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Li S, Yang L, Zhao Z, Wang J, Lv H, Yang X. Fabrication of mechanical skeleton of small-diameter vascular grafts via rolling on water surface. Biomed Mater 2023; 18. [PMID: 36731137 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acb89a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking the multilayered structure of blood vessels and constructing a porous inner surface are two effective approaches to achieve mechanical matching and rapid endothelialization to reduce occlusion in small-diameter vascular grafts. However, the fabrication processes are complex and time consuming, thus complicating the fabrication of personalized vascular grafts. A simple and versatile strategy is proposed to prepare the skeleton of vascular grafts by rolling self-adhesive polymer films. These polymer films are directly fabricated by dropping a polymer solution on a water surface. For the tubes, the length and wall thickness are controlled by the rolling number and position of each film, whereas the structure and properties are tailored by regulating the solution composition. Double-layer vascular grafts (DLVGs) with microporous inner layers and impermeable outer layers are constructed; a microporous layer is formed by introducing a hydrophilic polymer into a polyurethane (PU) solution. DLVGs exhibit a J-shaped stress-strain deformation profile and compliance comparable to that of coronary arteries, sufficient suture retention strength and burst pressure, suitable hemocompatibility, significant adhesion, and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Freshly prepared PU tubes exhibit good cytocompatibility. Thus, this strategy demonstrates potential for rapid construction of small-diameter vascular grafts for individual customization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road No 96, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road No 96, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road No 96, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Huangpu Institute of Advanced Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoniu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road No 96, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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Asensio M, Ferrer JF, Nohales A, Culebras M, Gómez CM. The Role of Diisocyanate Structure to Modify Properties of Segmented Polyurethanes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1633. [PMID: 36837263 PMCID: PMC9965535 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Segmented thermoplastic polyurethanes (PU) were synthetized using a polycarbonatediol macrodiol as a flexible or soft segment with a molar mass of 2000 g/mol, and different diisocyanate molecules and 1,4-butanediol as a rigid or hard segment. The diisocyanate molecules employed are 3,3'-Dimethyl-4,4'-biphenyl diisocyanate (TODI), 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 4,4'-Methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) 1-isocyanato-4-[(4-phenylisocyanate)methyl]benzene and 1-isocyanate-4-[(2-phenylisocyanate) methyl]benzene (ratio 1:1) (MDIi), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The polyurethanes obtained reveal a wide variation of microphase separation degree that is correlated with mechanical properties. Different techniques, such as DSC, DMA, and FTIR, have been used to determine flexible-rigid segment phase behavior. Mechanical properties, such as tensile properties, Shore D hardness, and "compression set", have been determined. This work reveals that the structure of the hard segment is crucial to determine the degree of phase miscibility which affects the resulting mechanical properties, such as tensile properties, hardness, and "compression set".
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Asensio
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Nohales
- R&D Department UBE CORPORATION EUROPE, S.A., 12100 El Grao, Spain
| | - Mario Culebras
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Clara M. Gómez
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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Tang L, Shao S, Wang A, Tian C, Luo F, Li J, Li Z, Tan H, Zhang H. Influence of fluorocarbon side chain on microphase separation and chemical stability of silicon-containing polycarbonate urethane. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Anjum A, Zuber M, Zia KM, Anjum MN, Aftab W. Preparation and characterization of guar gum based polyurethanes. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:2174-2183. [PMID: 34102237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Guar gum (plant-based polysaccharide) is a promising candidate with immense potential. It is used as emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer, and as binding agent in many industries. In the present project, it was planned to synthesize guar gum based polyurethanes by varying the amount of guar gum. Guar gum (GG) was used along with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as soft segment, which was then reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to form PU pre-polymers. In last step, these -NCO terminated pre-polymers were extended with 1,4 butane diol as chain extender. The prepared polyurethane samples were then characterized by using FTIR, solid-state 1HNMR and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal behavior of the samples was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results indicated that the incorporation of guar gum in PU backbone improved its thermal behavior and crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbreen Anjum
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Zuber
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anjum
