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Torra Moreno M, Canals Sans J, Colomina Fosch MT. Behavioral and Cognitive Interventions With Digital Devices in Subjects With Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:647399. [PMID: 33927655 PMCID: PMC8076520 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, digital devices have been progressively introduced in rehabilitation programs and have affected skills training methods used with children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID). The objective of this review is to assess the effects of the use of digital devices on the cognitive functions and behavioral skills in this population, and to acknowledge their potential as a therapeutic tool. Electronic databases were analyzed until February 2020 using search formulas with free terms related to ID and the use of digital systems with children or adolescents. The risk of bias in randomized controlled trials was assessed by means of the modified Cochrane Collaboration tool and the quality level of the non-randomized studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Forty-four studies were analyzed, most of which were categorized as low quality. Of the executive function studies analyzed, 60% reported significant improvements, most commonly related to working memory. Within the cognitive skills, 47% of the studies analyzed reported significant improvements, 30% of them in language. Significant improvements in the social (50%) and behavioral domains (30%) were also reported. These results suggest that digital interventions are effective in improving working memory and academic skills, and positively affect both the social and behavioral domains. Little information has been published regarding the duration of the effects, which could be limited in time. Further research is necessary to assess long-term effectiveness, the influence of comorbidities, and the effects on subjects with severe ID. The inclusion of smartphones and special education centers is also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torra Moreno
- Jeroni de Moragas Private Fundation, Tarragona, Spain
- Jeroni de Moragas Association, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josefa Canals Sans
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Colomina Fosch
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
- Research Group in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Tarragona, Spain
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McGoldrick C, Crawford S, Evans JJ. MindMate: A single case experimental design study of a reminder system for people with dementia. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2019; 31:18-38. [PMID: 31429370 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2019.1653936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory difficulties are commonly reported in people with dementia. The evidence supporting the use of prospective memory devices among the dementia population remains limited. MindMate is a recently developed smart device application that aims to support individuals with a diagnosis of dementia, improving self-management skills and quality of life. This study investigated the effectiveness and usability of the reminder tool on the MindMate application as a memory aid. Three participants with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease were recruited to this multiple baseline single-case experimental design study. Partners of the participants recorded their performance on everyday tasks on weekly monitoring forms during a baseline phase (between five and seven weeks) and during the intervention phase (five weeks) whilst using MindMate. Two participants successfully used the app throughout the intervention weeks and gave positive usability ratings. Tau-U analysis showed a significant increase in memory performance between baseline and intervention phase (Tau-U = 1, 0.94, p < .01). A third participant withdrew from the intervention phase following difficulties turning off the reminders and frustrations with the reminder alert sound. For two of the three participants, use of MindMate was feasible and effective in supporting remembering of everyday tasks compared to practice as usual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire McGoldrick
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephanie Crawford
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Older People's Psychology Service, Greenock, UK
| | - Jonathan J Evans
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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Walker Z, Lee SJE, Wienke W, Tan DS. A review of interview preparation via virtual and mixed reality for individuals with intellectual and developmental disorder. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/jvr-191028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Walker
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sheena J. E. Lee
- Early Childhood and Special Needs Education Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilfred Wienke
- Department of Exceptional Education, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Desiree S. Tan
- Early Childhood and Special Needs Education Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Singapore, Singapore
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Collins JC, Collet-Klingenberg L. Portable electronic assistive technology to improve vocational task completion in young adults with an intellectual disability: A review of the literature. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2018; 22:213-232. [PMID: 28125942 DOI: 10.1177/1744629516689336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes a review of empirical literature from 2000 to 2015 that involved the use of specific portable technology to support persons with an intellectual disability in completing work-related tasks. Nineteen studies were identified for review, with an emphasis on the identification of (a) the characteristics of participants and settings, (b) the types of portable technology and prompting formats used, (c) the research designs utilized, (d) the independent and dependent variables, (e) the measures of reliability and validity, and (f) the overall effectiveness of the interventions. The authors provide an interpretation of the findings as well as the implications of the results and recommended areas for future research.
