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Feng H, Shao X, Wang Z. Mechanochemical Controlled Radical Polymerization: From Harsh to Mild. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400287. [PMID: 38940320 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry constitutes a burgeoning field that investigates the chemical and physicochemical alterations of substances under mechanical force. It enables the synthesis of materials which is challenging to obtain via thermal, optical or electrical activation methods. In addition, it diminishes reliance on organic solvents and provides a novel route for green chemistry. Today, as a distinct branch alongside electrochemistry, photochemistry, and thermochemistry, mechanochemistry has emerged as a frontier research domain within chemistry and material science. In recent years, the intersection of mechanochemistry with controlled radical polymerization has witnessed rapid advancements, providing new routes to polymer science. Significantly, we have experienced breakthroughs in methods relying on sonochemistry, piezoelectricity and contact electrification. These methodologies not only facilitate the synthesis of polymers with high molecular weight but also enable precise control over polymer chain length and structure. Transitioning from harsh to mild conditions in mechanochemical routes has facilitated a significant improvement in the controllability of mechanochemical polymerization. From this perspective, we introduce the progress of mechanochemistry in controlled radical polymerization in recent years, aim to clarify the historcial development of this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Feng
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaoyang Shao
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an, 710072, China
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Kubo M, Higuchi M, Koshimura T, Shoji E, Tsukada T. Control of the temperature responsiveness of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) copolymer using ultrasonic irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 79:105752. [PMID: 34562737 PMCID: PMC8473767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(NIPAM-co-HEMA)) is a temperature-responsive copolymer that is expected to be applicable as an advanced functional polymeric material in various fields. In this study, a novel method was developed to control the responsive temperature of poly(NIPAM-co-HEMA) using an ultrasonic polymerization technique. Initially, the behavior of the reaction was investigated using NIPAM and HEMA monomers under ultrasonic irradiation. A high ultrasonic power was found to produce a high reaction rate and low number average molecular weight of the copolymer. The polydispersity of the synthesized copolymer was approximately 1.5 for all ultrasonic powers examined. In the early stage of the reaction, the molar fraction of NIPAM in the copolymer was lower than the initial molar fraction of the monomers. It was concluded that ultrasonic irradiation affected the initiation reaction and polymer degradation, but did not affect the propagation reaction. Furthermore, the effect of the ultrasonic irradiation conditions on the temperature responsiveness of the copolymer was investigated. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymer was found to increase with increasing ultrasonic irradiation time. In addition, in the early stages of the reaction, the measured values of the LCST were higher than the estimated values using copolymer composition. This can be attributed to some parts of the copolymer chain possessing a higher NIPAM fraction than the overall fraction due to different reactivities of the monomers and terminated radicals. This hypothesis was indirectly verified by the synthesis of a block copolymer from the PNIPAM homopolymer and HEMA monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kubo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Masato Higuchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
| | | | - Eita Shoji
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Takao Tsukada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
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Collins J, McKenzie TG, Nothling MD, Allison-Logan S, Ashokkumar M, Qiao GG. Sonochemically Initiated RAFT Polymerization in Organic Solvents. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kubo M, Sone T, Ohata M, Tsukada T. Synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) with low polydispersity using ultrasonic irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 49:310-315. [PMID: 30150025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) having low polydispersity was synthesized in mixed solvent of ethanol and water using ultrasonic irradiation without any chemical polymerization initiator. The effects of the volume fraction of ethanol in the solvent, the molar ratio of two monomers, the monomer concentration and the ultrasonic power intensity on the time courses of the conversion to the polymer, the number average molecular weight, and the polydispersity of synthesized polymer were investigated in order to determine the optimal conditions to synthesize the copolymers with a narrow molecular weight distribution (i.e. low polydispersity). The optimum volume fraction of ethanol in the solvent was 60 vol% to synthesize the copolymers with a low polydispersity. A higher ultrasonic power intensity resulted in a faster polymerization rate and a lower number average molecular weight. The polydispersity was less than 1.5 for all ultrasonic power intensities up to 450 W/dm3 applied in this work. A higher monomer concentration gave a faster polymerization rate and a higher number average molecular weight. The polydispersity was less than 1.5 when the monomer concentration was lower than 0.4 mol/dm3. A higher molar ratio of N-isopropylacrylamide resulted in a higher polymerization rate and a lower number average molecular weight. The copolymers with polydispersity less than 1.5 can be obtained regardless of the molar ratio of N-isopropylacrylamide. The copolymers synthesized by the ultrasonic polymerization method had a high temperature responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kubo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Takuya Sone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takao Tsukada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Shao H, Wei F, Luo D, Zhang K, Liang S, Tian Q, Qin S, Yu J. Improving the antifouling property of polypropylene hollow fiber membranes by in situ
ultrasonic wave-assisted polymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Shao
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy; Guizhou University; Guiyang, 550025 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials; Guiyang, 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Fujian Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials; Guiyang, 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Dajun Luo
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy; Guizhou University; Guiyang, 550025 People's Republic of China
