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Mohamed HFM, Abdel-Hady EE, Mohammed WM. Investigation of Transport Mechanism and Nanostructure of Nylon-6,6/PVA Blend Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010107. [PMID: 36616457 PMCID: PMC9823691 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A casting technique was used to prepare poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend polymers with different concentrations of Nylon-6,6 to increase the free-volume size and control the ionic conductivity of the blended polymers. The thermal activation energy for some blends is lower than that of pure polymers, indicating that their thermal stability is somewhere in between that of pure Nylon-6,6 and pure PVA. The degree of crystallinity of the blend sample (25.7%) was lower than that of the pure components (41.0 and 31.6% for pure Nylon-6,6 and PVA, respectively). The dielectric properties of the blended samples were investigated for different frequencies (50 Hz-5 MHz). The σac versus frequency was found to obey Jonscher's universal power law. The calculated values of the s parameter were increased from 0.53 to 0.783 for 0 and 100 wt.% Nylon-6,6, respectively, and values less than 1 indicate the hopping conduction mechanism. The barrier height (Wm) was found to increase from 0.33 to 0.72 for 0 and 100 wt.% Nylon-6,6, respectively. The ionic conductivity decreases as the concentration of Nylon-6,6 is blended into PVA because increasing the Nylon-6,6 concentration reduces the number of mobile charge carriers. Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectroscopy was used to investigate the free volume's nanostructure. The hole volume size grows exponentially with the concentration of Nylon-6,6 mixed with PVA. The Nylon-6,6/PVA blends' free-volume distribution indicates that there is no phase separation in the blended samples. Mixing PVA and Nylon-6,6 resulted in a negative deviation (miscible blends), as evidenced by the interaction parameter's negative value. The strong correlation between the free-volume size and other macroscopic properties like ionic conductivity suggests that the free-volume size influences these macroscopic properties.
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Braunstein L, Brüningk SC, Rivens I, Civale J, Haar GT. Characterization of Acoustic, Cavitation, and Thermal Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels for Use as Therapeutic Ultrasound Tissue Mimics. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:1095-1109. [PMID: 35337687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The thermal and mechanical effects induced in tissue by ultrasound can be exploited for therapeutic applications. Tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs), reflecting different soft tissue properties, are required for experimental evaluation of therapeutic potential. In the study described here, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were characterized. Hydrogels prepared using different concentrations (5%-20% w/w) and molecular weights of PVA ± cellulose scatterers (2.5%-10% w/w) were characterized acoustically (sound speed, attenuation) as a function of temperature (25°C-45°C), thermally (thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity) and in terms of their cavitation thresholds. Results were compared with measurements in fresh sheep tissue (kidney, liver, spleen). Sound speed depended most strongly on PVA concentration, and attenuation, on cellulose content. For the range of formulations investigated, the PVA gel acoustic properties (sound speed: 1532 ± 17 to 1590 ± 9 m/s, attenuation coefficient: 0.08 ± 0.01 to 0.37 ± 0.02 dB/cm) fell within those measured in fresh tissue. Cavitation thresholds for 10% PVA hydrogels (50% occurrence: 4.1-5.4 MPa, 75% occurrence: 5.4-8.2 MPa) decreased with increasing cellulose content. In summary, PVA cellulose composite hydrogels may be suitable mimics of acoustic, cavitation and thermal properties of soft tissue for a number of therapeutic ultrasound applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Braunstein
- Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah C Brüningk
- Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Machine Learning & Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ian Rivens
- Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Civale
- Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Ter Haar
- Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Dynamic membranes with sparse nanofibers as the skeletons yield better and more stable effluent quality without sacrificing the flux in bioreactors. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Goel S, Kaur T, Singh N, Jacob J. Tunable macroporous D-galactose based hydrogels for controlled release of a hydrophilic drug. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Wu JY, Ooi CW, Song CP, Wang CY, Liu BL, Lin GY, Chiu CY, Chang YK. Antibacterial efficacy of quaternized chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofiber membrane crosslinked with blocked diisocyanate. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117910. [PMID: 33838797 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-[(2-hydroxyl-3-trimethylammonium) propyl] chitosan chloride (HTCC), which is a type of chitosan derivative with quaternary ammonium groups, possesses a higher antibacterial activity as compared to the pristine chitosan. The nanofiber membranes made of HTCC are attractive for applications demanding for antibacterial function. However, the hydrophilic nature of HTCC makes it unsuitable for electrospinning of nanofibers. Hence, biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was proposed as an additive to improve the electrospinnability of HTCC. In this work, PVA/HTCC nanofiber membrane was crosslinked with the blocked diisocyanate (BI) to enhance the stability of nanofiber membrane in water. Microbiological assessments showed that the PVA/HTCC/BI nanofiber membranes possessed a good antibacterial efficacy (∼100 %) against E. coli. Moreover, the biocompatibility of PVA/HTCC/BI nanofiber membrane was proven by the cytotoxicity test on mouse fibroblasts. These promising results indicated that the PVA/HTCC/BI nanofiber membrane can be a promising material for food packaging and as a potential wound dressing for skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Yu Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan
