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Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Membranes Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Radiation-Grafted Sulfonated Polystyrene and Their Performance in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183833. [PMID: 36145977 PMCID: PMC9504926 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton-exchange membranes based on gamma-irradiated films of PVDF and radiation-grafted sulfonated polystyrene with an ion-exchange capacity of 1.8 meq/g and crosslinking degrees of 0 and 3% were synthesized. A solvent-free, environmentally friendly method of styrene grafting from its aqueous emulsion, with a styrene content of only 5 vol.% was used. Energy dispersive X-ray mapping analysis showed that the grafted sulfonated polystyrene is uniformly distributed throughout the membrane thickness. The obtained materials had a proton conductivity up to 132 mS/cm at 80 °C and a hydrogen permeability of up to 5.2 cm2/s at 30 °C, which significantly exceeded similar values for Nafion®-212 membranes. The resulting membranes exhibited a H2/O2 fuel cell peak power density of up to 0.4 W/cm2 at 65 °C. Accelerated stability tests showed that adding a crosslinking agent could significantly increase the stability of the membranes in the fuel cells. The thermal properties and crystallinity of the membranes were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction methods. The conductivity, water uptake, and mechanical properties of the membranes (stress–strain curves) were also characterized.
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Golubenko DV, Malakhova VR, Yurova PA, Evsiunina MV, Stenina IA. Effect of Sulfonation Conditions on Properties of Ion-Conducting Membranes Based on Polystyrene Grafted on Gamma-Irradiated Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751622040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abd-Elmabood HM, Raafat AI, Soliman ESA, Ali AEH. Performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell using a radiation synthesized low density polyethylene-grafted-poly (glycidyl methacrylate-co-vinyl acetate) as a proton exchange membrane. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:311-326. [PMID: 32571180 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1786168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe present work focuses on the synthesis of a proton exchange membrane to be assembled in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for simultaneous bioelectricity production and domestic wastewater treatment. The indigenous membrane was prepared by ionizing irradiation-induced graft copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and vinyl acetate (VAc) onto low-density polyethylene and subsequently, the prepared grafted sheets were sulfonated via epoxy ring-opening of PGMA moieties. Parameters affecting the grafting degree were investigated and the prepared membranes were characterized by investigating their structural, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. Some physicochemical characteristics including ion exchange capacity, sulfonation density, and proton conductivity were also evaluated. The data confirmed the success of the preparation protocol to obtain a suitable membrane for the proposed application. Moreover, the performance of the assembled MFC was thoroughly investigated through the evaluation of its electrochemical behaviour including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, columbic efficiency, and wastewater treatment capability. The sulfonated LDPE-g-P(GMA-co-VAc) membrane of 80% grafting degree shows substantial removal of chemical oxygen demand up to about 90% with columbic efficiency of 10.1%, columbic recovery of 8.7%, rate of energy harvest of 2.1 C/h and power density of 2.72 W m-2. However, the use of 10 mM of KMnO4 as electron acceptor drastically increase the harvested power density to reach 356.4 W m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan M Abd-Elmabood
- Polymer Chemistry Dept. National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany I Raafat
- Polymer Chemistry Dept. National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amr El-Hag Ali
- Polymer Chemistry Dept. National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Hao LH, Tap TD, Hieu DTT, Korneeva E, Van Tiep N, Yoshimura K, Hasegawa S, Sawada S, Van Man T, Hung NQ, Tuyen LA, Dinh V, Luan LQ, Maekawa Y. Morphological characterization of grafted polymer electrolyte membranes at a surface layer for fuel cell application. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Physics Laboratory Le Thanh Ton High School Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Van Tiep
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
- Institute of Physics Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Shin Hasegawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Sawada
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Tran Van Man
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quang Hung
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Duy Tan University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Luu Anh Tuyen
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
- Center for Nuclear Techniques Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Van‐Phuc Dinh
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Duy Tan University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Le Quang Luan
- Bio‐material and Nano Technology Department Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
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Quantitative EPR study of poly(vinylidene fluoride) activated by electron beam treatment. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nagy G, Sproll V, Gasser U, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L, Balog S. Scaling the Graft Length and Graft Density of Irradiation-Grafted Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Nagy
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Véronique Sproll
- Electrochemistry Laboratory; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Urs Gasser
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- Electrochemistry Laboratory; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; ETH Zurich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry Laboratory; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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Sproll V, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L. Effect of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) incorporation on water uptake and conductivity of proton exchange membranes. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Lee WH, Crean C, Varcoe JR, Bance-Soualhi R. A Raman spectro-microscopic investigation of ETFE-based radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09650j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectro-microscopy on a radiation-grafted anion-exchange membrane detected alkali degradation throughout its cross-section that quantitatively matched loss of ion-exchange capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hin Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - Carol Crean
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - John R. Varcoe
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
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Sproll V, Nagy G, Gasser U, Embs JP, Obiols-Rabasa M, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L, Balog S. Radiation Grafted Ion-Conducting Membranes: The Influence of Variations in Base Film Nanostructure. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Sproll
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Urs Gasser
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jan Peter Embs
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marc Obiols-Rabasa
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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