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Influence of Thermal Aging on the Combustion Characteristics of Cables in Nuclear Power Plants. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14072003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the combustion characteristics and emission of toxic gases of a non-class 1E cable in a nuclear power plant were investigated with respect to the aging period. A thermal accelerated aging method was applied using the Arrhenius equation with the activation energy of the cables and the aging periods of the cables set to zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40 years old by considering the lifetime of a nuclear power plant. According to ISO 5660-1 and ISO 19702, the cone calorimeter Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test was performed to analyze the combustion characteristics and emission toxicity. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer were used to examine the change in the surface of the sheath and insulation of the cables according to the aging periods. To compare quantitative fire risks at an early period, the fire performance index (FPI) and fire growth index (FGI) are derived from the test results of the ignition time, peak heat release rate (PHRR) and time to PHRR (tPHRR). When comparing FPI and FGI, the fire risks decreased as the aging period increased, which means that early fire risks may be alleviated through the devolatilization of both the sheath and insulation of the cables. However, when comparing heat release and mass loss, which represent the fire risk at the mid and late period, fire intensity and severity increased with the aging period. The emission of toxic gases coincided with the results obtained from the heat release rate, which confirms that the toxicity of non-aged cables is higher than that of aged cables. From the results, it can be concluded that the aging period significantly affects both the combustion characteristics and toxicity of the emission gas. Therefore, cable degradation with aging should be considered when setting up reinforced safety codes and standards for cables and planning proper operation procedures for nuclear power plants.
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Noh J, Kang I, Choi J, Fatima H, Yoo PJ, Oh KW, Park J. Surface modification of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles with hexylphosphoric acid to improve thermal stabilities of polyethylene composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Liu X, Wu W, Qu H, Sun J, Xu J. Flame-Retarding and Mechanical Properties of Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride with Surface-Treated Lamellar Magnesium Hydroxide. J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1123212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zeng HY, Du JZ, Xu S, Liao MC, Liu XJ, Duan HZ, Chen CR. Influences of a glycerin co-solvent on the compatibility of MgAl hydrotalcites with a polypropylene matrix. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09442a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Employment of glycerin during nucleation made the Mg/Al-HT particles decrease in size and become more hydrophobic, which improved the dispersion of the particles in the PP matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- China
| | - Jin-Ze Du
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- China
| | - Sheng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- China
| | - Meng-Chen Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- China
| | - Xiao-Jun Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- China
| | - Heng-Zhi Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- China
| | - Chao-Rong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- China
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Chen YK, Xu CH, Wang YP. Preparation and properties of peroxide dynamically vulcanized polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer/zinc dimethacrylate thermoplastic olefin. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang Z, Zhou C, Cai J, Yan H, Huang X, Yang H, Cheng R. Effects of Macromolecular Compatibilizers Containing Epoxy Groups on the Properties of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene/Magnesium Hydroxide Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100610j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Chengang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Han Yan
- Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Hu Yang
- Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Rongshi Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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Bahattab MA, Mosnáček J, Basfar AA, Shukri TM. Cross-linked poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA)/low density polyethylene (LDPE)/metal hydroxides composites for wire and cable applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-009-0194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lu H, Yang W, Zhou S, Xing W, Song L, Hu Y. Preparation and flammability of EPDM/PP/Mg(OH)2dynamic vulcanizates. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Dong W, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang Q, Gui H, Gao J, Song Z, Lai J, Huang F, Qiao J. Flame retardant nanocomposites of polyamide 6/clay/silicone rubber with high toughness and good flowability. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chang MJ, Tsai JY, Chang CW, Chang HM, Jiang GJ. Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization from Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles to prepare the well-defined polymer-Mg(OH)2 nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Shah GB, Fuzail M. Modification of polyethylene and incorporation of fillers for effective reinforcement of mechanical and better flame retardant properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jia S, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Zhang X, Du Z. A study of ?-radiation-crosslinked HDPE/EPDM composites as flame retardants. POLYM INT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Wang Z, Hu K, Hu Y, Gui Z. Thermal degradation of flame-retarded polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) elastomer composites. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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