1
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Khattab M, Abdel Hady N, Dahman Y. Green Biodegradable Polylactide-Based Polyurethane Triblock Copolymers Reinforced with Cellulose Nanowhiskers. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:118. [PMID: 36976042 PMCID: PMC10053910 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of biodegradable polylactide-based triblock polyurethane (TBPU) copolymers covering a wide range of molecular weights and compositions were synthesized for potential use in biomedical applications. This new class of copolymers showed tailored mechanical properties, improved degradation rates, and enhanced cell attachment potential compared to polylactide homopolymer. Triblock copolymers, (TB) PL-PEG-PL, of different compositions were first synthesized from lactide and polyethylene glycol (PEG) via ring-opening polymerization in the presence of tin octoate as the catalyst. After which, polycaprolactone diol (PCL-diol) reacted with TB copolymers using 1,4-butane diisocyanate (BDI) as a nontoxic chain extender to form the final TBPUs. The final composition, molecular weight, thermal properties, hydrophilicity, and biodegradation rates of the obtained TB copolymers, and the corresponding TBPUs were characterized using 1H-NMR, GPC, FTIR, DSC, and SEM, and contact angle measurements. Results obtained from the lower molecular weight series of TBPUs demonstrated potential use in drug delivery and imaging contrast agents due to their high hydrophilicity and degradation rates. On the other hand, the higher molecular weight series of TBPUs exhibited improved hydrophilicity and degradation rates compared to PL-homopolymer. Moreover, they displayed improved tailored mechanical properties suitable for utilization as bone cement, or in regeneration medicinal applications of cartilage, trabecular, and cancellous bone implants. Furthermore, the polymer nanocomposites obtained by reinforcing the TBPU3 matrix with 7% (w/w) bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers (BCNW) displayed a ~16% increase in tensile strength, and 330% in % elongation compared with PL-homo polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yaser Dahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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2
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Sun T, Bian J, Wang Y, Hu J, Yun X, Chen E, Dong T. One-Step Synthesis of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)-Based Soft Films with Gas Permselectivity for White Mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus) Preservation. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030586. [PMID: 36766115 PMCID: PMC9914554 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper packaging can extend the shelf life and maintain the quality of mushrooms during storage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the preservation of Agaricus bisporus using copolymer-modified poly (L-lactide-co-butylene fumarate) and poly (L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLBF and PLGA) packaging. Shelf life and quality were evaluated over 15 days of storage of Agaricus bisporus at 4 ± 1 °C and 90% relative humidity, including weight loss, browning index (BI), total phenolics (TP), ascorbic acid (AA), malondialdehyde content (MDA), electrolyte leakage rate (EC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The results showed that mushrooms packaged in PLBF films exhibited better retention in BI, TP, and AA than those with PLLA, PLGA, or polyethylene (PE) films. They can reduce the rate of weight loss, EC, and MDA, which in turn increases the activity of SOD and CAT. PLBF and PLGA have substantially improved flexibility in comparison with PLLA. They also significantly reduced oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) permeability and changed the gas permeability ratio. These positive effects resulted in the effective restriction of O2 and CO2 in these packages, extending the post-harvest storage period of white mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Junxia Bian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Hohhot Huimin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Jian Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Xueyan Yun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Eerdunbayaer Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Tungalag Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010010, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Muhammad Ghozali, Triwulandari E, Restu WK, Meliana Y, Haryono A. Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycol-9,10-dihydroxy Monostearate as Palm Oil-Based Polyol and Its Application on the Preparation of Polylactic acid/Polyurethane Block Copolymer. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x23700621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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4
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Novel Production Methods of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Their Innovative Uses in Biomedicine and Industry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238351. [PMID: 36500442 PMCID: PMC9740486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a biodegradable polymer obtained from microorganisms and plants, have been widely used in biomedical applications and devices, such as sutures, cardiac valves, bone scaffold, and drug delivery of compounds with pharmaceutical interests, as well as in food packaging. This review focuses on the use of polyhydroxyalkanoates beyond the most common uses, aiming to inform about the potential uses of the biopolymer as a biosensor, cosmetics, drug delivery, flame retardancy, and electrospinning, among other interesting uses. The novel applications are based on the production and composition of the polymer, which can be modified by genetic engineering, a semi-synthetic approach, by changing feeding carbon sources and/or supplement addition, among others. The future of PHA is promising, and despite its production costs being higher than petroleum-based plastics, tools given by synthetic biology, bioinformatics, and machine learning, among others, have allowed for great production yields, monomer and polymer functionalization, stability, and versatility, a key feature to increase the uses of this interesting family of polymers.