| | - Chien Wei Ooi
- Chemical Engineering Discipline and Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cher Pin Song
- Chemical Engineering Discipline and Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chi-Yun Wang
- International Ph. D. Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Lan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 413310, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yaw Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kaung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan.
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Lu Z, Huang J, E S, Li J, Si L, Yao C, Jia F, Zhang M. All cellulose composites prepared by hydroxyethyl cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals through the crosslink of polyisocyanate. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Zhao L, Duan G, Zhang G, Yang H, He S, Jiang S. Electrospun Functional Materials toward Food Packaging Applications: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E150. [PMID: 31952146 PMCID: PMC7022779 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is an effective and versatile method to prepare continuous polymer nanofibers and nonwovens that exhibit excellent properties such as high molecular orientation, high porosity and large specific surface area. Benefitting from these outstanding and intriguing features, electrospun nanofibers have been employed as a promising candidate for the fabrication of food packaging materials. Actually, the electrospun nanofibers used in food packaging must possess biocompatibility and low toxicity. In addition, in order to maintain the quality of food and extend its shelf life, food packaging materials also need to have certain functionality. Herein, in this timely review, functional materials produced from electrospinning toward food packaging are highlighted. At first, various strategies for the preparation of polymer electrospun fiber are introduced, then the characteristics of different packaging films and their successful applications in food packaging are summarized, including degradable materials, superhydrophobic materials, edible materials, antibacterial materials and high barrier materials. Finally, the future perspective and key challenges of polymer electrospun nanofibers for food packaging are also discussed. Hopefully, this review would provide a fundamental insight into the development of electrospun functional materials with high performance for food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Gaigai Duan
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Guoying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Haoqi Yang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shuijian He
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (S.H.)
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Smith SK, Lugo‐Morales LZ, Tang C, Gosrani SP, Lee CA, Roberts JG, Morton SW, McCarty GS, Khan SA, Sombers LA. Quantitative Comparison of Enzyme Immobilization Strategies for Glucose Biosensing in Real‐Time Using Fast‐Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Coupled with Carbon‐Fiber Microelectrodes. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1197-1204. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Smith
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Leyda Z. Lugo‐Morales
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - C. Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering NC State University, Centennial Campus 911 Partners Way, Campus Box 7905 Raleigh NC 27695-7905 USA
| | - Saahj P. Gosrani
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Christie A. Lee
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - James G. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Stephen W. Morton
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering NC State University, Centennial Campus 911 Partners Way, Campus Box 7905 Raleigh NC 27695-7905 USA
| | - Gregory S. McCarty
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Saad A. Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering NC State University, Centennial Campus 911 Partners Way, Campus Box 7905 Raleigh NC 27695-7905 USA
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
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9
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Jose T, George SC, Thomas S. Tunable physicochemical properties of PVA nanocomposite membranes for enhanced pervaporation performance. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomasukutty Jose
- Department of Basic Sciences, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering; Centre For Nano Science and Technology; Kanjirapally Kerala 686518 India
- Research and Development Centre; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 641046 India
| | - Soney C. George
- Department of Basic Sciences, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering; Centre For Nano Science and Technology; Kanjirapally Kerala 686518 India
- Research and Development Centre; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 641046 India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
