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Gordeeva AI, Valueva AA, Ershova MO, Rybakova EE, Shumov ID, Kozlov AF, Ziborov VS, Zavialova MG, Zgoda VG, Ivanov YD, Archakov AI, Pleshakova TO. Mass Spectrometric Identification of BSA Covalently Captured onto a Chip for Atomic Force Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108999. [PMID: 37240343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the main techniques for protein identification. Herein, MS has been employed for the identification of bovine serum albumin (BSA), which was covalently immobilized on the surface of a mica chip intended for investigation by atomic force microscopy (AFM). For the immobilization, two different types of crosslinkers have been used: 4-benzoylbenzoic acid N-succinimidyl ester (SuccBB) and dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (DSP). According to the data obtained by using an AFM-based molecular detector, the SuccBB crosslinker was more efficient in BSA immobilization than the DSP. The type of crosslinker used for protein capturing has been found to affect the results of MS identification. The results obtained herein can be applied in the development of novel systems intended for the highly sensitive analysis of proteins with molecular detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria O Ershova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ivan D Shumov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey F Kozlov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim S Ziborov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Victor G Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri D Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Falak S, Sajed M, Rashid N. Strategies to enhance soluble production of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Yang L, Bui L, Hanjaya-Putra D, Bruening ML. Membrane-Based Affinity Purification to Identify Target Proteins of a Small-Molecule Drug. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11912-11920. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Wang S, Liu C, Chen H, Zhu AD, Qian F. Impact of Surfactants on Polymer Maintained Nifedipine Supersaturation in Aqueous Solution. Pharm Res 2020; 37:113. [PMID: 32476051 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the impact of different surfactants on the supersaturation of nifedipine stabilized with HPMC and PVP-VA. METHODS Different kinds of surfactants, including one cationic surfactant, two anionic surfactants, and three nonionic surfactants, were used to evaluate their impacts on the supersaturation of nifedipine stabilized with HPMC and PVP-VA. Polymer-surfactant interaction was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescent method. Solubility of nifedipine in solutions containing different amounts of polymers and surfactants was measured. Drug-polymer affinity was evaluated by measuring the percentage of polymer coprecipitated together with the drug from supersaturated solutions. RESULTS Different polymer-surfactant combinations had different impacts on the supersaturation of nifedipine. Some combinations, such as PVP-VA/SLS and PVP-VA/NaTC under higher surfactant concentrations, showed improved drug supersaturation, due to increased drug solubility or polymer-surfactant synergy; while other combinations, such as HPMC/SLS and HPMC/Tween 20 under lower surfactant concentrations, showed reduced drug supersaturation, which could result from competitive surfactant-polymer or drug-surfactant interaction that disrupted pre-existent drug-polymer interaction. CONCLUSIONS The ultimate impacts of various surfactants on polymer stabilized nifedipine supersaturation could be attributed to the interplay between different factors, including solubility enhancement of the drug, drug-polymer-surfactant interactions, and polymer-surfactant synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alan Donghua Zhu
- Drug Product Development, Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Development, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Hu C, Liu Z, Liu C, Li J, Wang Z, Xu L, Chen C, Fan H, Qian F. Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and Anti-Echinococcosis Efficacy of Albendazole Achieved by Optimizing the "Spring" and "Parachute". Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4978-4986. [PMID: 31613633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maximizing the pharmacological efficacy of albendazole (ABZ), an anti-echinococcosis drug, is essential in the long-term treatment of patients with echinococcosis. As a weakly alkaline drug, ABZ has a pH-dependent solubility that decreases dramatically from gastric fluid (pH 1.4) to intestinal fluid (pH 6.5), where it is absorbed. In this study, we endeavored to develop an optimized tablet formulation of ABZ to improve its dissolution and oral bioavailability from two aspects: a faster initial dissolution in the gastric pH condition (i.e., the "spring") and a more prolonged drug supersaturation in the intestinal pH condition (i.e., the "parachute"). To achieve this goal, ABZ-HCl salt was selected first, which demonstrated a higher intrinsic dissolution rate under pH 1.4 compared with the ABZ free base that is used in the commercial product Albenda. Second, by comparing the ABZ supersaturation kinetics under pH 6.5 in the presence of various polymers including poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), PVP/VA, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and HPMC acetate succinate (HPMC-AS), HPMC-AS was found to be the most effective crystallization inhibitor for ABZ, likely due to the hydrophobic interaction