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Blanco-Doval A, Sousa R, Barron LJR, Portmann R, Egger L, Aldai N. Assessment of in vitro digestibility and post-digestion peptide release of mare milk in relation to different management systems and lactation stages. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00902-0. [PMID: 38851572 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Mare milk has a unique protein composition that makes it a preferred option for adult and infant nutrition. Several functional properties have been attributed to this milk but with little evidence yet. In fact, knowledge on mare milk composition is still limited. In particular, studies addressing the performance of mare milk proteins during human gastrointestinal digestion are scarce, which limits the understanding of mare milk nutritional quality and functionality. For this reason, the present study describes the digestibility of mare milk proteins and the release of peptides as affected by management and lactation stage, factors known to affect milk composition. Mare milk samples from 3 different farms, and collected during 6 mo of lactation (n = 54), were subjected to a static in vitro gastrointestinal model to measure peptide release and protein digestibility. In the present study, a detailed description of protein and individual amino acid behavior during the digestion process was given. For the first time, digestion of the 2 equine β-lactoglobulin isoforms (I and II) was described individually. In addition, it was found that lactation stage and management system can significantly affect protein digestibility and peptide release during gastrointestinal digestion of mare milk. Presumably, differences in the composition of mare milk influence the protein structure and enzyme accessibility, which might have an impact on digestion behavior. Despite no specific bioactive peptides were identified, several precursors of previously described bioactive peptides were found. These findings could support the idea of mare milk as a food with added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Blanco-Doval
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Raquel Sousa
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Javier R Barron
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Reto Portmann
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lotti Egger
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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Si Ahmed Zennia S, Mati A, Charron C, Cakir-Kiefer C, Kriznik A, Girardet JM. Effect of nonenzymatic deamidation on the structure stability of Camelus dromedarius α-lactalbumin. Food Chem 2019; 291:207-213. [PMID: 31006460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Camelid α-lactalbumin is the only known protein that can undergo nonenzymatic deamidation on two Asn residues. This leads to the generation of a mixture of unusual isoAsp and d-Asp residues that may impact health. The effect of deamidation on camel α-lactalbumin instability was investigated. Circular dichroism showed that the altered protein acquired secondary structure resulting in an increase in α-helix content. In good agreement, the 3D structure of camel α-lactalbumin determined by X-ray crystallography, displayed a short additional α-helix probably induced by deamidation, compared to the human and bovine counterparts. This α-helix was located in the C-terminal region and included residues 101-106. Differential scanning calorimetry together with the susceptibility to thermolysin showed that the deamidation process reinforced the structural stability of the α-lactalbumin at high temperature and its resistance toward proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Si Ahmed Zennia
- Université Mouloud Mammeri, Laboratoire de Recherche de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB), Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Abderrahmane Mati
- Université Mouloud Mammeri, Laboratoire de Recherche de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB), Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Christophe Charron
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), UMR 7365, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Céline Cakir-Kiefer
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), USC 340, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Alexandre Kriznik
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), UMR 7365, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Jean-Michel Girardet
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), USC 340, Nancy F-54000, France.
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Casein composition and differential translational efficiency of casein transcripts in donkey's milk. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:201-207. [PMID: 31038088 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amount of the four caseins (αs1, αs2, β and κ-CN) in donkey milk was evaluated by Urea-PAGE analysis at pH 8.6, followed by immuno-detection with polyclonal antibodies, coupled to densitometric analysis. The results showed the percentage of each casein in decreasing order: β (54.28) > αs1 (35.59) > αs2 (7.19) > κ-CN (2.79). The mRNA quantification of donkey casein transcripts, carried out by RT-qPCR, showed that the average percentage of corresponding gene transcripts (CSN2, CSN1S1, CSN1S2 I and CSN3) was 70.85, 6.28, 14.23 and 8.65, respectively. The observed translation efficiency, assessed as percentage of single milk casein fraction out of single percentage of transcript, was 0.76, 5.66, 0.50 and 0.32, respectively. The analysis of the sequences flanking the start codon, the codon usage frequencies and the coding sequence length might explain, at least in part, the differential transcriptional and translational rate observed among the casein transcripts.
