought to implement this taxonomy by creating a questionnaire based on a categorization of behavioral temperaments/tendencies first identified in Buddhist accounts over fifteen hundred years ago. Items were developed using historical and contemporary texts of the behavioral temperaments, described as “Greedy/Faithful”, “Aversive/Discerning”, and “Deluded/Speculative”. To both maintain this categorical typology and benefit from the advantageous properties of forced-choice response format (e.g., reduction of response biases), binary pairwise preferences for items were modeled using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). One sample (n1 = 394) was used to estimate the item parameters, and the second sample (n2 = 504) was used to classify the participants using the established parameters and cross-validate the classification against multiple other measures. The cross-validated measure exhibited good nomothetic span (construct-consistent relationships with related measures) that seemed to corroborate the ideas present in the original Buddhist source documents. The final 13-block questionnaire created from the best performing items (the Behavioral Tendencies Questionnaire or BTQ) is a psychometrically valid questionnaire that is historically consistent, based in behavioral tendencies, and promises practical and clinical utility particularly in settings that teach and study meditation practices such as Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. Van Dam
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Brown
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Tom B. Mole
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jake H. Davis
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Willoughby B. Britton
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Judson A. Brewer
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Beaton AA, Kaack IH, Corr PJ. Handedness and behavioural inhibition system/behavioural activation system (BIS/BAS) scores: A replication and extension of Wright, Hardie, and Wilson (2009). Laterality 2015; 20:585-603. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2015.1016530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Approach–avoidance theories describe the major systems that motivate behaviours in reaction to classes of appetitive (rewarding) and aversive (punishing) stimuli. The literature points to two major “avoidance” systems, one related to pure avoidance and escape of aversive stimuli, and a second, to behavioural inhibition induced by the detection of goal conflict (in addition, there is evidence for nonaffective behavioural constraint). A third major system, responsible for approach behaviour, is reactive to appetitive stimuli, and has several subcomponents. A number of combined effects of these systems are outlined. Finally, the hierarchical nature of behavioural control is delineated, including the role played by conscious awareness in behavioural inhibition.
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Thompson SJ, Corr PJ. A Feedback-Response Pause Normalises Response Perseveration Deficits in Pathological Gamblers. Int J Ment Health Addict 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-013-9440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Throwing light on the dark side of personality: Reinforcement sensitivity theory and primary/secondary psychopathy in a student population. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Leue A, Lange S, Beauducel A. Reinforcement Sensitivity and Conflict Processing. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The revised reinforcement sensitivity theory relates individual differences in conflict processing to aversive reinforcement. Conflict monitoring was modulated by means of three reinforcement-related conflict levels in a Go/Nogo task. The small conflict level entailed aversive verbal-nonmonetary feedback, the medium conflict level provided verbal and monetary loss feedback, and the high conflict level included verbal and monetary gain and loss feedback. In a sample of N = 91 students, treatment-induced changes of ERP data were reflected by an early N2 factor that occurred in a spatiotemporal principal component analysis including all conflict levels. The results indicate that the Nogo N2 was more negative following verbal-monetary reinforcement compared to verbal-nonmonetary reinforcement, whereas a ceiling effect probably occurred for the gain and loss condition. Low trait-BIS individuals showed more negative N2 scores on this factor in the medium and high compared to the small conflict level, whereas the N2 of high trait-BIS individuals did not change. This indicates that reinforcement as well as individual differences modulate conflict-monitoring intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Leue
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lange
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - André Beauducel
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Ramon D, Geva R, Goldstein A. Trait and state negative affect interactions moderate inhibitory control performance in emotionally loaded conditions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Corr PJ, Fajkowska M. Introduction to special issue on anxiety. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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