between ABZ and HPMC-AS in an aqueous environment. The newly designed tablet formulation containing ABZ-HCl and HPMC-AS showed ∼3 times higher oral bioavailability compared with that of Albenda in Beagle dogs. More significantly, the anti-echinococcosis efficacy of the improved formulation was 2.4 times higher than that of Albenda in a secondary hepatic alveolar echinococcosis Sprague-Dawley rat model. The strategy of simultaneously improving the spring and parachute of an oral formulation of ABZ, by using a highly soluble salt and an effective polymeric crystallization inhibitor, was once again proven to be a viable and readily translatable approach to optimize the unsatisfactory oral medicines due to solubility and bioavailability limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.,Medical College, Qinghai University, Qinghai 810001, P. R. China
| | - Zhengsheng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Liuting Xu
- Crystal Pharmatech Co., Ltd., B4-101, Biobay, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cen Chen
- Crystal Pharmatech Co., Ltd., B4-101, Biobay, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | | | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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6
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Ukwaththage TO, Goodwin OY, Songok AC, Tafaro AM, Shen L, Macnaughtan MA. Purification of Tag-Free Chlamydia trachomatis Scc4 for Structural Studies Using Sarkosyl-Assisted on-Column Complex Dissociation. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4284-4292. [PMID: 31545893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes the most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease in the world. The bacterium has a unique biphasic developmental cycle with a type III secretion system (T3SS) to invade host cells. Scc4 is a class I T3SS chaperone forming a heterodimer complex with Scc1 to chaperone the essential virulence effector, CopN. Scc4 also functions as an RNA polymerase binding protein to regulate σ66-dependent transcription. Aggregation and low solubility of 6X-histidine-tagged Scc4 and the insolubility of 6X-histidine and FLAG-tagged Scc1 expressed in Escherichia coli have hindered the high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure determination of these proteins and motivated the development of an on-column complex dissociation method to produce tag-free Scc4 and soluble FLAG-tagged Scc1. By utilizing a 6X-histidine-tag on one protein, the coexpressed Scc4-Scc1 complex was captured on nickel-charged immobilized metal affinity chromatography resin, and the nondenaturing detergent, sodium N-lauroylsarcosine (sarkosyl), was used to dissociate and elute the non-6X-histidine-tagged protein. Tag-free Scc4 was produced in a higher yield and had better NMR spectral characteristics compared to 6X-histidine-tagged Scc4, and soluble FLAG-tagged Scc1 was purified for the first time in a high yield. The backbone structure of Scc4 after exposure to sarkosyl was validated using NMR spectroscopy, demonstrating the usefulness of the method to produce proteins for structural and functional studies. The sarkosyl-assisted on-column complex dissociation method is generally applicable to protein complexes with high affinity and is particularly useful when affinity tags alter the protein's biophysical properties or when coexpression is necessary for solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini O Ukwaththage
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Octavia Y Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Abigael C Songok
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Alexa M Tafaro
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Megan A Macnaughtan
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
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7
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Membrane potential manipulation with visible flash lamp illumination of targeted microbeads. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:297-302. [PMID: 31353087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The electrical membrane potential (Vm) is a key dynamical variable of excitable membranes. Despite the tremendous success of optogenetic methods to modulate Vm with light, there are some shortcomings, such as the need of genetic manipulation and limited time resolution. Direct optical stimulation of gold nanoparticles targeted to cells is an attractive alternative because the absorbed energy heats the membrane and, thus, generates capacitive current sufficient to trigger action potentials [1, Carvalho-de-Souza et al., 2015]. However, focused laser light is required and precise location and binding of the nanoparticles cannot be assessed with a conventional microscope. We therefore examined a complementary method to manipulate Vm in a spatio-temporal fashion by non-focused visible flashlight stimulation (Xenon discharge lamp, 385-485 nm, ∼500 μs) of superparamagnetic microbeads. Flashlight stimulation of single beads targeted to cells resulted in transient inward currents under whole-cell patch-clamp control. The waveform of the current reflected the first time derivative of the local temperature induced by the absorbed light and subsequent heat dissipation. The maximal peak current as well as the temperature excursion scaled with the proximity to the plasma membrane. Transient illumination of light-absorbing beads, targeted to specific cellular sites via protein-protein interaction or direct micromanipulation, may provide means of rapid and spatially confined heating and electrical cell stimulation.