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Madende M, Kemp G, Stoychev S, Osthoff G. Characterisation of African elephant beta casein and its relevance to the chemistry of caseins and casein micelles. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Proteins and bioactive peptides from donkey milk: The molecular basis for its reduced allergenic properties. Food Res Int 2017; 99:41-57. [PMID: 28784499 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The legendary therapeutics properties of donkey milk have recently been supported by many clinical trials who have clearly demonstrated that, even if with adequate lipid integration, it may represent a valid natural substitute of cow milk for feeding allergic children. During the last decade many investigations by MS-based methods have been performed in order to obtain a better knowledge of donkey milk proteins. The knowledge about the primary structure of donkey milk proteins now may provide the basis for a more accurate comprehension of its potential benefits for human nutrition. In this aspect, experimental data today available clearly demonstrate that donkey milk proteins (especially casein components) are more closely related with the human homologues rather than cow counterparts. Moreover, the low allergenic properties of donkey milk with respect to cow one seem to be related to the low total protein content, the low ratio of caseins to whey fraction, and finally to the presence in almost all bovine IgE-binding linear epitopes of multiple amino acid differences with respect to the corresponding regions of donkey milk counterparts.
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Brinkmann J, Jagannathan V, Drögemüller C, Rieder S, Leeb T, Thaller G, Tetens J. Genetic variability of the equine casein genes. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5486-5497. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Si Ahmed Zennia S, Mati A, Saulnier F, Verdier Y, Chiappetta G, Mulliert G, Miclo L, Vinh J, Girardet JM. Identification by FT-ICR-MS of Camelus dromedarius α-lactalbumin variants as the result of nonenzymatic deamidation of Asn-16 and Asn-45. Food Chem 2015; 187:305-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Pauciullo A, Giambra IJ, Iannuzzi L, Erhardt G. The β-casein in camels: molecular characterization of the CSN2 gene, promoter analysis and genetic variability. Gene 2014; 547:159-68. [PMID: 24973699 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The β-casein is the most abundant protein in camel milk and its encoding gene (CSN2) is considered in other species a 'major' gene for the presence of alleles associated to different level of expression. In the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of the nucleotide sequence of the whole β-casein-encoding gene (CSN2) plus 2,141 bp at the 5'-flanking region in Camelus dromedarius. The promoter region and the complete cDNA are also provided for the first time in Camelus bactrianus. The gene is spread over 7.8 kb and consists of 9 exons varying in length from 24 bp (exon 5) to 519 bp (exon 7), and 8 introns from 95 bp (intron 5) to 1,950 bp (intron 1). The composite response element (CoRE) region was identified in the promoter, whereas the presence of mature microRNA sequences improves the knowledge on the factors putatively involved in the gene regulation. A total of 46 polymorphic sites have been detected. The transition g.2126A>G falls within the TATA-box of dromedary CSN2 promoter with a putative influence on the transcription factor binding activity. The frequency of the G allele is 0.35 in a population of 180 she-camels belonging to 4 different ecotypes. In the same population, a conservative SNP (g.4175C>A) was found at the codon 7 of the signal peptide, whereas a comparative analysis with a cDNA sequence available in the database evidenced a missense SNP (g.4180T(Leu)>G(Arg)) at exon 2. Four SNPs were found in the bactrian camel. The SNP c.666G>A is responsible for the amino acid change Met(201)→Ile and it represents the first missense allele at the β-casein in camels. Finally, five interspersed repeated elements were identified at intronic level, whereas the presence of putative bio-functional peptides belonging to ACE-inhibitor and anti-oxidative families confirms the potential protective role of the camel milk for the human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pauciullo
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University, Ludwigstraße 21 B, 35390 Gießen, Germany; ISPAAM, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, National Research Council, via Argine 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy.
