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Zhou B, Zheng C, Zhang R, Xue S, Zheng B, Shen H, Sheng Y, Zhang H. Graphene Oxide-Enhanced and Dynamically Crosslinked Bio-Elastomer for Poly(lactic acid) Modification. Molecules 2024; 29:2539. [PMID: 38893416 PMCID: PMC11173449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Being a bio-sourced and biodegradable polymer, polylactic acid (PLA) has been considered as one of the most promising substitutes for petroleum-based plastics. However, its wide application is greatly limited by its very poor ductility, which has driven PLA-toughening modifications to be a topic of increasing research interest in the past decade. Toughening enhancement is achieved often at the cost of a large sacrifice in strength, with the toughness-strength trade-off having remained as one of the main bottlenecks of PLA modification. In the present study, a bio-elastomeric material of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) crosslinked with sebacic acid (SA) and enhanced by graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (NPs) was employed to toughen PLA with the purpose of simultaneously preserving strength and achieving additional functions. The even dispersion of GO NPs in ESO was aided by ultrasonication and guaranteed during the following ESO-SA crosslinking with GO participating in the carboxyl-epoxy reaction with both ESO and SA, resulting in a nanoparticle-enhanced and dynamically crosslinked elastomer (GESO) via a β-hydroxy ester. GESO was then melt-blended with PLA, with the interfacial reaction between ESO and PLA offering good compatibility. The blend morphology, and thermal and mechanical properties, etc., were evaluated and GESO was found to significantly toughen PLA while preserving its strength, with the GO loading optimized at ~0.67 wt%, which gave an elongation at break of ~274.5% and impact strength of ~10.2 kJ/m2, being 31 times and 2.5 times higher than pure PLA, respectively. Moreover, thanks to the presence of dynamic crosslinks and GO NPs, the PLA-GESO blends exhibited excellent shape memory effect and antistatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China (Y.S.)
| | - Cunai Zheng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China (Y.S.)
| | - Ruanquan Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China (Y.S.)
| | - Shuyuan Xue
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China (Y.S.)
| | - Botuo Zheng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China (Y.S.)
| | - Hang Shen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Sheng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China (Y.S.)
| | - Huagui Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China (Y.S.)
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Cetiner B, Sahin Dundar G, Yusufoglu Y, Saner Okan B. Sustainable Engineered Design and Scalable Manufacturing of Upcycled Graphene Reinforced Polylactic Acid/Polyurethane Blend Composites Having Shape Memory Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051085. [PMID: 36904326 PMCID: PMC10007146 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Material design in shape memory polymers (SMPs) carries significant importance in attaining high performance and adjusting the interface between additive and host polymer matrix to increase the degree of recovery. Herein, the main challenge is to enhance the interfacial interactions to provide reversibility during deformation. The present work describes a newly designed composite structure by manufacturing a high-degree biobased and thermally induced shape memory polylactic acid (PLA)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blend incorporated with graphene nanoplatelets obtained from waste tires. In this design, blending with TPU enhances flexibility, and adding GNP provides functionality in terms of mechanical and thermal properties by enhancing circularity and sustainability approaches. The present work provides a scalable compounding approach for industrial applications of GNP at high shear rates during the melt mixing of single/blend polymer matrices. By evaluating the mechanical performance of the PLA and TPU blend composite composition at a 9:1 weight percentage, the optimum GNP amount was defined as 0.5 wt%. The flexural strength of the developed composite structure was enhanced by 24% and the thermal conductivity by 15%. In addition, a 99.8% shape fixity ratio and a 99.58% recovery ratio were attained within 4 min, resulting in the spectacular enhancement of GNP attainment. This study provides an opportunity to understand the acting mechanism of upcycled GNP in improving composite formulations and to develop a new perspective on the sustainability of PLA/TPU blend composites with an increased biobased degree and shape memory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Cetiner
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Manufacturing Technologies, Sabanci University, Teknopark Istanbul, Istanbul 34906, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Gulayse Sahin Dundar
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Manufacturing Technologies, Sabanci University, Teknopark Istanbul, Istanbul 34906, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yusufoglu
- Adel Kalemcilik Ticaret ve Sanayi A.S., Kocaeli 41480, Turkey
| | - Burcu Saner Okan
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Manufacturing Technologies, Sabanci University, Teknopark Istanbul, Istanbul 34906, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Correspondence:
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Marques M, Gonçalves LFFF, Martins CI, Vale M, Duarte FM. Effect of polymer type on the properties of polypropylene composites with high loads of spent coffee grounds. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 154:232-244. [PMID: 36274433 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The main focus of this work is to study the processability and characteristics of highly loaded spent coffee grounds (SCG) thermoplastic polymer composites, for sustainable applications. SCG powder was characterized in terms of size distribution, moisture, morphology and thermal stability. Polymer/SCG composites were prepared by extrusion compounding. Polypropylene (PP) homopolymer and copolymer were used as the polymeric matrix. Upon compounding by extrusion composites were injection moulded and characterized for its physical, morphological and mechanical properties in order to determine the effect of polymer type and filler content. Morphological characteristics of the composites were investigated using optical microscopy and SEM analysis. The results for PP homopolymer showed little deterioration of the mechanical properties when using the highest SCG load. In the case of PP homopolymer, the greatest variations occurred when increasing from 0 to 20 %. With higher SCG loads, the measured properties changed little. PP copolymer showed a more continuous pattern of properties decay with increasing SCG load, especially for tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength. Regarding PP copolymer, with maximum SCG load, the tensile strength decreased from 26.8 GPa (neat PP) to 10.8 GPa, the elongation at break showed a drop of more than 95 %, while the Young's modulus increased from 800 MPa to 1160 MPa. This research work has shown that SCG can be used as fillers in the preparation of environmentally friendly composites with SCG load up to 60 wt% thus contributing to the reuse of waste generated by the coffee industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marques
- IPC-Institute of Polymer and Composites, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luis F F F Gonçalves
- IPC-Institute of Polymer and Composites, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Carla I Martins
- IPC-Institute of Polymer and Composites, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mário Vale
- IPC-Institute of Polymer and Composites, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Duarte
- IPC-Institute of Polymer and Composites, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
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Dündar GŞ, Saner Okan B. An efficient interface model to develop scalable methodology of melt processing of polypropylene with graphene oxide produced by an improved and eco‐friendly electrochemical exfoliation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gülayşe Şahin Dündar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and NanoEngineering Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence Istanbul Turkey
| | - Burcu Saner Okan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and NanoEngineering Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence Istanbul Turkey
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Girginer Ozunlu B, Guner FS. An Industrial Case for Polypropylene Nanocomposite Foams: Lightweight, Soundproof Exterior Automotive Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061192. [PMID: 35335521 PMCID: PMC8950144 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lightweighting is a challenge for the automotive industry, and foaming is a key technology used to address this problem. A new practical approach is studied to regulate the cell formation of copolymer polypropylene (co-PP) by utilizing graphene nanoplatelets (xGnP) as a process aid during foam injection molding. The approach was designed to enable process freedom to tune part performance by adjusting the amount of xGnP masterbatch. Two different levels of 1–2 wt % xGnP and 0.25–0.35 wt % supercritical fluid (SCF) were investigated. Prepared samples were compared with samples prepared by the traditional method (twin-screw extrusion followed by foam injection molding). The nanocomposite with 2 wt % xGnP comparatively showed about twofold reduction in cell size magnitude. Although the increment in SCF amount resulted in a 47% and 122% enhancement in flexural modulus and strength, respectively, and a 45% loss in Izod unnotched impact strength, the cell size was prone to increasing with regard to low melt strength as compared to neat foams. In conclusion, a 12% weight reduction fulfilled the desired performance parameters in terms of mechanical and sound insulation by utilizing 2 wt % xGnP as a process aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Girginer Ozunlu
- Material Science and Engineering Department, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34467, Turkey;
- Farplas Automotive R&D Center, Cayirova 41420, Turkey
| | - Fatma Seniha Guner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Techical University, Istanbul 34467, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-212-2852925
