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Tsutsumi N, Sassa T, Van Nguyen T, Tsujimura S, Ha GN, Mizuno Y, Jackin BJ, Kinashi K, Sakai W. Photorefractivity and photocurrent dynamics of triphenylamine-based polymer composites. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11286. [PMID: 38760467 PMCID: PMC11101462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The photorefractive properties of triphenylamine polymer-based composites with various composition ratios were investigated via optical diffraction, response time, asymmetric energy transfer, and transient photocurrent. The composite consisted of a photoconductive polymer of poly((4-diphenylamino)benzyl acrylate), a photoconductive plasticizer of (4-diphenylamino)phenyl)methanol, a sensitizer of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, and a nonlinear optical dye of (4-(azepan-1-yl)-benzylidene)malononitrile. The photorefractive properties and related quantities were dependent on the composition, which was related to the glass transition temperature of the photorefractive polymers. The quantum efficiency (QE) of photocarrier generation was evaluated from the initial slope of the transient photocurrent. Transient photocurrents were measured and showed two unique peaks: one in the range of 10-4 to 10-3 s and the other in the range of 10-1 to 1 s. The transient photocurrents was well simulated (or reproduced) by the expanded two-trapping site model with two kinds of photocarrier generation and recombination processes and two different trapping sites. The obtained photorefractive quantity of trap density was significantly related to the photoconductive parameters of QE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Sassa
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Tam Van Nguyen
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
- Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sho Tsujimura
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Giang Ngoc Ha
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, Ho Chi Minh City, 72000, Vietnam
| | - Yusuke Mizuno
- Master's Program of Innovation Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Boaz Jessie Jackin
- Materials Innovation Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kinashi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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2
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Lloret T, Morales-Vidal M, Navarro-Fuster V, G. Ramírez M, Beléndez A, Pascual I. Holographic Lens Resolution Using the Convolution Theorem. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:5426. [PMID: 36559792 PMCID: PMC9782225 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The similarity between object and image of negative asymmetrical holographic lenses (HLs) stored in a low-toxicity photopolymer has been evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Asymmetrical experimental setups with negative focal lengths have been used to obtain HLs. For this purpose, the resolution of the HLs was calculated using the convolution theorem. A USAF 1951 test was used as an object and the impulse responses of the HLs, which in this case was the amplitude spread function (ASF), were obtained with two different methods: using a CCD sensor and a Hartmann Shack (HS) wavefront sensor. For a negative asymmetrically recorded HL a maximum resolution of 11.31 lp/mm was obtained. It was evaluated at 473 nm wavelength. A theoretical study of object-image similarity had carried out using the MSE (mean squared error) metric to evaluate the experimental results obtained quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Lloret
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Marta Morales-Vidal
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Víctor Navarro-Fuster
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Manuel G. Ramírez
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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Berdin A, Gill JR, Perivolari E, Kauppo J, Apostolopoulos V, D'Alessandro G, Kaczmarek M, Priimagi A. Analysis of light diffraction by azobenzene-based photoalignment layers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29495-29506. [PMID: 36299123 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoalignment materials, such as the azobenzene-based PAAD series studied here, are becoming increasingly important in liquid crystal-based optical devices and displays. Yet their properties and, in particular, their response to light, are still not fully understood. We investigate, experimentally and theoretically, the photoinduced birefringence, the order parameter and the formation of surface relief gratings, as well as the diffraction caused by them. We show that some of the azobenzene PAAD materials are suitable for the formation of surface relief gratings with high modulation depth, while others exhibit strong photoinduced birefringence. The two effects are inversely correlated: the stronger the surface relief grating is, the weaker is photoinduced birefringence. Analytical formulas based on the Raman-Nath approximation and numerical simulations of Maxwell's equations are used to quantify the diffraction caused by the induced diffraction gratings, showing excellent agreement between theory and experiment.