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Lancioni GE, Singh NN, O'Reilly MF, Sigafoos J, Alberti G, Zimbaro C, Chiariello V. Using Smartphones to Help People with Intellectual and Sensory Disabilities Perform Daily Activities. Front Public Health 2017; 5:282. [PMID: 29114539 PMCID: PMC5660726 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability and sensory impairments often fail to take initiative in starting and carrying out daily activities, with negative consequences for their occupational condition and social status. Their failure seems due to their inability to determine the right time for the activities and to remember all the activity steps. Aim This study assessed a smartphone intervention, which was designed to help eight participants (four presenting with intellectual disability and blindness and four presenting with intellectual disability and hearing impairment) to independently start and carry out daily activities at appropriate times. Method The intervention was introduced according to a non-concurrent multiple baseline design across participants. During the intervention, each participant was provided with a smartphone, which was fitted with the time schedule of his or her activities and the verbal or pictorial instructions for the single steps of those activities. When the time for an activity was reached, the participant was automatically reminded to start that activity and, thereafter, he or she was presented with the instructions for it. Results The use of the smartphone intervention promoted great improvement over the baseline for all participants. That is, the participants managed to (a) independently start the activities at the scheduled times and (b) carry out those activities with high levels of accuracy. Conclusion A smartphone intervention, such as that used in this study, may help people with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability and sensory impairments to successfully engage in daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirbhay N Singh
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | | | - Jeff Sigafoos
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Brown J, Hux K, Hey M, Murphy M. Exploring cognitive support use and preference by college students with TBI: A mixed-methods study. NeuroRehabilitation 2017; 41:483-499. [DOI: 10.3233/nre-162065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brown
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karen Hux
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Morgan Hey
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Madeline Murphy
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a prospective memory aid that combines smartphones with Internet-based calendars among community-dwelling patients with traumatic brain injury. METHOD An uncontrolled pre- and post-assessment design was employed to study the use of unmodified, low-cost, off-the-shelf smartphones combined with Internet-calendars as a compensatory memory strategy in community-dwelling patients with traumatic brain injury. Thirteen participants received a 6-week group-based intervention with pre-, post- and 2-month follow-up-assessments by questionnaires and by daily assessment of target behaviors for 2-week periods. RESULTS Participants reported significantly fewer retro- and prospective memory problems on questionnaires after the intervention and at follow-up with large effect sizes. The performance of target behaviors, however, improved insignificantly with moderate effect sizes. There were no changes in quality of life or symptoms of emotional distress. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to a growing body of evidence that smartphones are a useful compensatory aid in rehabilitation of prospective memory that should routinely be considered in rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury patients. Implication for rehabilitation Smartphones are easy-to-use and accessible assistive technology for compensatory memory rehabilitation to most traumatic brain injury patients. By using low-cost, off-the-shelf devices, the technology becomes available to a broader range of patients. By combining smartphones with Internet-based and cross-platform services (e.g., calendars, contacts) the participants are less device-dependent and less vulnerable to data loss. Smartphones should routinely be considered as compensatory aid in rehabilitation of prospective memory of traumatic brain injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Evald
- a Central Denmark Region , Hammel Neurorehabilitation Centre and University Research Clinic , Hammel , Denmark.,b Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,c Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit (CNRU), CFIN, MINDLAB , Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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Cullen JM, Alber-Morgan SR, Simmons-Reed EA, Izzo MV. Effects of self-directed video prompting using iPads on the vocational task completion of young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/jvr-170873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Cullen
- Department of Special Education, Teacher’s College, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Margo V. Izzo
