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Hastwell AH, Chu X, Liu Y, Ferguson BJ. The parallel narrative of RGF/GLV/CLEL peptide signalling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00211-5. [PMID: 39322488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant peptide families share distinct characteristics, and many members are in homologous signalling pathways controlling development and responses to external signals. The root meristem growth factor (RGF) peptides/GOLVEN (GLV)/CLAVATA3-ESR-related like (CLEL) are a family of short signalling peptides that are derived from a precursor protein and undergo post-translational modifications. Their role in root meristem development is well established and recent efforts have identified subtilase processing pathways and several downstream signalling components. This discovery has enabled the convergence of previously distinct pathways and enhanced our understanding of plant developmental processes. Here, we review the structure-function relationship of RGF peptides, the post-translational modification pathways, and the downstream signalling mechanisms and highlight components of these pathways that are known in non-RGF-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H Hastwell
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Xitong Chu
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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2
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Palit S, Bhide AJ, Mohanasundaram B, Pala M, Banerjee AK. Peptides from conserved tandem direct repeats of SHORT-LEAF regulate gametophore development in moss P. patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:434-455. [PMID: 37770073 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Tandem direct repeat (TDR)-containing proteins, present across all domains of life, play crucial roles in plant development and defense mechanisms. Previously, we identified that disruption of a bryophyte-specific protein family, SHORT-LEAF (SHLF), possessing the longest reported TDRs, is the cause of the shlf mutant phenotype in Physcomitrium patens. shlf exhibits reduced apical dominance, altered auxin distribution, and 2-fold shorter leaves. However, the molecular role of SHLF was unclear due to the absence of known conserved domains. Through a series of protein domain deletion analyses, here, we demonstrate the importance of the signal peptide and the conserved TDRs and report a minimal functional protein (miniSHLF) containing the N-terminal signal peptide and first two TDRs (N-TDR1-2). We also demonstrate that SHLF behaves as a secretory protein and that the TDRs contribute to a pool of secreted peptides essential for SHLF function. Further, we identified that the mutant secretome lacks SHLF peptides, which are abundant in WT and miniSHLF secretomes. Interestingly, shlf mutants supplemented with the secretome or peptidome from WT or miniSHLF showed complete or partial phenotypic recovery. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that shlf displays an elevated stress response, including high ROS activity and differential accumulation of genes and metabolites involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which may affect auxin distribution. The TDR-specific synthetic peptide SHLFpep3 (INIINAPLQGFKIA) also rescued the mutant phenotypes, including the altered auxin distribution, in a dosage-dependent manner and restored the mutant's stress levels. Our study shows that secretory SHLF peptides derived from conserved TDRs regulate moss gametophore development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsa Palit
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER-Pune), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Maharashtra, Pune 411008, India
| | - Amey J Bhide
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER-Pune), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Maharashtra, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Madhusmita Pala
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER-Pune), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Maharashtra, Pune 411008, India
| | - Anjan K Banerjee
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER-Pune), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Maharashtra, Pune 411008, India
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3
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Ren X, Chen J, Chen S, Zhang H, Li L. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) Gene Family in Foxtail Millet ( Setaria italica L.). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2046. [PMID: 38002989 PMCID: PMC10671770 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) genes encode signaling peptides that play important roles in various developmental and physiological processes. However, the systematic identification and characterization of CLE genes in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) remain limited. In this study, we identified and characterized 41 SiCLE genes in the foxtail millet genome. These genes were distributed across nine chromosomes and classified into four groups, with five pairs resulting from gene duplication events. SiCLE genes within the same phylogenetic group shared similar gene structure and motif patterns, while 34 genes were found to be single-exon genes. All SiCLE peptides harbored the conserved C-terminal CLE domain, with highly conserved positions in the CLE core sequences shared among foxtail millet, Arabidopsis, rice, and maize. The SiCLE genes contained various cis-elements, including five plant hormone-responsive elements. Notably, 34 SiCLE genes possessed more than three types of phytohormone-responsive elements on their promoters. Comparative analysis revealed higher collinearity between CLE genes in maize and foxtail millet, which may be because they are both C4 plants. Tissue-specific expression patterns were observed, with genes within the same group exhibiting similar and specific expression profiles. SiCLE32 and SiCLE41, classified in Group D, displayed relatively high expression levels in all tissues except panicles. Most SiCLE genes exhibited low expression levels in young panicles, while SiCLE6, SiCLE24, SiCLE25, and SiCLE34 showed higher expression in young panicles, with SiCLE24 down-regulated during later panicle development. Greater numbers of SiCLE genes exhibited higher expression in roots, with SiCLE7, SiCLE22, and SiCLE36 showing the highest levels and SiCLE36 significantly down-regulated after abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Following treatments with ABA, 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3), most SiCLE genes displayed down-regulation followed by subsequent recovery, while jasmonic acid (JA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) treatments led to upregulation at 30 min in leaves. Moreover, identical hormone treatments elicited different expression patterns of the same genes in leaves and stems. This comprehensive study enhances our understanding of the SiCLE gene family and provides a foundation for further investigations into the functions and evolution of SiCLE genes in foxtail millet.