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8
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Naamala J, Jaiswal SK, Dakora FD. Antibiotics Resistance in Rhizobium: Type, Process, Mechanism and Benefit for Agriculture. Curr Microbiol 2016; 72:804-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Mehla K, Ramana J. Novel Drug Targets for Food-Borne Pathogen Campylobacter jejuni: An Integrated Subtractive Genomics and Comparative Metabolic Pathway Study. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 19:393-406. [PMID: 26061459 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacters are a major global health burden and a cause of food-borne diarrheal illness and economic loss worldwide. In developing countries, Campylobacter infections are frequent in children under age two and may be associated with mortality. In developed countries, they are a common cause of bacterial diarrhea in early adulthood. In the United States, antibiotic resistance against Campylobacter is notably increased from 13% in 1997 to nearly 25% in 2011. Novel drug targets are urgently needed but remain a daunting task to accomplish. We suggest that omics-guided drug discovery is timely and worth considering in this context. The present study employed an integrated subtractive genomics and comparative metabolic pathway analysis approach. We identified 16 unique pathways from Campylobacter when compared against H. sapiens with 326 non-redundant proteins; 115 of these were found to be essential in the Database of Essential Genes. Sixty-six proteins among these were non-homologous to the human proteome. Six membrane proteins, of which four are transporters, have been proposed as potential vaccine candidates. Screening of 66 essential non-homologous proteins against DrugBank resulted in identification of 34 proteins with drug-ability potential, many of which play critical roles in bacterial growth and survival. Out of these, eight proteins had approved drug targets available in DrugBank, the majority serving crucial roles in cell wall synthesis and energy metabolism and therefore having the potential to be utilized as drug targets. We conclude by underscoring that screening against these proteins with inhibitors may aid in future discovery of novel therapeutics against campylobacteriosis in ways that will be pathogen specific, and thus have minimal toxic effect on host. Omics-guided drug discovery and bioinformatics analyses offer the broad potential for veritable advances in global health relevant novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Mehla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology , Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jayashree Ramana
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology , Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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10
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Andrýs R, Zemanová L, Lenčo J, Bílková Z, Wsól V. Carbonyl-reducing enzymes as targets of a drug-immobilised affinity carrier. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 234:169-77. [PMID: 25595226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, peptides and nucleic acids are commonly isolated and purified in almost all bioscience laboratories. Methods based on molecular recognition are currently the most powerful tool in separation processes due to their selectivity and recovery. The aim of this study was to prove the versatility and the ability of an affinity carrier containing the immobilised ligand oracin (previously developed by our workgroup) to selectively bind carbonyl-reducing enzymes. These enzymes play an important role in metabolic pathways of various endogenic compounds and xenobiotics. Many important drugs, such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, haloperidol and the model anticancer drug oracin, are metabolised by carbonyl-reducing enzymes. The functionality of the presented carrier was demonstrated with pure recombinant enzymes (AKR1A1, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, CBR1 and CBR3) as well as with two model biological samples (cell extract from genetically modified Escherichia coli and pre-purified human liver cytosol). Enzymes that show an affinity toward oracin were efficiently captured, gently eluted using 150 mM ammonium hydroxide and subsequently identified by MS. The method is highly selective and robust and may be applied to the purification and identification of various carbonyl-reducing enzymes from any biological sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Andrýs
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Zemanová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Juraj Lenčo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Třebešská 1575, Hradec Králové 500 01, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Wsól
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
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11
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Shiigi H, Kinoshita T, Shibutani N, Nishino T, Nagaoka T. Efficient Collection and Sensitive Detection Using Conducting Magnetic Microbeads. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4977-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500452w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shiigi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Takamasa Kinoshita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibutani
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishino
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nagaoka
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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12
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Abstract
