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Grewal SK, Gill RK, Virk HK, Bhardwaj RD. Effect of herbicide stress on synchronization of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:402-414. [PMID: 36758288 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Weed invasion causes significant yield losses in lentil. Imazethapyr (IM), a broad-spectrum herbicide inhibits the biosynthesis of branched chain amino acids necessary for plant growth. Plant growth depends upon translocation of photo-assimilates and their partitioning regulated by carbon and nitrogen metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the impact of imazethapyr spray on carbon and nitrogen metabolism in tolerant (LL1397 and LL1612) and susceptible (FLIP2004-7L and PL07) lentil genotypes during vegetative and reproductive development. Significantly higher activities of invertases and sucrose synthase (cleavage) in leaves and in podwall and seeds during early phase of development in tolerant genotypes were observed as compared to susceptible genotypes under herbicide stress that might be responsible for providing hexoses required for their growth. Activities of sucrose synthesizing enzymes, sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase (synthesis) increased significantly in podwalls and seeds of LL1397 and LL1612 genotypes during later phase of development towards maturity while the activities decreased in FLIP2004-7L and PL07 genotypes under herbicide stress. Activities of nitrate and nitrite reductase, glutamine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase were increased in leaves, podwalls and seeds of LL1397 and LL1612 under herbicide stress. A proper synchronization of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in tolerant lentil genotypes during vegetative and reproductive phase might be one of the mechanisms for their recovery from herbicide stress. This first ever comprehensive information will provide a basis for future studies on the molecular mechanism of source sink relationship in lentil under herbicide stress and will be utilized in breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvir Kaur Grewal
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
| | - Ranjit Kaur Gill
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur Virk
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rachana D Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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Grewal SK, Gill RK. Insights into carbon and nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant potential during vegetative phase in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1301-1319. [PMID: 35064825 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to understand the impact of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in quinoa genotypes IC411824, IC411825, EC507747 and EC507742 during pre-anthesis stage. It was observed that activities of acid invertase, sucrose synthase (cleavage) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) increased up to 75 days after sowing (DAS) and this might be responsible for providing reducing sugars for the development of vegetative parts. Enhanced activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase, glutamine synthetase during vegetative growth of leaves and stem at 90 DAS assist the fixation of ammonia on glutamate molecule to synthesize amino acids at early stages. However, the glutamate dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase play a central role in the re-assimilation of amides from the amino group of asparaginase. As a result, these photosynthetic products will be responsible for providing both the energy and the C-skeletons for ammonium assimilation during amino acid biosynthesis. Leaves and stem of IC411824 and IC411825 had higher total phenol and total flavonoid content. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was found to be higher in leaves of IC411825 and in stem of IC411824 and IC411825 indicating their capability to act as natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvir Kaur Grewal
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Ranjit Kaur Gill
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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3
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Gong J, Zhang Z, Wang B, Shi J, Zhang W, Dong Q, Song L, Li Y, Liu Y. N addition rebalances the carbon and nitrogen metabolisms of Leymus chinensis through leaf N investment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:221-232. [PMID: 35714430 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intensifying nitrogen (N) deposition disturbs the growth of grassland plants due to an imbalance between their carbon (C) and N metabolism. However, it's unclear how plant physiological strategies restore balance. We investigated the effects of multiple N addition levels (0-25 g N m-2 yr-1) on the coordination of C and N metabolism in a dominant grass (Leymus chinensis) in a semiarid grassland in northern China. To do so, we evaluated photosynthetic parameters, leaf N allocation, C- and N-based metabolites, and metabolic enzymes. We found that a moderate N level (10 g N m-2 yr-1) promoted carboxylation and electron transport by allocating more N to the photosynthetic apparatus and increasing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity. The highest N level (25 g N m-2 yr-1) promoted N investment in nonphotosynthetic pathways and increased the free amino acids in the leaves. N addition stimulated the accumulation of C and N compounds across organs by activating sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase. This enhancement triggered a transformation of primary metabolites (nonstructural carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids) to secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids) for temporary storage or as defense compounds. Citric acid, as the C skeleton for enhanced N metabolism, decreased significantly, and malic acid increased by catalysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Our findings show the adaptability of L. chinensis to different N-addition levels by adjusting its allocations of C and N metabolic compounds and confirm the roles of C and N coordination by grassland plants in these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Biao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Weiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Liangyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