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Kang J, Wang X, Ishida T, Grienenberger E, Zheng Q, Wang J, Zhang Y, Chen W, Chen M, Song XF, Wu C, Hu Z, Jia L, Li C, Liu CM, Fletcher JC, Sawa S, Wang G. A group of CLE peptides regulates de novo shoot regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2300-2312. [PMID: 35642449 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Known for their regulatory roles in stem cell homeostasis, CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED (CLE) peptides also function as mediators of external stimuli such as hormones. De novo shoot regeneration, representing the remarkable plant cellular plasticity, involves reconstitution of stem cells under control of stem-cell regulators. Yet whether and how stem cell-regulating CLE peptides are implicated in plant regeneration remains unknown. By CRISPR/Cas9-induced loss-of-function studies, peptide application, precursor overexpression, and expression analyses, the role of CLE1-CLE7 peptides and their receptors in de novo shoot regeneration was studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. CLE1-CLE7 are induced by callus-induction medium and dynamically expressed in pluripotent callus. Exogenously-applied CLE1-CLE7 peptides or precursor overexpression effectively leads to shoot regeneration suppression, whereas their simultaneous mutation results in enhanced regenerative capacity, demonstrating that CLE1-CLE7 peptides redundantly function as negative regulators of de novo shoot regeneration. CLE1-CLE7-mediated shoot regeneration suppression is impaired in loss-of-function mutants of callus-expressed CLAVATA1 (CLV1) and BARELY ANY MERISTEM1 (BAM1) genes, indicating that CLV1/BAM1 are required for CLE1-CLE7-mediated shoot regeneration signaling. CLE1-CLE7 signaling resulted in transcriptional repression of WUSCHEL (WUS), a stem cell-promoting transcription factor known as a principal regulator of plant regeneration. Our results indicate that functionally-redundant CLE1-CLE7 peptides genetically act through CLV1/BAM1 receptors and repress WUS expression to modulate shoot-regeneration capacity, establishing the mechanistic basis for CLE1-CLE7-mediated shoot regeneration and a novel role for CLE peptides in hormone-dependent developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Kang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xuening Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Takashi Ishida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Etienne Grienenberger
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS/UC Berkeley, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Qian Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiu-Fen Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Lingyu Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chen Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jennifer C Fletcher
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS/UC Berkeley, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology (IRCAEB), 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Abstract
Peptide signaling is an emerging paradigm in molecular plant-microbe interactions with vast implications for our understanding of plant-nematode interactions and beyond. Plant-like peptide hormones, first discovered in cyst nematodes, are now recognized as an important class of peptide effectors mediating several different types of pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. Here, we summarize what has been learned about nematode-secreted CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) peptide effectors since the last comprehensive review on this topic a decade ago. We also highlight new discoveries of a diverse array of peptide effectors that go beyond the CLE peptide effector family in not only phytonematodes but in organisms beyond the phylum Nematoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Mitchum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; ,
| | - Xunliang Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; ,
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6
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Narasimhan M, Simon R. Spatial range, temporal span, and promiscuity of CLE-RLK signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:906087. [PMID: 36092449 PMCID: PMC9459042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.906087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) signaling through receptor-like kinases (RLKs) regulates developmental transitions and responses to biotic and abiotic inputs by communicating the physiological state of cells and tissues. CLE peptides have varying signaling ranges, which can be defined as the distance between the source, i.e., the cells or tissue that secrete the peptide, and their destination, i.e., cells or tissue where the RLKs that bind the peptide and/or respond are expressed. Case-by-case analysis substantiates that CLE signaling is predominantly autocrine or paracrine, and rarely endocrine. Furthermore, upon CLE reception, the ensuing signaling responses extend from cellular to tissue, organ and whole organism level as the downstream signal gets amplified. CLE-RLK-mediated effects on tissue proliferation and differentiation, or on subsequent primordia and organ development have been widely studied. However, studying how CLE-RLK regulates different stages of proliferation and differentiation at cellular level can offer additional insights into these processes. Notably, CLE-RLK signaling also mediates diverse non-developmental effects, which are less often observed; however, this could be due to biased experimental approaches. In general, CLEs and RLKs, owing to the sequence or structural similarity, are prone to promiscuous interactions at least under experimental conditions in which they are studied. Importantly, there are regulatory mechanisms that suppress CLE-RLK cross-talk in vivo, thereby eliminating the pressure for co-evolving binding specificity. Alternatively, promiscuity in signaling may also offer evolutionary advantages and enable different CLEs to work in combination to activate or switch off different RLK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumitha Narasimhan