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Aftab
- College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing, 100871, China
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Tang L, Long X, He X, Ding M, Zhao D, Luo F, Li J, Li Z, Tan H, Zhang H. Improved in vivo stability of silicon-containing polyurethane by fluorocarbon side chain modulation of the surface structure. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3210-3223. [PMID: 33885625 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00140j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As a class of widely used biomedical materials, polyurethanes suffer from their insufficient stability in vivo. Although the commercialized silicone-polyetherurethanes (SiPEUs) have demonstrated excellent biostability compared with polyetherurethanes (PEUs) for long-term implantation, the usage of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) inevitably decreased the mechanical properties and unexpected breaches were observed. In this study, we introduced a fluorinated diol (FDO) into SiPEU to modulate the molecular interactions and micro-separated morphology. The fluorinated silicon-containing polyurethane (FSiPEU) was achieved with desirable silicone- and fluorine-enriched surfaces and mechanical properties at a low silicon content. As evidenced by in vitro culture of macrophages and in vivo hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, FSiPEU demonstrated a minimized inflammatory response. After implantation in mice for 6 months, the material was devoid of significant surface degradation and had the least chain cleavage of soft segments. The results indicate that FSiPEU could be promising candidates for long-term implantation considering the combination of biostability, biocompatibility and mechanical performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Yu X, Xiong Y, Li Z, Tang H. Preparation and Characterization of Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl Modified Polyurethane Acrylates and Their Application in Textile Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1629. [PMID: 32707932 PMCID: PMC7463466 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three series of silicone modified polyurethane acrylate (SPUA) prepolymers were prepared from dicyclohexylmethane-4, 4'-diisocyanate (HMDI), PPG1000, triethylene glycol (TEG), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), and multi-hydroxyalkyl silicone (MI-III) with tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl propyl side groups. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis, and SPUA films were obtained by UV curing. The properties of films were investigated by attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), water contact angle (WCA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), water and hexane resistance, and tensile testing. The results showed that the structures and dosages of MI-III could influence the polymerization properties, surface properties, water and n-hexane resistance, and thermal and tensile properties of SPUA. For instance, the surface aggregation of tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl propyl groups (even ~2.5 wt%) could endow SPUA films with less microphase separation, good hydrophobicity, lipophilicity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Interestingly, obvious regular winkles appeared on the surfaces of SPUAIII films, which are characterized by relatively high WCA values. However, relatively smooth were observed on the surfaces of SPUAIII films, which also exhibit lower water absorption ratio values. Furthermore, the ordinary cotton textiles would be transformed into hydrophobic and oleophilic textiles after treating with SPUA simply, and they were used in the oil/water separation study. Among them, consistent with water and hexane resistance analysis of SPUA films, SPUAII treated cotton textiles are characterized by relatively small liquid absorption capacity (LAC) values. Thus, phenyl groups and side-chain tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl propyl groups are helpful to improve the hydrophobicity and lipophilicity of SPUA films. SPUAII-5 (even with 5 wt% MII) treated cotton textiles could efficiently separate the oil/water mixture, such as n-hexane, cyclohexane, or methylbenzene with water. Thus, this material has great potential in the application of hydrophobic treatment, oil/water separation, and industrial sewage emissions, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongding Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (Z.L.)
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Tunable Structure and Properties of Segmented Thermoplastic Polyurethanes as a Function of Flexible Segment. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121910. [PMID: 31756912 PMCID: PMC6960985 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented thermoplastic polyurethanes (PUs) were synthetized using macrodiols with different functional groups (carbonate, ester, and /or ether) as a segment with a molar mass of 1000 and 2000 g/mol, and 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol as a rigid segment. The polyurethanes obtained reveal a wide variation of microphase separation degree that is correlated with mechanical properties and retention of tensile properties under degradation by heat, oil, weather, and water. Different techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to determine rigid-flexible segments’ phase behaviour. Retention of tensile properties determines the stability of the samples under different external factors. This work reveals that pure polycarbonate-based macrodiols induce the highest degree of phase miscibility, better tensile properties, hardness shore A, and retention of tensile properties under external agents.