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Lebedev VG, Popova AA, Shestibratov KA. Genetic Engineering and Genome Editing for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Plants. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123303. [PMID: 34943810 PMCID: PMC8699818 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low nitrogen availability is one of the main limiting factors for plant growth and development, and high doses of N fertilizers are necessary to achieve high yields in agriculture. However, most N is not used by plants and pollutes the environment. This situation can be improved by enhancing the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in plants. NUE is a complex trait driven by multiple interactions between genetic and environmental factors, and its improvement requires a fundamental understanding of the key steps in plant N metabolism—uptake, assimilation, and remobilization. This review summarizes two decades of research into bioengineering modification of N metabolism to increase the biomass accumulation and yield in crops. The expression of structural and regulatory genes was most often altered using overexpression strategies, although RNAi and genome editing techniques were also used. Particular attention was paid to woody plants, which have great economic importance, play a crucial role in the ecosystems and have fundamental differences from herbaceous species. The review also considers the issue of unintended effects of transgenic plants with modified N metabolism, e.g., early flowering—a research topic which is currently receiving little attention. The future prospects of improving NUE in crops, essential for the development of sustainable agriculture, using various approaches and in the context of global climate change, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim G. Lebedev
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna A. Popova
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia;
| | - Konstantin A. Shestibratov
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia;
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Yang C, Zhang F, Jiang X, Yang X, He F, Wang Z, Long R, Chen L, Yang T, Wang C, Gao T, Kang J, Yang Q. Identification of Genetic Loci Associated With Crude Protein Content and Fiber Composition in Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) Using QTL Mapping. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:608940. [PMID: 33679827 PMCID: PMC7933732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.608940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Forage quality determined mainly by protein content and fiber composition has a crucial influence on digestibility and nutrition intake for animal feeding. To explore the genetic basis of quality traits, we conducted QTL mapping based on the phenotypic data of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin of an F1 alfalfa population generated by crossing of two alfalfa parents with significant difference in quality. In total, 83 QTLs were identified with contribution to the phenotypic variation (PVE) ranging from 1.45 to 14.35%. Among them, 47 QTLs interacted significantly with environment and 12 QTLs were associated with more than one trait. Epistatic effect was also detected for 73 pairs of QTLs with PVE of 1.08-14.06%. The results suggested that the inheritance of quality-related traits was jointly affected by additive, epistasis and environment. In addition, 83.33% of the co-localized QTLs were shared by ADF and NDF with the same genetic direction, while the additive effect of crude protein-associated QTLs was opposite to that fiber composition on the same locus, suggesting that the loci may antagonistically contribute to protein content and fiber composition. Further analysis of a QTL related to all the three traits of fiber composition (qNDF1C, qADF1C-2, and qlignin1C-2) showed that five candidate genes were homologs of cellulose synthase-like protein A1 in Medicago truncatula, indicating the potential role in fiber synthesis. For the protein-associated loci we identified, qCP4C-1 was located in the shortest region (chr 4.3 39.3-39.4 Mb), and two of the seven corresponding genes in this region were predicted to be E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in protein metabolism. Therefore, our results provide some reliable regions significantly associated with alfalfa quality, and identification of the key genes would facilitate marker-assisted selection for favorable alleles in breeding program of alfalfa quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xijiang Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei He