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Tsukaya H. The leaf meristem enigma: The relationship between the plate meristem and the marginal meristem. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3194-3206. [PMID: 34289073 PMCID: PMC8505865 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf organogenesis is governed by the spatiotemporal activity of the leaf meristem, which has far greater mitotic activity than the shoot apical meristem. The two types of leaf meristems, the plate meristem and the marginal meristem, are distinguished by the location and longevity of their cell proliferative activity. Most leaf lamina outgrowth depends on the plate meristem. The presence of the marginal meristem was a matter of debate in classic anatomy, but recent genetic analyses of leaf growth in Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed its short-lived activity. Several genes key for the regulation of the two meristem types have been identified, and at least superficially, the systems appear to function independently, as they are regulated by different transcription factors and microRNAs. However, many of the details of these regulatory systems, including how the expression of these key factors is spatially regulated, remain unclear. One major unsolved question is the relationship between the plate meristem and the marginal meristem. Here, I present an overview of our current understanding of this topic and discuss questions that remain to be answered.
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8
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Willoughby AC, Nimchuk ZL. WOX going on: CLE peptides in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102056. [PMID: 34077886 PMCID: PMC8545713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of plant tissues requires cell-cell communication facilitated by chemical and peptide hormones, including small signaling peptides in the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) family. The paradigmatic CLE signaling peptide CLAVATA3 regulates the size of the shoot apical meristem and the expression of the stem cell-promoting WUSCHEL transcription factor through an unknown mechanism. This review discusses recent advances in CLE signaling, showing that CLE pathways are conserved in bryophytes, that CLE peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana regulate stem cell identity and cell division in root tissues, and connections to auxin biosynthesis in regulating flower and leaf development. These advances shed light on potential WUSCHEL family-independent aspects of CLE signaling and the overlap between CLE and auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Willoughby
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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9
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Kriegshauser L, Knosp S, Grienenberger E, Tatsumi K, Gütle DD, Sørensen I, Herrgott L, Zumsteg J, Rose JKC, Reski R, Werck-Reichhart D, Renault H. Function of the HYDROXYCINNAMOYL-CoA:SHIKIMATE HYDROXYCINNAMOYL TRANSFERASE is evolutionarily conserved in embryophytes. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1472-1491. [PMID: 33638637 PMCID: PMC8254490 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant phenylpropanoid pathway generates a major class of specialized metabolites and precursors of essential extracellular polymers that initially appeared upon plant terrestrialization. Despite its evolutionary significance, little is known about the complexity and function of this major metabolic pathway in extant bryophytes, which represent the non-vascular stage of embryophyte evolution. Here, we report that the HYDROXYCINNAMOYL-CoA:SHIKIMATE HYDROXYCINNAMOYL TRANSFERASE (HCT) gene, which plays a critical function in the phenylpropanoid pathway during seed plant development, is functionally conserved in Physcomitrium patens (Physcomitrella), in the moss lineage of bryophytes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that bona fide HCT function emerged in the progenitor of embryophytes. In vitro enzyme assays, moss phenolic pathway reconstitution in yeast and in planta gene inactivation coupled to targeted metabolic profiling, collectively indicate that P. patens HCT (PpHCT), similar to tracheophyte HCT orthologs, uses shikimate as a native acyl acceptor to produce a p-coumaroyl-5-O-shikimate intermediate. Phenotypic and metabolic analyses of loss-of-function mutants show that PpHCT is necessary for the production of caffeate derivatives, including previously reported caffeoyl-threonate esters, and for the formation of an intact cuticle. Deep conservation of HCT function in embryophytes is further suggested by the ability of HCT genes from P. patens and the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha to complement an Arabidopsis thaliana CRISPR/Cas9 hct mutant, and by the presence of phenolic esters of shikimate in representative species of the three bryophyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kriegshauser
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Samuel Knosp
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Grienenberger
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kanade Tatsumi
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Desirée D Gütle
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Laurence Herrgott
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Zumsteg
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS—Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hugues Renault
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Author for correspondence:
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10
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Lin H, Wang W, Chen X, Sun Z, Han X, Wang S, Li Y, Ye W, Yin Z. Molecular Traits and Functional Analysis of the CLAVATA3/Endosperm Surrounding Region-Related Small Signaling Peptides in Three Species of Gossypium Genus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:671626. [PMID: 34149772 PMCID: PMC8213210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The CLAVATA3/endosperm surrounding region-related (CLE) small peptides are a group of C-terminally encoded and post-translationally modified signal molecules involved in regulating the growth and development of various plants. However, the function and evolution of these peptides have so far remained elusive in cotton. In this study, 55, 56, and 86 CLE genes were identified in the Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium hirsutum genomes, respectively, and all members were divided into seven groups. These groups were distinctly different in their protein characteristics, gene structures, conserved motifs, and multiple sequence alignment. Whole genome or segmental duplications played a significant role in the expansion of the CLE family in cotton, and experienced purifying selection during the long evolutionary process in cotton. Cis-acting regulatory elements and transcript profiling revealed that the CLE genes of cotton exist in different tissues, developmental stages, and respond to abiotic stresses. Protein properties, structure prediction, protein interaction network prediction of GhCLE2, GhCLE33.2, and GhCLE28.1 peptides were, respectively, analyzed. In addition, the overexpression of GhCLE2, GhCLE33.2, or GhCLE28.1 in Arabidopsis, respectively, resulted in a distinctive shrub-like dwarf plant, slightly purple leaves, large rosettes with large malformed leaves, and lack of reproductive growth. This study provides important insights into the evolution of cotton CLEs and delineates the functional conservatism and divergence of CLE genes in the growth and development of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lin
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhenting Sun
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiulan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zujun Yin
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
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11
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Ma D, Endo S, Betsuyaku S, Shimotohno A, Fukuda H. CLE2 regulates light-dependent carbohydrate metabolism in Arabidopsis shoots. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:561-574. [PMID: 32980951 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the role of CLE1-CLE7 peptides as environmental mediators and indicated that root-induced CLE2 functions systemically in light-dependent carbohydrate metabolism in shoots. Plants sense environmental stimuli and convert them into cellular signals, which are transmitted to distinct cells and tissues to induce adequate responses. Plant hormones and small secretory peptides often function as environmental stress mediators. In this study, we investigated whether CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED proteins, CLE1-CLE7, which share closely related CLE domains, mediate environmental stimuli in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression analysis of CLE1-CLE7 revealed that these genes respond to different environmental stimuli, such as nitrogen deprivation, nitrogen replenishment, cold, salt, dark, and sugar starvation, in a sophisticated manner. To further investigate the function of CLE2, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing the β-glucuronidase gene under the control of the CLE2 promoter or expressing the CLE2 gene under the control of an estradiol-inducible promoter. We also generated cle2-1 and cle2-2 mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In these transgenic lines, dark induced the expression of CLE2 in the root vasculature. Additionally, induction of CLE2 in roots induced the expression of various genes not only in roots but also in shoots, and genes related to light-dependent carbohydrate metabolism were particularly induced in shoots. In addition, cle2 mutant plants showed chlorosis when subjected to a shade treatment. These results suggest that root-induced CLE2 functions systemically in light-dependent carbohydrate metabolism in shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dichao Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Akie Shimotohno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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12
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Manuela D, Xu M. Patterning a Leaf by Establishing Polarities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:568730. [PMID: 33193497 PMCID: PMC7661387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.568730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the major organ for photosynthesis in most land plants, and leaf structure is optimized for the maximum capture of sunlight and gas exchange. Three polarity axes, the adaxial-abaxial axis, the proximal-distal axis, and the medial-lateral axis are established during leaf development to give rise to a flattened lamina with a large area for photosynthesis and blades that are extended on petioles for maximum sunlight. Adaxial cells are elongated, tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts, and their fate is specified by HD-ZIP III and related factors. Abaxial cells are rounder and loosely packed cells and their fate is established and maintained by YABBY family and KANADI family proteins. The activities of adaxial and abaxial regulators are coordinated by ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 and auxin. Establishment of the proximodistal axis involves the BTB/POZ domain proteins BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 and 2, whereas homeobox genes PRESSED FLOWER and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX1 mediate leaf development along the mediolateral axis. This review summarizes recent advances in leaf polarity establishment with a focus on the regulatory networks involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingli Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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13