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Sisti L, Totaro G, Celli A, Giorgini L, Ligi S, Vannini M. Bio-Based Furan-Polyesters/Graphene Nanocomposites Prepared by In Situ Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091377. [PMID: 33922501 PMCID: PMC8122970 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ intercalative polymerization has been investigated as a strategic way to obtain poly(propylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PPF) and poly(hexamethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PHF) nanocomposites with different graphene types and amounts. Graphene (G) has been dispersed in surfactant stabilized water suspensions. The loading range in composites was 0.25–0.75 wt %. For the highest composition, a different type of graphene (XT500) dispersed in 1,3 propanediol, containing a 6% of oxidized graphene and without surfactant has been also tested. The results showed that the amorphous PPF is able to crystallize during heating scan in DSC and graphene seems to affect such capability: G hinders the polymer chains in reaching an ordered state, showing even more depressed cold crystallization and melting. On the contrary, such hindering effect is absent with XT500, which rather induces the opposite. Concerning the thermal stability, no improvement has been induced by graphene, even if the onset degradation temperatures remain high for all the materials. A moderate enhancement in mechanical properties is observed in PPF composite with XT500, and especially in PHF composite, where a significative increase of 10–20% in storage modulus E’ is maintained in almost all the temperature range. Such an increase is also reflected in a slightly higher heat distortion temperature. These preliminary results can be useful in order to further address the field of application of furan-based polyesters; in particular, they could be promising as packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sisti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, DICAM, Università di Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Grazia Totaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, DICAM, Università di Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-0425
| | - Annamaria Celli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, DICAM, Università di Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Loris Giorgini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Simone Ligi
- Graphene-XT srl Via d’Azeglio, 40123 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Micaela Vannini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, DICAM, Università di Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.); (M.V.)
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Dericiler K, Sadeghi HM, Yagci YE, Sas HS, Saner Okan B. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flow and Alignment Behavior of Waste Tire-Derived Graphene Nanoplatelets in PA66 Matrix during Melt-Mixing and Injection. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060949. [PMID: 33808749 PMCID: PMC8003376 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Homogeneous dispersion of graphene into thermoplastic polymer matrices during melt-mixing is still challenging due to its agglomeration and weak interfacial interactions with the selected polymer matrix. In this study, an ideal dispersion of graphene within the PA66 matrix was achieved under high shear rates by thermokinetic mixing. The flow direction of graphene was monitored by the developed numerical methodology with a combination of its rheological behaviors. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) produced from waste-tire by upcycling and recycling techniques having high oxygen surface functional groups were used to increase the compatibility with PA66 chains. This study revealed that GNP addition increased the crystallization temperature of nanocomposites since it acted as both a nucleating and reinforcing agent. Tensile strength and modulus of PA66 nanocomposites were improved at 30% and 42%, respectively, by the addition of 0.3 wt% GNP. Flexural strength and modulus were reached at 20% and 43%, respectively. In addition, the flow model, which simulates the injection molding process of PA66 resin with different GNP loadings considering the rheological behavior and alignment characteristics of GNP, served as a tool to describe the mechanical performance of these developed GNP based nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuray Dericiler
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Manufacturing Technologies, Sabanci University, 34906 Istanbul, Turkey; (K.D.); (H.M.S.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hadi Mohammadjafari Sadeghi
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Manufacturing Technologies, Sabanci University, 34906 Istanbul, Turkey; (K.D.); (H.M.S.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Emre Yagci
- Farplas Otomotiv A.S., Taysad Organize Sanayi Bölgesi (TOSB), 41420 Kocaeli, Turkey;
| | - Hatice S. Sas
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Manufacturing Technologies, Sabanci University, 34906 Istanbul, Turkey; (K.D.); (H.M.S.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
- Correspondence: (H.S.S.); (B.S.O.)
| | - Burcu Saner Okan
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Manufacturing Technologies, Sabanci University, 34906 Istanbul, Turkey; (K.D.); (H.M.S.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
- Correspondence: (H.S.S.); (B.S.O.)
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Cakal Sarac E, Haghighi Poudeh L, Berktas I, Saner Okan B. Scalable fabrication of high‐performance graphene/polyamide 66 nanocomposites with controllable surface chemistry by melt compounding. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elcin Cakal Sarac
- Kordsa Teknik Tekstil A.S. Teknopark Istanbul Istanbul Pendik Turkey
| | - Leila Haghighi Poudeh
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence Teknopark Istanbul Istanbul Pendik Turkey
| | - Ilayda Berktas
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence Teknopark Istanbul Istanbul Pendik Turkey
| | - Burcu Saner Okan
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence Teknopark Istanbul Istanbul Pendik Turkey
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