The emerging field of chemo- and pharmacoproteomics studies the mechanisms of action of bioactive molecules in a systems pharmacology context. In contrast to traditional drug discovery, pharmacoproteomics integrates the mechanism of a drug's action, its side effects including toxicity, and the discovery of new drug targets in a single approach. Thus, it determines early favorable (e.g. multiple kinase target in cancer drugs) and unfavorable (e.g. side effects) polypharmacology. Target profiling is accomplished using either active site-labeling probes or immobilized drugs. This strategy identifies direct targets and has in fact enabled even the determination of binding curves and half maximum inhibitory concentrations of these targets. In addition, the enrichment greatly reduces the complexity of the proteome to be analyzed by quantitative MS. Complementary to these approaches, global proteomics profiling studying drug treatement-induced changes in protein expression levels and/or post-translational modification status have started to become possible mostly due to significant improvements in instrumentation. Particularly, when using multidimensional separations, a considerable proteome depth of up to 10 000 proteins can be achieved with current state-of-the-art mass spectrometers and bioinformatics tools. In summary, chemo- and pharmacoproteomics has already contributed significantly to the identification of novel drug targets and their mechanisms of action(s). Aided by further technological advancements, this interdisciplinary approach will likely be used more broadly in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hess
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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13
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Zinn N, Hopf C, Drewes G, Bantscheff M. Mass spectrometry approaches to monitor protein-drug interactions. Methods 2012; 57:430-40. [PMID: 22687620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based approaches have enabled the investigation of drug-protein interactions in various ways including the direct detection of drug-target complexes, the examination of drug-induced changes in the target protein structure, and the monitoring of enzymatic target activity. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods also permit the unbiased analysis of changes in protein abundance and post-translational modifications induced by drug action. Finally, chemoproteomic affinity enrichment studies enable the deconvolution of drug targets under close to physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of current methods for the characterization of drug-target interactions by mass spectrometry and describes a protocol for chemoproteomic target binding studies using immobilized bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Zinn
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Guo W, Liu S, Peng J, Wei X, Sun Y, Qiu Y, Gao G, Wang P, Xu Y. Examining the interactome of huperzine A by magnetic biopanning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37098. [PMID: 22615909 PMCID: PMC3353884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A is a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine plant Qian Ceng Ta (Huperzia serrata), and was found to have multiple neuroprotective effects. In addition to being a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it was thought to act through other mechanisms such as antioxidation, antiapoptosis, etc. However, the molecular targets involved with these mechanisms were not identified. In this study, we attempted to exam the interactome of Huperzine A using a cDNA phage display library and also mammalian brain tissue extracts. The drugs were chemically linked on the surface of magnetic particles and the interactive phages or proteins were collected and analyzed. Among the various cDNA expressing phages selected, one was identified to encode the mitochondria NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1. Specific bindings between the drug and the target phages and target proteins were confirmed. Another enriched phage clone was identified as mitochondria ATP synthase, which was also panned out from the proteome of mouse brain tissue lysate. These data indicated the possible involvement of mitochondrial respiratory chain matrix enzymes in Huperzine A's pharmacological effects. Such involvement had been suggested by previous studies based on enzyme activity changes. Our data supported the new mechanism. Overall we demonstrated the feasibility of using magnetic biopanning as a simple and viable method for investigating the complex molecular mechanisms of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Peng
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangsheng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Hu L, Paul Fawcett J, Gu J. Protein target discovery of drug and its reactive intermediate metabolite by using proteomic strategy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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16
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Madagi S, Patil VM, Sadegh S, Singh AK, Garwal B, Banerjee A, Talambedu U, Bhattacharjee B. Identification of membrane associated drug targets in Borrelia burgdorferi ZS7- subtractive genomics approach. Bioinformation 2011; 6:356-9. [PMID: 21814395 PMCID: PMC3143400 DOI: 10.6026/97320630006356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi ZS7. This spirochete is most often spread by ticks. Single antibiotic therapy is sufficient for containment of the early stage progression of the disease but combinational therapy is more preferred in later stages. Research is in progress for the development of drugs against the pathogen, but till date no vaccines have been developed to effect the late stage infections. There is a rapid rise in the cases of antibiotic-resistant population which is more than 10% of the total infected individuals. In such condition vaccine becomes the sole alternative for prevention. Therefore effective treatment includes antibiotic combination and combination