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4
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Tsutsumi N, Sakamoto S, Kinashi K, Jackin BJ, Sakai W. Photorefractive Response Enhancement in Poly(triarylamine)-Based Polymer Composites by a Second Electron Trap Chromophore. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12120-12126. [PMID: 35449957 PMCID: PMC9016818 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photorefractive (PR) performances are affected by the components of the photoconductor, sensitizer, nonlinear optical dye, and plasticizer. A photoconductor with high hole mobility promises a faster response time, whereas it induces higher photoconductivity, which leads to easy dielectric breakdown. Adding a second electron trap is effective in controlling photoconductivity. In this study, the role of a second electron trap 1,3,5-tri[(3-pyridyl)-phen-3-yl]benzene (TmPyPB) was investigated in a PR composite consisting of a photoconductor of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] with a high hole mobility, a nonlinear optical chromophore of piperidinodicyanostyrene, a plasticizer of (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)diphenylamine, and a sensitizer of [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid-methyl ester. The minimum time response with the maximum optical diffraction efficiency and sensitivity was measured at a 1 wt % content of TmPyPB. These results were consistent with the number of charge carriers trapped per unit volume and per unit time N c (cm-3 s-1), which is defined as the ratio between the initial trap density T i (cm-3) and response time τ (s), at a 1 wt % content of TmPyPB. A faster response time of 149 μs, optical diffraction of 24.1% (external diffraction of 4.8%), and a sensitivity of 2746 cm2 J-1 were measured at 50 V μm-1 for the sample with 1 wt % TmPyPB. High loading of 5 wt % TmPyPB led to a large decrease in photoconductivity and effectively suppressed the dielectric breakdown under a stronger electric field, whereas a slower response time with lower diffraction efficiency was observed for optical diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tsutsumi
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Engineering and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Masatsugsaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sakamoto
- Master
Program of Innovative Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Masatsugsak, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kinashi
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Engineering and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Masatsugsaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Boaz Jessie Jackin
- Materials
Innovation Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of
Technology, Masatsugsaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Engineering and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Masatsugsaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Gill JR, Perivolari E, Kaczmarek M, D'Alessandro G. Efficient scattering model of multilayer systems with anisotropic films. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2021; 38:595-605. [PMID: 33983264 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.416265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an intuitive and efficient method for modeling light propagation in layered isotropic and anisotropic media, which we call the Iterated Ray Method. Considering a single layer sandwiched between semi-infinite layers, the infinite reflected and transmitted rays are summed to obtain effective Fresnel coefficients for the center layer. Thus, the system can be represented as two semi-infinite layers with an effective boundary. The model is coupled to a recursive algorithm to describe an arbitrarily large layered system in the same way. It is numerically stable in the presence of evanescent waves and computationally efficient, both in terms of operation counts and vectorization. We demonstrate its importance for the optical analysis and optimization of layered media, such as those used in photo-addressable liquid crystal cells, thin-film coatings, and Bragg gratings, by measuring the refractive index and thickness of a thin azobenzene dye photo-alignment layer, PAAD-22E, on an indium tin oxide coated glass slide.
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6
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Graphitic nanosheets via two-dimensional polymerization enhancing organic all-optically controlled photorefractive performance. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-1998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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7
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Zong W, Wang S, Li J, Wang J, Li M, Liu Y, Xu S, Cao S. An all-optical photorefractive miktoarm star polymer synthesized via a combination of RAFT polymerization and click reaction. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Holographic Performance of Azo-Carbazole Dye-Doped UP Resin Films Using a Dyeing Process. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12060945. [PMID: 30901859 PMCID: PMC6470482 DOI: 10.3390/ma12060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
For the practical application of dynamic holography using updatable dyed materials, optical transparency and an enlarged sample size with a uniform dispersion of the dye and no air bubbles are crucial. The holographic films were prepared by applying a dyeing method comprising application, curing, dyeing, and washing to an unsaturated polyester (UP) resin film. The unsaturated polyester (UP) resin film with high optical transparency was dyed with a 3-[(4-cyanophenyl)azo]-9H-carbazole-9-ethanol (CACzE) (azo-carbazole) dye via the surfactant, polyoxyethylene (5) docosyl ether, in an aqueous solution. The amount of dye uptake obtained via the dyeing process ranged from 0.49 to 6.75 wt.%. The dye concentration in the UP resin was proportional to the dye concentration in the aqueous solution and the immersion time. The UP resin film with 3.65 wt.% dye exhibited the optical diffraction property η₁ of 0.23% with a response time τ of 5.9 s and a decay time of 3.6 s. The spectroscopic evaluation of the UP resin film crosslinking reaction and the dyeing state in the UP resin film are discussed. Furthermore, as an example of its functionality, the dynamic holographic properties of the dye-doped UP resin film are discussed.