- Ohio State University Nisonger Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Raskin SA, Smith MP, Mills G, Pedro C, Zamroziewicz M. Prospective memory intervention using visual imagery in individuals with brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2017; 29:289-304. [PMID: 28285571 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1294082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory deficits are common after brain injury and can create impediments to independent living. Most approaches to management of such deficits are compensatory, such as the use of notebooks or electronic devices. While these can be effective, a restorative approach, in theory, could lead to greater generalisation of treatment. In the current study a metacognitive technique, using visual imagery, was employed under conditions of rote repetition and spaced retrieval. Treatment was provided in an AB-BA crossover design with A as the active treatment and B as a no-treatment attention control to 20 individuals with brain injury. A group of 20 healthy participants served to control for effects of re-testing. Individuals with brain injury demonstrated improvement on the main outcome measure of prospective memory, the Memory for Intentions Screening Test, only after the active treatment condition. In addition, some generalisation of treatment was measured in daily life. Moreover, treatment gains were maintained for one year after treatment was completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Raskin
- a Department of Psychology , Trinity College , Hartford , CT , USA.,b Neuroscience Program , Trinity College , Hartford CT , USA
| | - Michael P Smith
- b Neuroscience Program , Trinity College , Hartford CT , USA
| | - Ginger Mills
- c Graduate Institute of Professional Psychology, University of Hartford , Hartford , CT , USA
| | - Consuelo Pedro
- b Neuroscience Program , Trinity College , Hartford CT , USA
| | - Marta Zamroziewicz
- d Decision Laboratory , University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA
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Plackett R, Thomas S, Thomas S. Professionals' views on the use of smartphone technology to support children and adolescents with memory impairment due to acquired brain injury. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2016; 12:236-243. [PMID: 26730647 DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2015.1127436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To identify from a health-care professionals' perspective whether smartphones are used by children and adolescents with acquired brain injury as memory aids; what factors predict smartphone use and what barriers prevent the use of smartphones as memory aids by children and adolescents. Method A cross-sectional online survey was undertaken with 88 health-care professionals working with children and adolescents with brain injury. Results Children and adolescents with brain injury were reported to use smartphones as memory aids by 75% of professionals. However, only 42% of professionals helped their clients to use smartphones. The only factor that significantly predicted reported smartphone use was the professionals' positive attitudes toward assistive technology. Several barriers to using smartphones as memory aids were identified, including the poor accessibility of devices and cost of devices. Conclusion Many children and adolescents with brain injury are already using smartphones as memory aids but this is often not facilitated by professionals. Improving the attitudes of professionals toward using smartphones as assistive technology could help to increase smartphone use in rehabilitation. Implications for Rehabilitation Smartphones could be incorporated into rehabilitation programs for young people with brain injury as socially acceptable compensatory aids. Further training and support for professionals on smartphones as compensatory aids could increase professionals' confidence and attitudes in facilitating the use of smartphones as memory aids. Accessibility could be enhanced by the development of a smartphone application specifically designed to be used by young people with brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Plackett
- a School of Medicine , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Sophie Thomas
- b Paediatric Neuropsychology Department , Nottingham Children's Hospital , Nottingham , UK
| | - Shirley Thomas
- a School of Medicine , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
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Baldwin VN, Powell T. Google Calendar: A single case experimental design study of a man with severe memory problems. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2014; 25:617-36. [PMID: 25263266 PMCID: PMC4487547 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2014.956764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A single case experimental design across behaviours was utilised to explore the effectiveness of Google Calendar text alerts delivered to a mobile phone as a memory aid. The participant was a 43-year-old man (JA) with severe memory problems and executive difficulties caused by a traumatic brain injury (TBI). JA was initially very unwilling to use any memory aid and so a detailed assessment of his beliefs about memory aids, his cognitive difficulties and his social context was performed and a set of specifications for an aid was produced collaboratively. Six weeks of baseline data and six weeks of intervention data were collected for three target memory behaviours and three control memory behaviours. Results were analysed using nonoverlap of all pairs (NAP) analysis which showed a reduction in forgetting in the three target behaviours and no change in two of the three control behaviours. A subjective measure (the revised Everyday Memory Questionnaire) also suggested improvement. This study illustrates that Google Calendar is a highly effective memory aid and emphasises the importance of choosing a memory aid to suit the person's lifestyle and beliefs.