| | - I J Giambra
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University, Ludwigstraße 21 B, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - L Iannuzzi
- ISPAAM, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, National Research Council, via Argine 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - G Erhardt
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University, Ludwigstraße 21 B, 35390 Gießen, Germany
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Hydrolysis of milk-derived bioactive peptides by cell-associated extracellular peptidases of Streptococcus thermophilus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9787-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Uniacke-Lowe T, Chevalier F, Hem S, Fox PF, Mulvihill DM. Proteomic comparison of equine and bovine milks on renneting. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2839-2850. [PMID: 23414207 DOI: 10.1021/jf3045846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rennet-induced coagulation of bovine milk is a complex mechanism in which chymosin specifically hydrolyzes κ-casein, the protein responsible for the stability of the casein micelle. In equine milk, this mechanism is still unclear, and the protein targets of chymosin are unknown. To reveal the proteins involved, the rennetability of equine milk by calf chymosin was examined using gel-free and gel-based proteomic analysis and compared to bovine milk. RP-HPLC analysis of bovine and equine milks showed the release of several peptides following chymosin incubation. The hydrolyses of equine and bovine casein by chymosin were different, and the major peptides produced from equine milk were identified by mass spectrometry as fragments of β-casein. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis, equine β-casein was confirmed as the main target of calf chymosin over 24 h at 30 °C and pH 6.5. The gel-based analysis of equine milk discriminated between the different individual proteins and provided information on the range of isoforms of each protein as a result of post-translational modifications, as well as positively identified for the first time several isoforms of κ-casein. In comparison to bovine milk, κ-casein isoforms in equine milk were not involved in chymosin-induced coagulation. The intensity of equine β-casein spots decreased following chymosin addition, but at a slower rate than bovine κ-casein.
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12
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El-Salam MHA, El-Shibiny S. Bioactive Peptides of Buffalo, Camel, Goat, Sheep, Mare, and Yak Milks and Milk Products. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2012.692137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Yalak G, Vogel V. Extracellular phosphorylation and phosphorylated proteins: not just curiosities but physiologically important. Sci Signal 2012; 5:re7. [PMID: 23250399 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mining of the literature and high-throughput mass spectrometry data from both healthy and diseased tissues and from body fluids reveals evidence that various extracellular proteins can exist in phosphorylated states. Extracellular kinases and phosphatases (ectokinases and ectophosphatases) are active in extracellular spaces during times of sufficiently high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate. There is evidence for a role of extracellular phosphorylation in various physiological functions, including blood coagulation, immune cell activation, and the formation of neuronal networks. Ectokinase activity is increased in some diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and some microbial infections. We summarize the literature supporting the physiological and pathological roles of extracellularly localized protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and phosphorylated proteins and provide an analysis of the available mass spectrometry data to annotate potential extracellular phosphorylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garif Yalak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, HCI F443, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Matéos A, Girardet JM, Mollé D, Corbier C, Gaillard JL, Miclo L. Identification of phosphorylation sites of equine beta-casein isoforms. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1533-1542. [PMID: 20486249 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Equine beta-casein is phosphorylated at variable degrees and isoforms carrying 3 to 7 phosphate groups (3P-7P) have been found in milk, but the phosphorylated amino acid residues of each isoform are not yet identified. In the present work, the different phosphorylation variants were first isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and then hydrolysed by trypsin to generate caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs), each containing all the potential phosphorylation sites. The equine CPPs were prepared by metal oxide affinity chromatography, a method based on the affinity of phosphate groups towards titanium dioxide immobilized onto a micro-column. This method turned out to be an efficient tool to separate the CPPs Arg(1)-Lys(34) and Glu(4)-Lys(34) from non-phosphorylated peptides. Purification was achieved by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and each CPP was hydrolyzed by endoproteinase Glu-C. Finally, the digests were analyzed by RP-HPLC/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/ESI-MS) and identified by nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nESI-MS/MS) to locate the phosphorylated sites of the beta-casein isoforms 4P-7P with accuracy. Thus, the isoform 4P was found to be phosphorylated on residues Ser(9), Ser(23), Ser(24), and Ser(25). Addition of phosphate groups on Ser(18), Thr(12), and Ser(10) led to the formation of the isoforms 5P-7P, respectively. The results indicated that the in vivo phosphorylation of the equine beta-casein follows a sequential way and is not randomly performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Matéos
