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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Wang H, Ai L, Song Z, Nie M, Xiao J, Li G, Lu S. Surface Modification Functionalized Carbon Dots. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302383. [PMID: 37681290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) smaller than 10 nm constitute a new type of fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterial. They have attracted much attention owing to their unique structures and excellent photoelectric properties. Primitive CDs usually comprise carbon and oxygen and are synthesized in one step from various natural products or synthetic organic compounds, usually via microwave or hydrothermal methods. However, the uniformity of surface functional groups often make CDs lack the diversity of active sites required for specific applications. Therefore, the functionalization of CDs by specific groups is a powerful strategy for improving their photophysical and photochemical properties. This paper reviews surface modification strategies to overcome these shortcomings. Functionalizing CDs using covalent or non-covalent modification can give them unique properties and broaden their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Lin Ai
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Nie
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Jiping Xiao
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Li
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
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3
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Zhao C, Sun S, Li S, Lv A, Chen Q, Jiang K, Jiang Z, Li Z, Wu A, Lin H. Programmed Stimuli-Responsive Carbon Dot-Nanogel Hybrids for Imaging-Guided Enhanced Tumor Phototherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10142-10153. [PMID: 35175020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For harmonizing the contradiction of nanotheranostic agents between enhanced tumor accumulation and penetration, efficient cell internalization and fast elimination are key tactics for promoting their clinical applications. Herein, programmed stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-carbon dot (PNIPAM-CD) hybrid nanogels are designed to address the abovementioned conflicts. The enlarged particle size of PNIPAM-CDs enables one to effectively improve their accumulation at tumor sites. Once the hybrid nanogels are docked in tumors and exposed to deep-red-light (660 nm) irradiation, heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated from the CDs, consequently activating photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects and meanwhile inducing partial degradation of PNIPAM-CDs for deep tissue penetration. Further, enhanced cellular internalization of the functional components can be achieved owing to the pH-responsive charge reversal and temperature-dependent hydrophilic/hydrophobic conversion characteristics of PNIPAM-CDs. Finally, the overexpressed glutathione (GSH) in tumor cells would trigger further cleavage of the partially degraded hybrid nanogels, which is beneficial for their rapid clearance from the body. This work not only proposed a novel strategy to fabricate nanotheranostic agents using just a single functional component (i.e., the versatile CDs) to simplify the preparation process but also achieved effective delivery of agents into tumor cells by overcoming the multiple biological barriers to enhance therapeutic efficacy and decrease side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-Responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Life Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shan Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-Responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Si Li
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-Responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - A'man Lv
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Zhenqi Jiang
- School of Life Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hengwei Lin
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-Responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Wareing TC, Gentile P, Phan AN. Biomass-Based Carbon Dots: Current Development and Future Perspectives. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15471-15501. [PMID: 34559522 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots have been considered as a solution to the challenges that semiconductor quantum dots have encountered because they are more biocompatible and can be synthesized from abundant and nontoxic materials such as biomass. This review will highlight the advantages of these biomass-based carbon dots in terms of synthesis, properties, and applications in the biomedical field. Furthermore, future applications especially in the biomedical field of biomass-based carbon dots as well as the challenges of semiconductor quantum dots such as biocompatibility, photobleaching, environmental challenges, toxicity, and poor solubility will be discussed in detail. Biomass-derived quantum dots, a subsection of carbon dots that are the most desirable for future research, will be focused upon including from synthesis to applications. Finally, the future development of biomass derived quantum dots in the biomedical field will be discussed and evaluated to unlock the potential for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Wareing
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anh N Phan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Zhao D, Ma W, Wang R, Yang X, Li J, Qiu T, Xiao X. The Preparation of Green Fluorescence-Emissioned Carbon Dots/Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogels and Research on Their Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1171. [PMID: 31373306 PMCID: PMC6680904 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence/temperature-sensitive hydrogels, thanks to their properties in fluorescence and temperature sensitivity, have shown a promising outlook in the fields of drug delivery, cell imaging, etc., and thus become the focus of present research. This paper reports the preparation of green-fluorescence/temperature-sensitive hydrogels through one-step radical polymerization with green fluorescence-emissioned carbon dots as fluorescence probes and N-isopropylacrylamide as a monomer. UV-vis spectra, fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence microscope imaging have been used to characterize the prepared hydrogel, and to study their optical and temperature-sensitive properties. It was discovered that the emission of prepared hydrogel is excitation wavelength-dependent, pH responding, and excellent temperature-sensitive, as well as having good biocompatibility. The prepared hydrogel can also be applied as fluorescence ink in the fields of anti-counterfeit identification and appraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenting Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Information Center, Shanghai Institude of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xincai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Surface modification and chemical functionalization of carbon dots: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:424. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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