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Stock SE, Davies DK, Gillespie T. The State of the Field in Applied Cognitive Technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1352/2326-6988-01.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Applied Cognitive Technologies provide supports that enable people with cognitive disabilities to achieve greater inclusion across virtually all life domains. This article provides a snapshot, as it were, of the state of the field pertaining to critical areas of the newly emerging field of applied cognitive technology, specifically: smartphones/mobile devices, GPS and wayfinding technologies, web access, smart homes/remote monitoring, apps and cloud computing, and social media/social networks. In addition to practical information intended to be of use to people with disabilities and their support systems, recommendations for further research areas are presented throughout the article to encourage other researchers, graduate students, and others interested in furthering the field. A conclusion section discusses the overall state of adoption and further research needs to continue pursuit of the potential of widespread benefit from a field of applied cognitive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Stock
- Steven E. Stock, , AbleLink Technologies, 618 North Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80903; Daniel K. Davies, AbleLink Technologies; Thomas Gillespie, Hammer Residences, Inc
| | - Daniel K. Davies
- Steven E. Stock, , AbleLink Technologies, 618 North Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80903; Daniel K. Davies, AbleLink Technologies; Thomas Gillespie, Hammer Residences, Inc
| | - Thomas Gillespie
- Steven E. Stock, , AbleLink Technologies, 618 North Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80903; Daniel K. Davies, AbleLink Technologies; Thomas Gillespie, Hammer Residences, Inc
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Abstract
The relationship between assistive technology for cognition (ATC) and cognitive function was examined using a systematic review. A literature search identified 89 publications reporting 91 studies of an ATC intervention in a clinical population. The WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was used to categorize the cognitive domains being assisted and the tasks being performed. Results show that ATC have been used to effectively support cognitive functions relating to attention, calculation, emotion, experience of self, higher level cognitive functions (planning and time management) and memory. The review makes three contributions: (1) It reviews existing ATC in terms of cognitive function, thus providing a framework for ATC prescription on the basis of a profile of cognitive deficits, (2) it introduces a new classification of ATC based on cognitive function, and (3) it identifies areas for future ATC research and development.
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Pauly-Takacs K, Moulin CJA, Estlin EJ. SenseCam as a rehabilitation tool in a child with anterograde amnesia. Memory 2011; 19:705-12. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2010.494046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ho J, Epps A, Parry L, Poole M, Lah S. Rehabilitation of everyday memory deficits in paediatric brain injury: Self-instruction and diary training. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2011; 21:183-207. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2010.547345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de Joode E, van Heugten C, Verhey F, van Boxtel M. Efficacy and usability of assistive technology for patients with cognitive deficits: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2010; 24:701-14. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215510367551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the efficacy of portable electronic aids such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers or mobile phones for patients with cognitive deficits by means of a systematic review. The usability of these aids is also briefly discussed. Data sources: PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched up to February 2009. The references of identified and relevant articles were scanned to find additional relevant titles. Review methods: Papers referring to ‘electronic aids’, ‘cognition’ and ‘brain injury’ were included. The population had to be adult and have cognitive impairments as a result of acquired brain injury. Outcome measures were change in cognitive or occupational performance or the level of participation in daily life. The criteria of Cicerone et al. were used to evaluate the quality of the retrieved studies. Results: Twenty-eight papers presenting 25 studies were reviewed. The total number of participants was 423. Most identified papers described case reports or non-randomized clinical trials. Only one randomized controlled trial was identified, in which the NeuroPage proved effective in supporting prospective memory. Other kinds of assistive technology such as PDAs and voice recorders showed positive results in supporting retrospective and prospective memory. Conclusion: The efficacy of assistive technology in general is not yet sufficiently studied in randomized controlled trials, although promising results has been reported. Furthermore, several survey studies established that both potential users and clinicians have optimistic expectations about the usability of assistive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsbeth de Joode
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Division Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands,
| | - Caroline van Heugten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Division Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Verhey
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Division Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Boxtel
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Division Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Valkila N, Saari A. The productivity impact of the voice link between elderly and nurses: an assisted living facility pilot. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010; 52:e44-9. [PMID: 20627429 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to test the use of a voice link between elderly and the caregivers. The new technology replaced the previous system of summoning assistance through activating a corridor-based visual alarm signal in an assisted living facility. The voice link made it possible for caregivers to delay attending to the resident until a more suitable time. In 76% of alarm calls, visits to attend to residents could have been conveniently delayed until a later time, and in 40% of the alarms the caregiver did do just this. Moreover, the installation of the new voice link system resulted in a reduction of nearly 60% in the number of alarm calls. The caregivers felt that the voice link had helped them in their work. The study provides ideas and material on how to undertake further studies on the impact of other examples of new care giving technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Valkila
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Technology, Aalto University, Box 12100, 000076 Aalto, Finland
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Thatcher KL, Fletcher K, Decker B. Communication disorders in the school: Perspectives on academic and social success an introduction. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.20310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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