1
|
Perin D, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Compatibilization of Polyamide 6/Cyclic Olefinic Copolymer Blends for the Development of Multifunctional Thermoplastic Composites with Self-Healing Capability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1880. [PMID: 38673237 PMCID: PMC11052209 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the self-healing properties of PA6/COC blends, in particular, the impact of three compatibilizers on the rheological, microstructural, and thermomechanical properties. Dynamic rheological analysis revealed that ethylene glycidyl methacrylate (E-GMA) played a crucial role in reducing interfacial tension and promoting PA6 chain entanglement with COC domains. Mechanical tests showed that poly(ethylene)-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) and polyolefin elastomer-graft-maleic anhydride (POE-g-MAH) compatibilizers enhanced elongation at break, while E-GMA had a milder effect. A thermal healing process at 140 °C for 1 h was carried out on specimens broken in fracture toughness tests, performed under quasi-static and impact conditions, and healing efficiency (HE) was evaluated as the ratio of critical stress intensity factors of healed and virgin samples. All the compatibilizers increased HE, especially E-GMA, achieving 28.5% and 68% in quasi-static and impact conditions, respectively. SEM images of specimens tested in quasi-static conditions showed that all the compatibilizers induced PA6 plasticization and crack corrugation, thus hindering COC flow in the crack zone. Conversely, under impact conditions, E-GMA led to the formation of brittle fractures with planar surfaces, promoting COC flow and thus higher HE values. This study demonstrated that compatibilizers, loading mode, and fracture surface morphologies strongly influenced self-healing performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Perin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (A.D.); (A.P.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo LB, Chen R, Lian YX, Wu WJ, Zhang JH, Fu CX, Sun XL, Xiao LR. Recycled PET/PA6 Fibers from Waste Textile with Improved Hydrophilicity by In-Situ Reaction-Induced Capacity Enhancement. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1052. [PMID: 38674974 PMCID: PMC11054667 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing amounts of textile waste, textile to textile recycling is of prime concern. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) represents the most extensively used type of chemical fiber. Its spinnability suffers from impurities and degradation in the processing, which limits its recycling to new fibers. Here, recycled polyester is blended with a small amount of recycled nylon, and the regenerated fibers, which demonstrated good mechanical properties, were obtained via a melt spinning machine. The mechanical properties, thermal properties, rheological properties, and chemical structure of the modified recycled fibers were investigated. It was found that when compared with rPET-T fibers, the elongation at break of rPET-Ax fibers increased to 17.48%, and the strength at break decreased to 3.79 cN/dtex. The compatibility of PET and PA6 copolymer were enhanced by copolymers produced by in-situ reaction in the processing. Meanwhile, the existence of PA6 increases the crystallization temperature and improves the hydrophilicity of the fibers. This study realized the high-value recycling of waste PET fabric to new fibers, which opens a door for the large utilization of waste textiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bin Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; (L.-B.L.); (R.C.); (Y.-X.L.); (W.-J.W.)
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; (L.-B.L.); (R.C.); (Y.-X.L.); (W.-J.W.)
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yu-Xin Lian
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; (L.-B.L.); (R.C.); (Y.-X.L.); (W.-J.W.)
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; (L.-B.L.); (R.C.); (Y.-X.L.); (W.-J.W.)
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jia-Hong Zhang
- Fujian Baichuan Resource Recovery Technology Co., Ltd., Quanzhou 362100, China;
| | - Chong-Xian Fu
- Fujian Eversun Jinjiang Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350200, China;
| | - Xiao-Li Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; (L.-B.L.); (R.C.); (Y.-X.L.); (W.-J.W.)
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Li-Ren Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; (L.-B.L.); (R.C.); (Y.-X.L.); (W.-J.W.)
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
An Adhesion Improvement of Low-Density Polyethylene to Aluminum through Modification with Functionalized Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040916. [PMID: 36850200 PMCID: PMC9960869 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An interfacial adhesion improvement between low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and aluminum (Al) foil is an important challenge in designing multilayered packaging (TetraPak packaging type) due to insufficient inherent adhesion between both untreated materials. Therefore, extra adhesive layers are often used. The hydrophobic character of LDPE is responsible for poor adhesion to Al and can result in delamination. This study deals with the comparative study of the bulk modification of LDPE with various commercially available adhesive promoters with different chemical compositions to increase LDPE's adhesive characteristics and ensure good adhesion in LDPE/Al laminates. A copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid; a terpolymer of ethylene, maleic anhydride, and acrylic ester; or maleated polyethylene (PE) were used as adhesive promoters, and their effect on adhesion improvement of LDPE to Al was investigated. The best adhesion improvement was observed in LDPE-modified samples with maleated PE, while 0.1 wt.% additive content significantly increased peel resistance (from zero to 105 N/m). An additional increase in additive content (0.5 wt.%) in LDPE led to stronger adhesion forces than the cohesion forces in Al foil. Adding 0.5 wt.% of maleated PE into LDPE improved the LDPE/Al laminates' adhesion and can be applied in multilayered lamination applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ezenkwa OE, Hassan A, Samsudin SA. Mechanical properties of rice husk and rice husk ash filled maleated polymers compatibilized polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obinna E. Ezenkwa
- Enhanced Polymer Engineering Group (EnPro), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai Johor Malaysia
- Building Materials Research and Development Centre Ebonyi State University Abakaliki Nigeria
| | - Azman Hassan
- Enhanced Polymer Engineering Group (EnPro), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai Johor Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Sani A. Samsudin
- Enhanced Polymer Engineering Group (EnPro), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai Johor Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin X, Qian Q, Xiao L, Chen Q, Huang Q, Zhang H. Influence of Reactive Compatibilizer on the Morphology, Rheological, and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)/Polyamide 6 Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2014.946840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Effects of use of coupling agents on the properties of microfibrillar composite based on high-density polyethylene and polyamide-6. Polym Bull (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-1086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|