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA) - Equipe Protéolyse et Biofonctionnalités des Protéines et des Peptides (PB2P), Nancy-Université, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Cunsolo V, Cairone E, Fontanini D, Criscione A, Muccilli V, Saletti R, Foti S. Sequence determination of alphas1-casein isoforms from donkey by mass spectrometric methods. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1742-1753. [PMID: 19862798 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Four co-eluting components, with experimentally measured M(r) of 23 658, 23 786, 24 278 and 24 406 Da, were detected by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis in the dephosphorylated casein fraction of a milk sample collected at middle lactation stage from an individual donkey belonging to the Ragusano breed. By coupling RP-HPLC, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), enzymatic digestions, MALDI-TOF MS and capillary RP-HPLC/nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nESI-MS/MS) analyses, the four components were identified as donkey's alpha(s1)-CNs and their sequences completely characterized, using the known mare's alpha(s1)-CN (GenBank Acc. No. AAK83668; M(r) 23750.7 Da) as reference. The proteins with M(r) of 23 786 and 23 658 Da differ in the presence of a glutamine residue at position 83 in the full-length component and present the amino acid substitutions Q(8)-->H and H(115)-->Y with respect to the mare's alpha(s1)-CN. The other two components with M(r) 24 406 and 24 278 Da, which also differ in the presence of a glutamine residue at position 88 in the full-length component, show the insertion of the pentapeptide HTPRE between Leu(33) and the Glu(34). The two alpha(s1)-CNs bearing the pentapeptide insertion were named variants A (202 amino acids; M(r) 24 406) and A(1) (201 amino acids; M(r) 24 278), whereas the two alpha(s1)-CNs without the pentapeptide were named variants B (197 amino acids; M(r) 23 786) and B(1) (196 amino acids; M(r) 23 658).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy.
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Casado B, Affolter M, Kussmann M. OMICS-rooted studies of milk proteins, oligosaccharides and lipids. J Proteomics 2009; 73:196-208. [PMID: 19793547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk has co-evolved with mammals and mankind to nourish their offspring and is a biological fluid of unique complexity and richness. It contains all necessary nutrients for the growth and development of the newborn. Structure and function of biomolecules in milk such as the macronutrients (glyco-) proteins, lipids, and oligosaccharides are central topics in nutritional research. Omics disciplines such as proteomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, and lipidomics enable comprehensive analysis of these biomolecule components in food science and industry. Mass spectrometry has largely expanded our knowledge on these milk bioactives as it enables identification, quantification and characterization of milk proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. In this article, we describe the biological importance of milk macronutrients and review the application of proteomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, and lipidomics to the analysis of milk. Proteomics is a central platform among the Omics tools that have more recently been adapted and applied to nutrition and health research in order to deliver biomarkers for health and comfort as well as to discover beneficial food bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Casado
- Department of Bioanalytical Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Matéos A, Miclo L, Mollé D, Dary A, Girardet JM, Gaillard JL. Equine αS1-casein: Characterization of alternative splicing isoforms and determination of phosphorylation levels. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3604-15. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Cunsolo V, Cairone E, Saletti R, Muccilli V, Foti S. Sequence and phosphorylation level determination of two donkey beta-caseins by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1907-1916. [PMID: 19462407 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two coeluting components, with experimentally measured M(r) values of 25529 and 24606 Da, were identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectrometric analysis in the dephosphorylated casein fraction of a milk sample collected from an individual donkey belonging to the Ragusano breed of the east of Sicily. By coupling enzymatic digestions, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and RP-HPLC/nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nESI-MS/MS) analysis, the two proteins were identified as donkey beta-CNs and their sequences characterized completely, using the two known beta-CNs from mare as references. The two donkey beta-CNs, showing a mass difference of 923 Da, differ by the presence of the domain E(27)SITHINK(34) in the full-length component (M(r) 25529 Da). In comparison with the mare's beta-CNs used as reference, they present nine amino acid substitutions: L-->S(37), R-->H(52), S-->N(81), P-->V(84), L-->V(91), R-->Q(203), P-->L/I(206), L-->F(210) and A-->P(219). Together, these substitutions account for the increase of 18 Da in the M(r) of the donkey beta-CNs with respect to the counterparts from the mare. The molecular mass determination by ESI-MS for the phosphorylated proteins showed that the full-length component was composed of highly multi-phosphorylated isoforms with five to seven phosphate groups. By analogy with the homologous mare's beta-CNs, the full-length (226 amino acids) beta-CN was termed variant A, whereas the shorter (218 amino acids) beta-CN was termed variant A(Delta5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