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5
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Poly(L‐lactic acid) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) based
ultra‐strong
and tough thermoplastic polyurethane‐urea with multi‐urea segments and oriented microstructures. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Marano S, Laudadio E, Minnelli C, Stipa P. Tailoring the Barrier Properties of PLA: A State-of-the-Art Review for Food Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1626. [PMID: 35458376 PMCID: PMC9029979 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well recognized that the production of petroleum-based packaging materials has created serious ecological problems for the environment due to their resistance to biodegradation. In this context, substantial research efforts have been made to promote the use of biodegradable films as sustainable alternatives to conventionally used packaging materials. Among several biopolymers, poly(lactide) (PLA) has found early application in the food industry thanks to its promising properties and is currently one of the most industrially produced bioplastics. However, more efforts are needed to enhance its performance and expand its applicability in this field, as packaging materials need to meet precise functional requirements such as suitable thermal, mechanical, and gas barrier properties. In particular, improving the mass transfer properties of materials to water vapor, oxygen, and/or carbon dioxide plays a very important role in maintaining food quality and safety, as the rate of typical food degradation reactions (i.e., oxidation, microbial development, and physical reactions) can be greatly reduced. Since most reviews dealing with the properties of PLA have mainly focused on strategies to improve its thermal and mechanical properties, this work aims to review relevant strategies to tailor the barrier properties of PLA-based materials, with the ultimate goal of providing a general guide for the design of PLA-based packaging materials with the desired mass transfer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marano
- Department of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Emiliano Laudadio
- Department of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Stipa
- Department of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.L.); (P.S.)
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7
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Hou X, Sun L, Wei W, Taylor DK, Su S, Yu H. Structure and performance control of high‐damping bio‐based thermoplastic polyurethane. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Normal University Changsha China
| | - Liwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Wei Wei
- Hwa Mei Hospital University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Darlene K. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Carolina Central University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Shengpei Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Normal University Changsha China
| | - Haibin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
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8
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Shou T, Hu S, Wu Y, Tang X, Fu G, Zhao X, Zhang L. Biobased and Recyclable Polyurethane for Room-Temperature Damping and Three-Dimensional Printing. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30003-30011. [PMID: 34778671 PMCID: PMC8582027 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum-based polymer materials heavily rely on nonrenewable petrochemical resources, and damping materials are an important category of them. As far as green chemistry, recycling, and damping materials are concerned, there is an urgent need for renewable and recyclable biobased materials with high damping performance. Thus, this study designs and synthesizes a series of polylactic acid-based thermoplastic polyurethanes (PLA-based TPUs) composed of modified polylactic acid polyols, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 1,4-butanediol. PLA-based TPUs, as prepared, display excellent mechanical properties, damping performance, and biocompatibility. Otherwise, they can be used for three-dimensional printing (3D printing). Under multiple recycling, the overall performance of PLA-based TPUs is still maintained well. Overall, PLA-based TPUs, as designed in this article, show a potential application in damping materials under room temperature and personalized shoes via 3D printing and could realize resource recycling and material reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shou
- Key
Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel
Polymer Materials, Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel
Polymer Materials, Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing
Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering
Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and
Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaowen Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel
Polymer Materials, Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xian Tang
- Key
Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel
Polymer Materials, Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guoqing Fu
- Key
Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel
Polymer Materials, Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel
Polymer Materials, Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing
Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering
Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and
Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel
Polymer Materials, Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing
Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering
Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and
Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
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9
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Zhou X, Zhang X, Mengyuan P, He X, Zhang C. Bio-based polyurethane aqueous dispersions. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the advances of green chemistry and nanoscience, the synthesis of green, homogenous bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions with high performance have gained great attention. The presented chapter deals with the recent synthesis of waterborne polyurethane with the biomass, especially the vegetable oils including castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, jatropha oil, and palm oil, etc. Meanwhile, the other biomasses, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, chitosan, etc., have also been illustrated with the significant application in preparing polyurethane dispersions. The idea was to highlight the main vegetable oil-based polyols, and the isocyanate, diols as chain extenders, which have supplied a class of raw materials in WPU. The conversion of biomasses into active chemical agents, which can be used in synthesis of WPU, has been discussed in detail. The main mechanisms and methods are also presented. It is suggested that the epoxide ring opening method is still the main route to transform vegetable oils to polyols. Furthermore, the nonisocyanate WPU may be one of the main trends for development of WPU using biomasses, especially the abundant vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhou
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
| | - Pu Mengyuan
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
| | - Xinyu He
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
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10
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Szczepańczyk P, Szlachta M, Złocista-Szewczyk N, Chłopek J, Pielichowska K. Recent Developments in Polyurethane-Based Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060946. [PMID: 33808689 PMCID: PMC8003502 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the needs of clinical medicine, bone tissue engineering is developing dynamically. Scaffolds for bone healing might be used as solid, preformed scaffolding materials, or through the injection of a solidifiable precursor into the defective tissue. There are miscellaneous biomaterials used to stimulate bone repair including ceramics, metals, naturally derived polymers, synthetic polymers, and other biocompatible substances. Combining ceramics and metals or polymers holds promise for future cures as the materials complement each other. Further research must explain the limitations of the size of the defects of each scaffold, and additionally, check the possibility of regeneration after implantation and resistance to disease. Before tissue engineering, a lot of bone defects were treated with autogenous bone grafts. Biodegradable polymers are widely applied as porous scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The most valuable features of biodegradable polyurethanes are good biocompatibility, bioactivity, bioconductivity, and injectability. They may also be used as temporary extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone tissue healing and regeneration. Herein, the current state concerning polyurethanes in bone tissue engineering are discussed and introduced, as well as future trends.
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11
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Din MI, Ghaffar T, Najeeb J, Hussain Z, Khalid R, Zahid H. Potential perspectives of biodegradable plastics for food packaging application-review of properties and recent developments. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:665-680. [PMID: 32049609 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1718219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Potential hazardous effects caused by non-biodegradable plastics are considered to be one of the most widely discussed and notable challenges of the 21st century. To address this particular problem, immense efforts have been devoted to the preparation of biodegradable plastics material. This green approach mitigates the major drawbacks e.g. improper waste management, low degradation rates, waste accumulation in water reservoirs and harmful chemical reagents hence providing a natural, economical and biodegradable alternative to the customarily employed non-biodegradable plastics. This review provides an insight into recently engineered biodegradable plastics used for packaging applications. Properties such as barrier/permeation indexes, thermal, electrical and mechanical characteristics of the biodegradable plastics are considered in detail for developing an understanding regarding the fundamentals of biodegradable materials. Recent literature (2010-2018) was classified according to the composition and nature of the used material. Materials such as polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyhydroxybutyrate, polycaprolactone, starch and cellulose were comprehensively discussed along with their properties and blending agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayabba Ghaffar
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jawayria Najeeb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Zaib Hussain
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rida Khalid
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Zahid
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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12
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Khattab MM, Dahman Y. Synthesis and characterization of cellulose nanowhisker‐reinforced‐poly(
ε
‐caprolactone) scaffold for tissue‐engineering applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaser Dahman
- Department of Chemical EngineeringRyerson University Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
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13
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Choi J, Moon DS, Ryu SG, Lee B, Ying WB, Lee KJ. N-chloro hydantoin functionalized polyurethane fibers toward protective cloth against chemical warfare agents. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Largely improved mechanical properties of a biodegradable polyurethane elastomer via polylactide stereocomplexation. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Špírková M, Hodan J, Serkis-Rodzeń M, Kredatusová J, Zhigunov A, Kotek J. The effect of pre-set extension on the degree of hydrolytic degradation in multicomponent polyurethane elastomers. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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The influence of the length of the degradable segment on the functional properties and hydrolytic stability of multi-component polyurethane elastomeric films. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Fully bio-renewable multiblocks copolymers of poly(lactide) and commercial fatty acid-based polyesters polyols: Synthesis and characterization. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Konwar DB, Jacob J, Satapathy BK. A comparative study of poly(l-lactide)-block-poly(ϵ-caprolactone) six-armed star diblock copolymers and polylactide/poly(ϵ-caprolactone) blends. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debanga Bhusan Konwar
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Josemon Jacob
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Bhabani K Satapathy
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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