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhui Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang Z, Gong J, Li X, Ding Y, Wang B, Shi J, Liu M, Yang B. Underlying mechanism on source-sink carbon balance of grazed perennial grass during regrowth: Insights into optimal grazing regimes of restoration of degraded grasslands in a temperate steppe. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 277:111439. [PMID: 33035939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overgrazing is the main driver of grassland degradation and productivity reduction in northern China. The restoration of degraded grasslands depends on optimal grazing regimes that modify the source-sink balance to promote best carbon (C) assimilation and allocation, thereby promoting rapid compensatory growth of the grazed plants. We used in situ13CO2 labeling and field regrowth studies of Stipa grandis P.A. Smirn.to examine the effects of different grazing intensities (light, medium, heavy, and grazing exclusion) on photosynthetic C assimilation and partitioning, on reallocation of non-structural carbohydrates during regrowth, and on the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Light grazing increased the sink demand of newly expanded leaves and significantly promoted 13C fixation by increasing the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves and accelerating fructose transfer from the stem. Although C assimilation decreased under medium and heavy grazing, S. grandis exhibited a tolerance strategy that preferentially allocated more starch and 13C to the roots for storage to balance sink competition between newly expanded leaves and the roots. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS), and other plant hormones regulated source-sink imbalances during regrowth. Abscisic acid promoted accumulation of aboveground biomass by stimulating stem SPS activity, whereas jasmonate increased root starch synthesis, thereby increasing belowground biomass. Overall, S. grandis could optimize source-sink relationships and above- and belowground C allocation to support regrowth after grazing by the regulating activities of SPS, SS and other hormones. These results provide new insights into C budgets under grazing and guidance for sustainable grazing management in semi-arid grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Jirui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yong Ding
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 120 Ulanqab East Street, Saihan District, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China.
| | - Biao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tourism and Resources Environment, Taishan University, Tai'an, Shandong province, 271021, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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7
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Concha C, Doerner P. The impact of the rhizobia-legume symbiosis on host root system architecture. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3902-3921. [PMID: 32337556 PMCID: PMC7316968 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form symbioses with rhizobia to fix N2 in root nodules to supplement their nitrogen (N) requirements. Many studies have shown how symbioses affect the shoot, but far less is understood about how they modify root development and root system architecture (RSA). RSA is the distribution of roots in space and over time. RSA reflects host resource allocation into below-ground organs and patterns of host resource foraging underpinning its resource acquisition capacity. Recent studies have revealed a more comprehensive relationship between hosts and symbionts: the latter can affect host resource acquisition for phosphate and iron, and the symbiont's production of plant growth regulators can enhance host resource flux and abundance. We review the current understanding of the effects of rhizobia-legume symbioses on legume root systems. We focus on resource acquisition and allocation within the host to conceptualize the effect of symbioses on RSA, and highlight opportunities for new directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Concha
- Institute for Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Doerner
- Institute for Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Garg M, Dhiman G. A novel content-based image retrieval approach for classification using GLCM features and texture fused LBP variants. Neural Comput Appl 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-020-05017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Hussain H, Mustafa Kamal M, Al-Obaidi JR, Hamdin NE, Ngaini Z, Mohd-Yusuf Y. Proteomics of Sago Palm Towards Identifying Contributory Proteins in Stress-Tolerant Cultivar. Protein J 2019; 39:62-72. [PMID: 31863255 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metroxylon sagu Rottb. or locally known as sago palm is a tropical starch crop grown for starch production in commercial plantations in Malaysia, especially in Sarawak, East Malaysia. This plant species accumulate the highest amount of edible starch compared to other starch-producing crops. However, the non-trunking phenomenon has been observed to be one of the major issues restricting the yield of sago palm starch. In this study, proteomics approach was utilised to discover differences between trunking and non-trunking proteomes in sago palm leaf tissues. Total protein from 16 years old trunking and non-trunking sago palm leaves from deep peat area were extracted with PEG fractionation extraction method and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE). Differential protein spots were subjected to MALDI-ToF/ToF MS/MS. Proteomic analysis has identified 34 differentially expressed proteins between trunking and non-trunking sago samples. From these protein spots, all 19 proteins representing different enzymes and proteins have significantly increased in abundance in non-trunking sago plant when subjected to mass spectrometry. The identified proteins mostly function in metabolic pathways including photosynthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, carbon utilization and oxidative stress. The current study indicated that the several proteins identified through differentially expressed proteome contributed to physical differences in trunking and non-trunking sago palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnain Hussain
