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In-Situ Approaches for the Preparation of Polythiophene-Derivative Cellulose Composites with High Flexibility and Conductivity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9163371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Composite materials of conjugated polymers/cellulose were fabricated by incorporating different polythiophene-derivative polymers: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and an alkylated derivative of poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT). These conjugated polythiophenes were deposited by casting or spray coating methodologies onto three different cellulose substrates: Conventional filters papers as cellulose acetate, cellulose grade 40 Whatman® and cellulose membranes prepared from cellulose microfibers. The preparation of composite materials was carried out by two methodologies: (i) by employing in-situ polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene (EDOT) or (ii) by depositing solutions of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) or lab-synthetized PProDOT. Composite materials were studied in terms of electrical conductivity and surface morphology assessed by impedance spectroscopy, surface conductivity, SEM, and 3D optical profilometry. In-situ composite materials prepared by spray coating using iron trifluoromethane sulfonate as oxidizing agent can be handled and folded as the original cellulose membranes displaying a surface conductivity around 1 S∙cm−1. This versatile procedure to prepare conductive composite materials has the potential to be implemented in flexible electrodes for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toribio F. Otero
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI); Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; Aulario II, C/ Carlos III, s/n E-30203 Cartagena, Murcia Spain
| | - Laura Valero
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI); Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; Aulario II, C/ Carlos III, s/n E-30203 Cartagena, Murcia Spain
- Electronics Department. Engineering School; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Toluca; E-50130 Mexico
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Aldalbahi A, Rahaman M, Govindasami P, Almoiqli M, Altalhi T, Mezni A. Construction of a Novel Three-Dimensional PEDOT/RVC Electrode Structure for Capacitive Deionization: Testing and Performance. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E847. [PMID: 28773205 PMCID: PMC5551889 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses the deposition of different amount of microstuctured poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) by electrochemical method to prepare three-dimensional (3D) PEDOT/RVC electrodes aimed to be used in capacitive deionization (CDI) technology. A CDI unit cell has been constructed here in this study. The performance of CDI cell in the ion removal of NaCl onto the sites of PEDOT/RVC electrode has been systematically investigated in terms of flow-rate, applied electrical voltage, and increasing PEDOT loading on PEDOT/RVC electrodes. It is observed that the increase in flow-rate, electric voltage, and PEDOT loading up to a certain level improve the ion removal performance of electrode in the CDI cell. The result shows that these electrodes can be used effectively for desalination technology, as the electrosorption capacity/desalination performance of these electrodes is quite high compared to carbon materials. Moreover, the stability of the electrodes has been tested and it is reported that these electrodes are regenerative. The effect of increasing NaCl concentration on the electrosorption capacity has also been investigated for these electrodes. Finally, it has been shown that 1 m³ PEDOT-120 min/RVC electrodes from 75 mg/L NaCl feed solution produce 421, 978 L water per day of 20 mg/L NaCl final concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aldalbahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Periyasami Govindasami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Almoiqli
- Nuclear Sciences Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tariq Altalhi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amine Mezni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia.
- Unite de recherche Synthese et Structure de Nanomateriaux UR11ES30, Faculte des Sciences de Bizerte, Universite de Carthage, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia.
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Aldalbahi A, Rahaman M, Almoiqli M. A Strategy to Enhance the Electrode Performance of Novel Three-Dimensional PEDOT/RVC Composites by Electrochemical Deposition Method. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E157. [PMID: 30970837 PMCID: PMC6431931 DOI: 10.3390/polym9050157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, three-dimensional (3D) microstuctured poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) composite electrodes with varying amount of PEDOT loadings were successfully prepared by electrochemical deposition method. The composites were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry. Raman spectra suggest that there is a strong interaction between the RVC and backbone of PEDOT chain. It is revealed from the SEM images that the PEDOT amount, thickness, surface roughness, porosity, and globular structure on RVC electrode are increased with the increase in polymerization time. The capacitance of PEDOT/RVC electrode has increased by a factor of 2230 compared to a bare RVC electrode when polymerization is carried out for 120 min. Moreover, the capacitance of PEDOT was found to be very high compared with other PEDOT studies. The electrodes also show good cyclic stability. This substantial increase in capacitance of RVC electrode is due to the rough, highly porous, and honeycomb-like fine structure of PEDOT coating, which shows a flower-like morphology, consisting of numerous thin flakes with numbers of macropores and micropores. This interesting morphology has enhanced the performance of PEDOT because of increased electrode surface area, specific capacitance, and macroporous structure of RVC electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aldalbahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Almoiqli
- Nuclear Sciences Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia.
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Otero TF. Reactions driving conformational movements (molecular motors) in gels: conformational and structural chemical kinetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1718-1730. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06735b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ea,k,αandβfrom reactions driving molecular polymeric motors constituting dense gels include quantitative conformational and structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toribio F. Otero
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI)
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Aulario II
- Cartagena
- Spain
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Martinez JG, Otero TF. Structural electrochemistry. Chronopotentiometric responses from rising compacted polypyrrole electrodes: experiments and model. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04530k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A model considering conformational packing and structural relaxation–swelling effects describes and quantifies chronopotentiometric responses from conducting polymer film electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Martinez
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT)
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials
- ETSII
- Cartagena, Spain
| | - T. F. Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT)
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials
- ETSII
- Cartagena, Spain
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Otero TF. Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices. POLYM REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2013.805772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Otero TF. Reactions drive conformations. Biomimetic properties and devices, theoretical description. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3754-3767. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Otero TF, Martinez JG. Biomimetic intracellular matrix (ICM) materials, properties and functions. Full integration of actuators and sensors. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:26-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hillman AR, Ryder KS, Zaleski CJ, Fullarton C, Smith EL. Ion Transfer Mechanisms Accompanying p-Doping of Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Films in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Z PHYS CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2012.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Redox-driven ion transfer processes accompanying p-doping and undoping were investigated for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films. The PEDOT films were potentiostatically grown from acetonitrile solutions of monomer onto the Au electrodes of 10 MHz AT-cut quartz crystal resonators. The films were then sequentially exposed to 0.1 M LiClO4/CH3CN solution and to two deep eutectic solvent (DES) media, Ethaline 200 (choline chloride and ethylene glycol in 1:2 molar ratio) and Propaline 200 (choline chloride and propylene glycol in 1:2 molar ratio). In each case, the electron and ion transfer processes accompanying PEDOT redox switching were investigated using the EQCM. The maintenance of film electroneutrality was achieved in quite different ways in the three media. In contrast to anion transfer domination in 0.1 M LiClO4/CH3CN solution, cation transfer (in the opposite direction) was dominant in Ethaline 200. In Propaline 200, a two stage mixed mechanism was observed, with cation transfer domination in the early stages of p-doping (later stages of undoping) and anion transfer domination in the later stages of p-doping (earlier stages of undoping). The roles of thermodynamic and kinetic factors in these competitive situations were explored by observing the effect of experimental timescale (potential scan rate) in voltammetric experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl S. Ryder
- University of Leicester, Department of Chemistry, Leicester, Großbritannien
| | | | - Claire Fullarton
- University of Leicester, Department of Chemistry, Leicester, Großbritannien
| | - Emma L. Smith
- University of Leicester, Department of Chemistry, Leicester, Großbritannien
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Kishi R, Hiroki K, Tominaga T, Sano KI, Okuzaki H, Martinez JG, Otero TF, Osada Y. Electro-conductive double-network hydrogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Electrochemical characterization of PEDOT–PSS–Sorbitol electrodes. Sorbitol changes cation to anion interchange during reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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