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9
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Masumura K, Nakanishi I, Van Thi Khuat K, Kinashi K, Sakai W, Tsutsumi N. Optimal composition of the poly(triarylamine)-based polymer composite to maximize photorefractive performance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:739. [PMID: 30679606 PMCID: PMC6345868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A holographic display system requires the external diffraction efficiency to be greater than 10% and four orders of magnitude of sensitivity for practical usage. To achieve such requirements, the photorefractive (PR) performance of PR composite based on poly[bis(2,4,6-trimethylpheneyl)amine] (PTAA) has been investigated. In the present report, the change of the content of PTAA as a photoconductive polymer, (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)diphenylamine (TAA) as a photoconductive plasticizer, and second trap agent bathophenanthroline (BPhen) reasonably optimized the PR response time and external diffraction efficiency. High sensitivity of 1851 cm2 J-1 with response time of 494 μs and external diffraction efficiency of 23.9% were achieved at 532 nm and 60 V μm-1 by reducing the content of PTAA and increasing the contents of TAA and BPhen. Decreasing the amount of PTAA and increasing the contents of TAA and BPhen lowered the absorption coefficient, resulting in the high external diffraction efficiency. The narrower distribution of the electronic density of states (DOS) for PTAA/TAA (43.5/20 and 33.5/30) also contributed to the shorter PR response time of hundreds of microseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Masumura
- Doctor's Program of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ikumi Nakanishi
- Master's Program of Innovative Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Khanh Van Thi Khuat
- Master's Program of Innovative Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kinashi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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10
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Perivolari E, Gill J, Podoliak N, Apostolopoulos V, Sluckin T, D’Alessandro G, Kaczmarek M. Optically controlled bistable waveplates. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Nançoz C, Licari G, Beckwith JS, Soederberg M, Dereka B, Rosspeintner A, Yushchenko O, Letrun R, Richert S, Lang B, Vauthey E. Influence of the hydrogen-bond interactions on the excited-state dynamics of a push–pull azobenzene dye: the case of Methyl Orange. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7254-7264. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08390d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
H-bonding with the solvent affects significantly the photoisomerisation of Methyl Orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nançoz
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Licari
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Joseph S. Beckwith
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Magnus Soederberg
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Dereka
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | | | - Romain Letrun
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Sabine Richert
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Lang
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
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Koeber S, Seidenspinner A, Meerholz K, Krüger H, Janietz S. Optimizing the Near-Infrared Performance of Photorefractive Composites by Chemical Modification of the Sensitizer. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Koeber
- Chemistry Department; University of Cologne; Luxemburgerstr. 116 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Seidenspinner
- Chemistry Department; University of Cologne; Luxemburgerstr. 116 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Klaus Meerholz
- Chemistry Department; University of Cologne; Luxemburgerstr. 116 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Hartmut Krüger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research; Geiselbergstr. 69 14469 Potsdam Germany
| | - Silvia Janietz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research; Geiselbergstr. 69 14469 Potsdam Germany
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13
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Tran-Cong-Miyata Q. In Focus section: Polymer Research at Kyoto Institute of Technology (KIT), Japan. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qui Tran-Cong-Miyata
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki Kyoto 606-858 JAPAN
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Sub-Millisecond Response Time in a Photorefractive Composite Operating under CW Conditions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30810. [PMID: 27478156 PMCID: PMC4967859 DOI: 10.1038/srep30810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive study of photorefractive polymeric composites photosensitized with semiconductor nanocrystals has yielded data indicating that the inclusion of such nanocrystals enhances the charge-carrier mobility, and subsequently leads to a reduction in the photorefractive response time. Unfortunately, the included nanocrystals may also act as a source of deep traps, resulting in diminished diffraction efficiencies as well as reduced two beam coupling gain coefficients. Nonetheless, previous studies indicate that this problem is mitigated through the inclusion of semiconductor nanocrystals possessing a relatively narrow band-gap. Here, we fully exploit this property by doping PbS nanocrystals into a newly formulated photorefractive composite based on molecular triphenyldiamine photosensitized with C60. Through this approach, response times of 399 μs are observed, opening the door for video and other high-speed applications. It is further demonstrated that this improvement in response time occurs with little sacrifice in photorefractive efficiency, with internal diffraction efficiencies of 72% and two-beam-coupling gain coefficients of 500 cm−1 being measured. A thorough analysis of the experimental data is presented, supporting the hypothesized mechanism of enhanced charge mobility without the accompaniment of superfluous traps. It is anticipated that this approach can play a significant role in the eventual commercialization of this class of materials.
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