- Centre for Sago Research (CoSAR), Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Maswida Mustafa Kamal
- Centre for Sago Research (CoSAR), Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jameel R Al-Obaidi
- Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ibu-Pejabat MARDI, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Ezzati Hamdin
- Centre for Sago Research (CoSAR), Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Zainab Ngaini
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yusmin Mohd-Yusuf
- Centre for Foundation Studies in Science and Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Singer SD, Soolanayakanahally RY, Foroud NA, Kroebel R. Biotechnological strategies for improved photosynthesis in a future of elevated atmospheric CO 2. PLANTA 2019; 251:24. [PMID: 31784816 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of photosynthesis using biotechnological approaches has been the focus of much research. It is now vital that these strategies be assessed under future atmospheric conditions. The demand for crop products is expanding at an alarming rate due to population growth, enhanced affluence, increased per capita calorie consumption, and an escalating need for plant-based bioproducts. While solving this issue will undoubtedly involve a multifaceted approach, improving crop productivity will almost certainly provide one piece of the puzzle. The improvement of photosynthetic efficiency has been a long-standing goal of plant biotechnologists as possibly one of the last remaining means of achieving higher yielding crops. However, the vast majority of these studies have not taken into consideration possible outcomes when these plants are grown long-term under the elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) that will be evident in the not too distant future. Due to the considerable effect that CO2 levels have on the photosynthetic process, these assessments should become commonplace as a means of ensuring that research in this field focuses on the most effective approaches for our future climate scenarios. In this review, we discuss the main biotechnological research strategies that are currently underway with the aim of improving photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production/yields in the context of a future of e[CO2], as well as alternative approaches that may provide further photosynthetic benefits under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Singer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Roland Kroebel
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
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Padhi S, Grimes MM, Muro-Villanueva F, Ortega JL, Sengupta-Gopalan C. Distinct nodule and leaf functions of two different sucrose phosphate synthases in alfalfa. PLANTA 2019; 250:1743-1755. [PMID: 31422508 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In alfalfa, the B form of Sucrose phosphate synthase synthesizes sucrose in the leaves while the A form participates in regulatory cycles of synthesis/breakdown of sucrose/starch in the root nodules. Sucrose (Suc) is the major stable product of photosynthesis that is transported to all heterotrophic organs as a source of energy and carbon. The enzyme sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) catalyzes the synthesis of Suc. Besides the leaves, SPS is also found in heterotrophic organs. There are two isoforms of SPS in alfalfa (Medicago sativa): SPSA and SPSB. While SPSA is expressed in the vasculature of all the organs and in the N2-fixing zone in the nodules, SPSB is exclusively expressed in the photosynthetic cells. Two classes of alfalfa transformants were produced, one with a gene construct consisting of the alfalfa SPSA promoter and the other with the SPSB promoter-both driving the maize SPS coding region-referred to as SPSA-ZmSPS and SPSB-ZmSPS, respectively. Both classes of transformants showed increased growth compared to control plants. The SPSB-ZmSPS transformants showed increased SPS protein levels and activity along with a significant increase in the Suc levels in the leaves. The SPSA-ZmSPS transformants showed an increase in the SPS protein level and enzyme activity both in the leaves and the nodules with no increase in Suc content in the leaves but a substantial increase in the nodules. Both SPSA and SPSB have unique roles in the nodules (sink) and leaves (source). SPSB is responsible for the synthesis of Suc in the photosynthetic cells and SPSA participates in a regulatory cycle in which Suc is simultaneously degraded and re-synthesized; both these functions contribute to plant growth in rhizobia nodulated alfalfa plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Padhi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Martha M Grimes
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fabiola Muro-Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jose Luis Ortega
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Champa Sengupta-Gopalan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
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