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High stability under extreme condition of the poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers crosslinked by glutaraldehyde in organic medium. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Lu L, Yang P, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Li T. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the blocking reaction of several aliphatic isocyanates. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2016.1201753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Sheng J, Zhang M, Luo W, Yu J, Ding B. Thermally induced chemical cross-linking reinforced fluorinated polyurethane/polyacrylonitrile/polyvinyl butyral nanofibers for waterproof-breathable application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27913e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermally induced chemical cross-linking could enhance the FPAN/PVB/BIP composite nanofibrous membranes with robust mechanical, waterproof and breathable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Textiles
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Textiles
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- School of Public Health
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Textiles
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Bin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Textiles
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
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13
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Oktay B, Kayaman-Apohan N, Erdem-Kuruca S, Süleymanoğlu M. Fabrication of collagen immobilized electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol) scaffolds. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Oktay
- Department of Chemistry; Marmara University; 34722 Goztepe-Istanbul Turkey
| | | | - Serap Erdem-Kuruca
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology; Istanbul University; 34390 Capa-Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mediha Süleymanoğlu
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology; Istanbul University; 34390 Capa-Istanbul Turkey
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14
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Delattre E, Lemière G, Desmurs JR, Boulay B, Duñach E. Poly(vinyl alcohol) functionalization with aldehydes in organic solvents: Shining properties of poly(vinyl acetals). J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Delattre
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis; UMR 7272, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
- Chanel Parfums Beauté; 8 rue du Cheval Blanc, CS 40045, 93694 Pantin Cedex France
| | - Gilles Lemière
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis; UMR 7272, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
| | - Jean-Roger Desmurs
- CDP-Innovation SAS; Espace G2C, 63 Rue André Bollier, 69307 Lyon cedex 7 France
| | - Benjamin Boulay
- Chanel Parfums Beauté; 8 rue du Cheval Blanc, CS 40045, 93694 Pantin Cedex France
| | - Elisabet Duñach
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis; UMR 7272, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
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15
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Hydrophilic non-wovens made of cross-linked fully-hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun nanofibers. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Nugroho RWN, Roy PK, Odelius K, Albertsson AC. Crosslinked PVAL nanofibers with enhanced long-term stability prepared by single-step electrospinning. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robertus Wahyu N. Nugroho
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; SE-10044 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Prasun Kumar Roy
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety; Brig. S. K. Majumdar Marg Delhi 110054 India
| | - Karin Odelius
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; SE-10044 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Albertsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; SE-10044 Stockholm Sweden
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17
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Lee S, Hong JY, Jang J. The effect of graphene nanofiller on the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol). POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jyongsik Jang
- World Class University (WCU) Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment (C 2 E 2 ), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering; Seoul National University (SNU); 599 Gwanangno Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 Korea
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18
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Synthesis and three dimensional pattern finishing properties of blocked isocyanate prepolymers. J IND ENG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Teo WE, Inai R, Ramakrishna S. Technological advances in electrospinning of nanofibers. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2011. [PMID: 27877375 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/12/1/013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the electrospinning techniques has brought new methods for the production and construction of various nanofibrous assemblies. The parameters affecting electrospinning include electrical charges on the emerging jet, charge density and removal, as well as effects of external perturbations. The solvent and the method of fiber collection also affect the construction of the final nanofibrous architecture. Various techniques of yarn spinning using solid and liquid surfaces as well as surface-free collection are described and compared in this review. Recent advances allow production of 3D nanofibrous scaffolds with a desired microstructure. In the area of tissue regeneration and bioengineering, 3D scaffolds should bring nanofibrous technology closer to clinical applications. There is sufficient understanding of the electrospinning process and experimental results to suggest that precision electrospinning is a real possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee-Eong Teo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Biomers Pte Ltd, 18 Boon Lay Way, Singapore 609966, Singapore
| | | | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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