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Khan SU, Khan MHU, Ahmar S, Fan C. Comprehensive study and multipurpose role of the CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes family in plant growth and development. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2298-2317. [PMID: 32864739 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The CLAVATA3/endosperm surrounding region-related (CLE) is one of the most important signaling peptides families in plants. These peptides signaling are common in the cell to cell communication and control various physiological and developmental processes, that is cell differentiation and proliferation, self-incompatibility, and the defense response. The CLE signaling systems are conserved across the plant kingdom but have a diverse mode of action in various developmental processes in different species. In this review, we concise various methods of peptides identification, structure, and molecular identity of the CLE family, the developmental role of CLE genes/peptides in plants, environmental stimuli, and CLE family and some other novel progress in CLE genes/peptides in various crops, and so forth. According to previous literature, about 1,628 CLE genes were identified in land plants, which deeply explained the tale of plant development. Nevertheless, some important queries need to be addressed to get clear insights into the CLE gene family in other organisms and their role in various physiological and developmental processes. Furthermore, we summarized the power of the CLE family around the environment as well as bifunctional activity and the crystal structure recognition mechanism of CLE peptides by their receptors and CLE clusters functions. We strongly believed that the discovery of the CLE family in other organisms would provide a significant breakthrough for future revolutionary and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid U Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Hafeez U Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuchuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Whitewoods CD. Evolution of CLE peptide signalling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 109:12-19. [PMID: 32444290 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CLEs are small non-cell autonomous signalling peptides that regulate cell division rate and orientation in a variety of developmental contexts. Recent years have generated a huge amount of research on CLE function across land plants, characterising their role across the whole plant; they control stem cell division in the shoot, root and cambial meristems, balance developmental investment into symbiosis, regulate leaf development, pattern stomata and control axillary branching. They have even been co-opted by parasitic nematodes to mediate infection. This review synthesises these recent findings and embeds them in an evolutionary context, outlining the likely evolution of the CLE signalling pathway. I use this framework to infer common mechanistic themes and pose key future questions for the field.
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15
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Satterlee JW, Scanlon MJ. Coordination of Leaf Development Across Developmental Axes. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100433. [PMID: 31652517 PMCID: PMC6843618 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are initiated as lateral outgrowths from shoot apical meristems throughout the vegetative life of the plant. To achieve proper developmental patterning, cell-type specification and growth must occur in an organized fashion along the proximodistal (base-to-tip), mediolateral (central-to-edge), and adaxial–abaxial (top-bottom) axes of the developing leaf. Early studies of mutants with defects in patterning along multiple leaf axes suggested that patterning must be coordinated across developmental axes. Decades later, we now recognize that a highly complex and interconnected transcriptional network of patterning genes and hormones underlies leaf development. Here, we review the molecular genetic mechanisms by which leaf development is coordinated across leaf axes. Such coordination likely plays an important role in ensuring the reproducible phenotypic outcomes of leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Satterlee
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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16
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Hirakawa Y, Sawa S. Diverse function of plant peptide hormones in local signaling and development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 51:81-87. [PMID: 31132657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptide hormones have emerged as an important class of signaling molecules that mediate developmental signals between plant cells. Membrane-bound receptors bind specific extracellular peptide ligands to mediate communication between cells. In this review, we summarize novel peptide hormones identified in recent studies with an emphasis on their molecular structures. By focusing on the CLE family peptides, we will describe the details of their physiological roles in various plant species, which include Arabidopsis, crop species, and bryophyte models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirakawa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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