| | - Kaizhou Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials; Guiyang, 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Songmiao Liang
- Vontron Membrane Technology Co., Ltd; Guiyang, 550018 People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Tian
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy; Guizhou University; Guiyang, 550025 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials; Guiyang, 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy; Guizhou University; Guiyang, 550025 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials; Guiyang, 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy; Guizhou University; Guiyang, 550025 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials; Guiyang, 550014 People's Republic of China
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Kubo M, Kondo T, Matsui H, Shibasaki-Kitakawa N, Yonemoto T. Control of molecular weight distribution in synthesis of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) using ultrasonic irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 40:736-741. [PMID: 28946480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) was synthesized using ultrasonic irradiation without any chemical initiator. The effect of the ultrasonic power intensity on the time course of the conversion to polymer, the number average molecular weight, and the polydispersity were investigated in order to synthesize a polymer with a low molecular weight distribution (i.e., low polydispersity). The conversion to polymer increased with time. A higher ultrasonic power intensity resulted in a faster reaction rate. The number average molecular weight increased during the early stage of the reaction and then gradually decreased with time. A higher ultrasonic intensity resulted in a faster degradation rate of the polymer. The polydispersity decreased with time. This was because the degradation rate of a polymer with a higher molecular weight was faster than that of a polymer with a lower molecular weight. A polydispersity below 1.3 was obtained under ultrasonic irradiation. By changing the ultrasonic power intensity during the reaction, the number average molecular weight can be controlled while maintaining low polydispersity. When the ultrasonic irradiation was halted, the reactions stopped and the number average molecular weight and polydispersity did not change. On the basis of the experimental results, a kinetic model for synthesis of PHEMA under ultrasonic irradiation was constructed considering both polymerization and polymer degradation. The kinetic model was in good agreement with the experimental results for the time courses of the conversion to polymer, the number average molecular weight, and the polydispersity for various ultrasonic power intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kubo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Naomi Shibasaki-Kitakawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshikuni Yonemoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Metal-composite adhesion based on diazonium chemistry. Dent Mater 2017; 33:e393-e404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pu Y, Zou Q, Hou D, Zhang Y, Chen S. Molecular weight kinetics and chain scission models for dextran polymers during ultrasonic degradation. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 156:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tian L, Li X, Zhao P, Ali Z, Zhang Q. Impressed pressure-facilitated seeded emulsion polymerization: design of fast swelling strategies for massive fabrication of patchy microparticles. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure and ultrasound swelling polymerization promote the fast and large-scale fabrication of patchy particles for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Zafar Ali
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
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Wells T, Kosa M, Ragauskas AJ. Polymerization of Kraft lignin via ultrasonication for high-molecular-weight applications. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2013; 20:1463-9. [PMID: 23714331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Kraft lignin is an inexpensive and abundant byproduct of pulp mills that can be used in the synthesis of adhesives and carbon fibers along with energy production. Some of these material applications favor the utilization of high molecular weight (HMW) lignin. This study investigates the use of ultrasonics as a means to increase the degree of polymerization (DP) of highly purified Kraft lignin. Treated samples were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, (13)C and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). After 15 min of sustained cavitation, ultrasonicated lignin generated a high molecular-weight fraction (~35%) that had a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) over 450-fold greater than the initial Kraft lignin sample. (13)C-NMR and (31)P-NMR analysis indicated that the highly-polymerized fraction was enriched with C5 condensed phenolic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone Wells
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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13
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Kanmuri S, Moholkar VS. Mechanistic aspects of sonochemical copolymerization of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kojima Y, Koda S, Nomura H. Effect of ultrasonic frequency on polymerization of styrene under sonication. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2001; 8:75-79. [PMID: 11326613 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4177(00)00064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultrasonic frequency on polymerization of styrene under sonication at 50 degrees C was studied at the frequencies of 23.4, 45.7, 92, 518 kHz and 1 MHz. Polymerization under sonication was carried out at the ultrasonic intensity that gives the same reaction rate of decomposition of porphyrin. The magnitude of the polymerization rate increases in the order of 92, 45.7 and 23.4 kHz. At the high frequencies of 518 kHz and 1 MHz, no polymerization was observed. These facts mean that there is an optimum frequency in the range from 92 to 518 kHz for effective polymerization. The average-number molecular weights at the sonication time of 3 h are 5.5 x 10(4), 8.0 x 10(4) and 11.5 x 10(4) for the irradiated frequencies of 92, 45.7 and 23.4 kHz, respectively. Sonication for 3 h at 92 kHz gives polystyrene with very high polydispersity, about 5.0, in comparison with the results obtained at 23.4 and 45.7 kHz. These observations indicate that polymerization under sonication is influenced by the irradiated frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kojima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Liu J, Chen K, Li Z. Studies on Ultrasonic Initiated Copolymerization of Styrene and Acrylate Series. Polym J 2000. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.32.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Suslick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; e-mail:
| | - Gareth J. Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; e-mail:
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