of antigenic surfaces (for vaccine preparation). Thus, a comprehensive list of drug targets unique to the microorganisms is often necessary. Availability of Borrelia burgdorferi ZS7 proteome has enabled insilico analysis of protein sequences for the identification of drug targets and vaccine targets. In this study, 272 essential proteins were identified out of which 42 proteins were unique to the microorganism. The study identified 15 membrane localized drug targets. Amongst these 15, molecular modeling and structure validation of the five membrane localized drug target proteins could only be achieved because of the low sequence identity of the remaining proteins with RCSB structures. These 3D structures can be further characterized by invitro and invivo studies for the development of novel vaccine epitopes and novel antibiotic therapy against Borrelia burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Usha Talambedu
- Maharani Lakshmi Ammani College for Women, Bangalore - 560012, India
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17
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Li L, Zhang Q, Liu A, Li X, Zhou H, Liu Y, Yan B. Proteome interrogation using nanoprobes to identify targets of a cancer-killing molecule. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6886-9. [PMID: 21495622 DOI: 10.1021/ja111137n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a generic approach for identification of target proteins of therapeutic molecules using nanoprobes. Nanoprobes verify the integrity of nanoparticle-bound ligands in live cells and pull down target proteins from the cellular proteome, providing very important information on drug targets and mechanisms of action. As an example, target proteins as α-tubulin and HSP 90 have been identified and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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18
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Regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis by outer-membrane proteins. Cell 2011; 143:1097-109. [PMID: 21183073 PMCID: PMC3060616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Growth of the meshlike peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus located between the
bacterial inner and outer membranes (OM) is tightly regulated to ensure cellular
integrity, maintain cell shape and orchestrate division. Cytoskeletal elements
direct placement and activity of PG synthases from inside the cell but precise
spatiotemporal control over this process is poorly understood. We demonstrate
that PG synthases are also controlled from outside the sacculus. Two OM
lipoproteins, LpoA and LpoB, are essential for the function respectively of
PBP1A and PBP1B, the major E. coli bifunctional PG synthases.
Each Lpo protein binds specifically to its cognate PBP and stimulates its
transpeptidase activity, thereby facilitating attachment of new PG to the
sacculus. LpoB shows partial septal localization and our data suggest that the
LpoB-PBP1B complex contributes to OM constriction during cell division. LpoA/
LpoB and their PBP docking regions are restricted to γ-proteobacteria,
providing models for niche-specific regulation of sacculus growth.
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19
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Kanoh N, Takayama H, Honda K, Moriya T, Teruya T, Simizu S, Osada H, Iwabuchi Y. Cleavable linker for photo-cross-linked small-molecule affinity matrix. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:182-6. [PMID: 20028022 DOI: 10.1021/bc900316q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of a cleavable site in a photoactivatable linker, which is used to immobilize small molecules on an affinity matrix via a site-nonselective carbene addition/insertion reaction, makes it possible to verify the presence of the immobilized small molecule on the affinity matrix. It also permits the efficient detection of proteins covalently bound to the immobilized small molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kanoh
- Tohoku University, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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20
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Yang L, Chen J, Shi L, Hudock MP, Wang K, He L. Identifying unexpected therapeutic targets via chemical-protein interactome. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9568. [PMID: 20221449 PMCID: PMC2833192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug medications inevitably affect not only their intended protein targets but also other proteins as well. In this study we examined the hypothesis that drugs that share the same therapeutic effect also share a common therapeutic mechanism by targeting not only known drug targets, but also by interacting unexpectedly on the same cryptic targets. By constructing and mining an Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug-oriented chemical-protein interactome (CPI) using a matrix of 10 drug molecules known to treat AD towards 401 human protein pockets, we found that such cryptic targets exist. We recovered from CPI the only validated therapeutic target of AD, acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), and highlighted several other putative targets. For example, we discovered that estrogen receptor (ER) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), which have recently been identified as two new therapeutic targets of AD, might already have been targeted by the marketed AD drugs. We further established that the CPI profile of a drug can reflect its interacting character towards multi-protein sets, and that drugs with the same therapeutic attribute will share a similar interacting profile. These findings indicate that the CPI could represent the landscape of chemical-protein interactions and uncover "behind-the-scenes" aspects of the therapeutic mechanisms of existing drugs, providing testable hypotheses of the key nodes for network pharmacology or brand new drug targets for one-target pharmacology paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yang