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Matéos A, Girardet JM, Mollé D, Dary A, Miclo L, Gaillard JL. Two-dimensional cartography of equine β-casein variants achieved by isolation of phosphorylation isoforms and control of the deamidation phenomenon. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:2389-99. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Donkeys’ milk protein fraction investigated by electrophoretic methods and mass spectrometric analysis. Int Dairy J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Kinoshita E, Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Matsubara M, Aoki Y, Ohie S, Mouri Y, Koike T. Two-dimensional phosphate-affinity gel electrophoresis for the analysis of phosphoprotein isotypes. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:550-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Poth AG, Deeth HC, Alewood PF, Holland JW. Analysis of the Human Casein Phosphoproteome by 2-D Electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS Reveals New Phosphoforms. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:5017-27. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800387s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G. Poth
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Hilton C. Deeth
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul F. Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - John W. Holland
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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Cunsolo V, Saletti R, Muccilli V, Foti S. Characterization of the protein profile of donkey's milk whey fraction. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:1162-74. [PMID: 17605147 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the protein profile of the whey fraction from a milk sample taken from an individual donkey belonging to the 'Ragusana' species of the East of Sicily is reported. Direct RP-HPLC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS analysis of the whey fraction allowed the detection of some unknown components, together with the identification of already known whey proteins. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-TOF/MS and RP-HPLC/ESI-MS/MS analysis of the enzymatic digests of the unknown components resulted the identification and characterization of (1) two beta-casein fragments; (2) the sequence of donkey's serum albumin; and (3) the oxidized methionine forms of lysozyme B and alpha-lactoalbumin. One of the two beta-casein fragments corresponds to the sequence Val(176)-Arg(189) of the horse's beta-casein. The second one corresponds the C-terminal sequence Tyr(199)-Val(226) of the horse's beta-casein, with four amino acid substitutions (Q --> R(203), L/I --> P(206), F --> L(210) and P --> A(219)). Both fragments, reasonably arising by endogenous proteases cleavage of the donkey's beta-casein, could be potential biologically active peptides. Direct mass spectrometric sequence characterization of the detected donkey's serum albumin reveals the presence of the amino acid substitution Val --> Ile at position 497 with respect to the cDNA deduced sequence. The oxidized forms of lysozyme B and alpha-lactoalbumin are selectively oxidized at methionine 79 and methionine 90, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A Doria, 6, I-95125, Catania, Italy
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Miclo L, Girardet JM, Egito AS, Mollé D, Martin P, Gaillard JL. The primary structure of a low-Mr multiphosphorylated variant ofβ-casein in equine milk. Proteomics 2007; 7:1327-35. [PMID: 17366489 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly phosphorylated casein with a low molecular mass was isolated from Haflinger mare's milk by RP-HPLC. It accounts for 4.0% of the casein content. Its mass was determined by LC-ESI-MS before and after treatment by alkaline phosphatase. The molecular mass found for the apo-form (10,591 +/- 2 Da) is in agreement with its primary structure, which was established by ESI-MS/MS from tryptic peptides. It appeared that this short protein (94 amino acid residues) is an internally truncated form of the full-length equine beta-casein (226 residues). This low-Mr variant of equine beta-casein displays a large deletion (residues 50-181), due to a cryptic splice site usage occurring within exon 7 during the course of primary transcripts processing. The phosphorylation pattern of this equine beta-casein variant was investigated by LC-ESI-MS and 2-DE. Seven phosphorylation forms were identified with one to seven phosphate groups with pIs ranging between 4.67 and 4.01. The major isoforms carry five and six phosphate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Miclo
- Unité de Recherche sur l'Animal et les Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux , U.C. L'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 340, Nancy-Université, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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