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Velencoso MM, Ramos MJ, Serrano A, de Lucas A, Rodríguez JF. Fire retardant functionalized polyol by phosphonate monomer insertion. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María M Velencoso
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - María J Ramos
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Angel Serrano
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Antonio de Lucas
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Juan F Rodríguez
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
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Ahmed A, Sarkar P, Ahmad I, Das N, Bhowmick AK. Influence of the Nature of Acrylates on the Reactivity, Structure, and Properties of Polyurethane Acrylates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502953u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-800013 Bihar, India
| | - Preetom Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-800013 Bihar, India
| | - Imtiaz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-800013 Bihar, India
| | - Neeladri Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-800013 Bihar, India
| | - Anil K. Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-800013 Bihar, India
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10
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Yildirim E, Yurtsever M. The role of diisocyanate and soft segment on the intersegmental interactions in urethane and urea based segmented copolymers: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Silvestri A, Serafini PM, Sartori S, Ferrando P, Boccafoschi F, Milione S, Conzatti L, Ciardelli G. Polyurethane-based biomaterials for shape-adjustable cardiovascular devices. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zong J, Zhang Q, Sun H, Yu Y, Wang S, Liu Y. Characterization of polydimethylsiloxane–polyurethanes synthesized by graft or block copolymerizations. Polym Bull (Berl) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-010-0262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Influence of siloxane co-segment length and content of waterborne polysiloxane-urethane copolymers on their water resistance, thermal stability and mechanical properties. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-010-8251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Roohpour N, Wasikiewicz JM, Paul D, Vadgama P, Rehman IU. Synthesis and characterisation of enhanced barrier polyurethane for encapsulation of implantable medical devices. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2009; 20:1803-1814. [PMID: 19399591 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric membranes have been used as interfaces between implantable devices and biological tissues to operate as a protective barrier from water exchanging and to enhance biocompatibility. Polyurethanes have been used as biocompatible membranes for decades. In this study, copolymers of polyether urethane (PEU) with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were synthesised with the goal of creating materials with low water permeability and high elasticity. PDMS was incorporated into polymer backbone as a part of the soft segment during polyurethane synthesis and physical properties as well as water permeability of resulting copolymer were studied in regard to PDMS content. Increase in PDMS content led to increase of microphase separation of the copolymer and corresponding increase in elastic modulus. Surface energy of the polymer was decreased by incorporating PDMS compared to unmodified PEU. PDMS in copolymer formed a hydrophobic surface which caused reduction in water permeability and water uptake of the membranes. Thus, PDMS containing polyurethane with its potent water resistant properties demonstrated a great promise for use as an implantable encapsulation material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Roohpour
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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Isopropyl Myristate-Modified Polyether-Urethane Coatings as Protective Barriers for Implantable Medical Devices. MATERIALS 2009. [PMCID: PMC5445744 DOI: 10.3390/ma2030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane films have potential applications in medicine, especially for packaging implantable medical devices. Although polyether-urethanes have superior mechanical properties and are biocompatible, achieving water resistance is still a challenge. Polyether based polyurethanes with two different molecular weights (PTMO1000, PTMO2000) were prepared from 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and poly(tetra-methylene oxide). Polymer films were introduced using different concentrations (0.5-10 wt %) of isopropyl myristate lipid (IPM) as a non-toxic modifying agent. The physical and mechanical properties of these polymers were characterised using physical and spectroscopy techniques (FTIR, Raman, DSC, DMA, tensile testing). Water contact angle and water uptake of the membranes as a function of IPM concentration was also determined accordingly. The FTIR and Raman data indicate that IPM is dispersed in polyurethane at ≤ 2wt% and thermal analysis confirmed this miscibility to be dependent on soft segment length. Modified polymers showed increased tensile strength and failure strain as well as reduced water uptake by up to 24% at 1-2 wt% IPM.
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Choi T, Weksler J, Padsalgikar A, Runt J. Influence of soft segment composition on phase-separated microstructure of polydimethylsiloxane-based segmented polyurethane copolymers. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shin J, Matsushima H, Chan JW, Hoyle CE. Segmented Polythiourethane Elastomers through Sequential Thiol−Ene and Thiol−Isocyanate Reactions. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8026386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junghwan Shin
- School of Polymer and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Hironori Matsushima
- School of Polymer and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Justin W. Chan
- School of Polymer and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Charles E. Hoyle
- School of Polymer and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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