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leming Shi
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Hudock
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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21
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Cheng KW, Wong CC, Wang M, He QY, Chen F. Identification and characterization of molecular targets of natural products by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:126-155. [PMID: 19319922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural products, and their derivatives and mimics, have contributed to the development of important therapeutics to combat diseases such as infections and cancers over the past decades. The value of natural products to modern drug discovery is still considerable. However, its development is hampered by a lack of a mechanistic understanding of their molecular action, as opposed to the emerging molecule-targeted therapeutics that are tailored to a specific protein target(s). Recent advances in the mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches have the potential to offer unprecedented insights into the molecular action of natural products. Chemical proteomics is established as an invaluable tool for the identification of protein targets of natural products. Small-molecule affinity selection combined with mass spectrometry is a successful strategy to "fish" cellular targets from the entire proteome. Mass spectrometry-based profiling of protein expression is also routinely employed to elucidate molecular pathways involved in the therapeutic and possible toxicological responses upon treatment with natural products. In addition, mass spectrometry is increasingly utilized to probe structural aspects of natural products-protein interactions. Limited proteolysis, photoaffinity labeling, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange in conjunction with mass spectrometry are sensitive and high-throughput strategies that provide low-resolution structural information of non-covalent natural product-protein complexes. In this review, we provide an overview on the applications of mass spectrometry-based techniques in the identification and characterization of natural product-protein interactions, and we describe how these applications might revolutionize natural product-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wing Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Yang L, Chen J, He L. Harvesting candidate genes responsible for serious adverse drug reactions from a chemical-protein interactome. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000441. [PMID: 19629158 PMCID: PMC2704868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying genetic factors responsible for serious adverse drug reaction (SADR) is of critical importance to personalized medicine. However, genome-wide association studies are hampered due to the lack of case-control samples, and the selection of candidate genes is limited by the lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms of SADRs. We hypothesize that drugs causing the same type of SADR might share a common mechanism by targeting unexpectedly the same SADR-mediating protein. Hence we propose an approach of identifying the common SADR-targets through constructing and mining an in silico chemical-protein interactome (CPI), a matrix of binding strengths among 162 drug molecules known to cause at least one type of SADR and 845 proteins. Drugs sharing the same SADR outcome were also found to possess similarities in their CPI profiles towards this 845 protein set. This methodology identified the candidate gene of sulfonamide-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN): all nine sulfonamides that cause TEN were found to bind strongly to MHC I (Cw*4), whereas none of the 17 control drugs that do not cause TEN were found to bind to it. Through an insight into the CPI, we found the Y116S substitution of MHC I (B*5703) enhances the unexpected binding of abacavir to its antigen presentation groove, which explains why B*5701, not B*5703, is the risk allele of abacavir-induced hypersensitivity. In conclusion, SADR targets and the patient-specific off-targets could be identified through a systematic investigation of the CPI, generating important hypotheses for prospective experimental validation of the candidate genes. Why do tragedies caused by Vioxx or Avandia only happen to certain individuals? The unexpected bindings among drugs and human proteins might play important roles in such serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs). To mine these unexpected chemical-protein interactions, 162 drug molecules known to cause SADRs are ‘hybridized’ onto 845 proteins to construct a chemical-protein interaction matrix, from which two aspects of the information, the binding strength and the binding conformation, are disclosed. Followed by the data-mining strategies, the unexpected bindings that mediate SADRs are identified. For example, abacavir is found to bind to the antigen presentation groove of MHC I molecule in patients carrying the B*5701 allele but not B*5703, which explains why HLA-B*5701, not B*5703, is the risk allele of abacavir hypersensitivity. This research could explain to the public that SADR happens when some of the innocent proteins are attacked by drugs unexpectedly, and variances in certain people's genome make their proteins more sensitive to the drug. By pre-therapy screening, the susceptible people could be protected. Furthermore, new drugs or modified drugs will be designed to avoid these patient-specific unintended bindings, in a step toward realizing personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yang
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LY); (LH)
| | - Jian Chen
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LY); (LH)
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23
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Saxena C, Higgs RE, Zhen E, Hale JE. Small-molecule affinity chromatography coupled mass spectrometry for drug target deconvolution. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:701-14. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903005565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Yang L, Luo H, Chen J, Xing Q, He L. SePreSA: a server for the prediction of populations susceptible to serious adverse drug reactions implementing the methodology of a chemical-protein interactome. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:W406-12. [PMID: 19417066 PMCID: PMC2703957 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs) are caused by unexpected drug–human protein interactions, and some polymorphisms within binding pockets make the population carrying these polymorphisms susceptible to SADR. Predicting which populations are likely to be susceptible to SADR will not only strengthen drug safety, but will also assist enterprises to adjust R&D and marketing strategies. Making such predictions has recently been facilitated by the introduction of a web server named SePreSA. The server has a comprehensive collection of the structural models of nearly all the well known SADR targets. Once a drug molecule is submitted, the scale of its potential interaction with multi-SADR targets is calculated using the DOCK program. The server utilizes a 2-directional Z-transformation scoring algorithm, which computes the relative drug–protein interaction strength based on the docking-score matrix of a chemical–protein interactome, thus achieve greater accuracy in prioritizing SADR targets than simply using dock scoring functions. The server also suggests the binding pattern of the lowest docking score through 3D visualization, by highlighting and visualizing amino acid residues involved in the binding on the customer's browser. Polymorphism information for different populations for each of the interactive residues will be displayed, helping users to deduce the population-specific susceptibility of their drug molecule. The server is freely available at http://SePreSA.Bio-X.cn/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yang
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
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25
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Structural details of the glycosyltransferase step of peptidoglycan assembly. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2008; 18:534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Katayama H, Oda Y. Chemical proteomics for drug discovery based on compound-immobilized affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 855:21-7. [PMID: 17241823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemical proteomics is an effective approach to focused proteomics, having the potential to find specific interactors in moderate-scale comprehensive analysis. Unlike chemical genetics, chemical proteomics directly and comprehensively identifies proteins that bind specifically to candidate compounds by means of affinity chromatographic purification using the immobilized candidate, combined with mass spectrometric identification of interacting proteins. This is an effective approach for discovering unknown protein functions, identifying the molecular mechanisms of drug action, and obtaining information for optimization of lead compounds. However, immobilized-small molecule affinity chromatography always suffers from the problem of non-specific binders. Although several approaches were reported to reduce non-specific binding proteins, these are mainly focused on the use of low-binding-affinity beads or insertion of a spacer between the bead and the compound. Stable isotope labeling strategies have proven particularly advantageous for the discrimination of true interactors from many non-specific binders, including carrier proteins, such as serum albumin, and are expected to be valuable for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Katayama
- Eisai Co., Ltd., Laboratory of Seed Finding Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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27
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Tian R, Jiang X, Li X, Jiang X, Feng S, Xu S, Han G, Ye M, Zou H. Biological fingerprinting analysis of the interactome of a kinase inhibitor in human plasma by a chemiproteomic approach. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:134-42. [PMID: 16982065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a gel free chemiproteomic method based on chromatography was developed and applied for the biological fingerprinting analysis of complex biological system. p-Aminobenzamidine (ABA), an inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases, was immobilized for characterizing their interacting proteins in human plasma. By the proteomic analysis method, 214 proteins were identified with obvious affinity to the immobilized ABA. By searching the sequences of above proteins with consensus patterns of the two active sites, seven proteins belong to trypsin-like serine protease group were found. Based on the Gene Ontology annotation, the identified trypsin-like serine proteases have the function of catalytic activity and calcium ion binding, and are mainly involved in the biological process of blood coagulation. Eight more other proteins related to calcium ion binding and blood coagulation were found. Nearly all of these proteins cannot be identified by directly analyzing the plasma sample demonstrating the chemiproteomics a useful approach to characterize interacting proteins in the low abundance range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Tian
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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