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Yao Z, Fan Y, Lin L, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Tissue transglutaminase: a multifunctional and multisite regulator in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:281-325. [PMID: 37712623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a widely distributed multifunctional protein involved in a broad range of cellular and metabolic functions carried out in a variety of cellular compartments. In addition to transamidation, TG2 also functions as a Gα signaling protein, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a protein kinase, and a scaffolding protein. In the nucleus, TG2 modifies histones and transcription factors. The PDI function catalyzes the trimerization and activation of heat shock factor-1 in the nucleus and regulates the oxidation state of several mitochondrial complexes. Cytosolic TG2 modifies proteins by the addition of serotonin or other primary amines and in this way affects cell signaling. Modification of protein-bound glutamines reduces ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. At the cell membrane, TG2 is associated with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), where it functions in transmembrane signaling. TG2 is also found in the extracellular space, where it functions in protein cross-linking and extracellular matrix stabilization. Of particular importance in transglutaminase research are recent findings concerning the role of TG2 in gene expression, protein homeostasis, cell signaling, autoimmunity, inflammation, and hypoxia. Thus, TG2 performs a multitude of functions in multiple cellular compartments, making it one of the most versatile cellular proteins. Additional evidence links TG2 with multiple human diseases including preeclampsia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and celiac disease. In conclusion, TG2 provides a multifunctional and multisite response to physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Yao
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Lin
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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An SY, Yoon HK, Kim KS, Kim HD, Cho JH, Kim HJ, Kim CH, Lee YC. Upregulation of human GD3 synthase (hST8Sia I) gene expression during serum starvation-induced osteoblastic differentiation of MG-63 cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293321. [PMID: 37917776 PMCID: PMC10621931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have firstly elucidated that serum starvation augmented the levels of human GD3 synthase (hST8Sia I) gene and ganglioside GD3 expression as well as bone morphogenic protein-2 and osteocalcin expression during MG-63 cell differentiation using RT-PCR, qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. To evaluate upregulation of hST8Sia I gene during MG-63 cell differentiation by serum starvation, promoter area of the hST8Sia I gene was functionally analyzed. Promoter analysis using luciferase reporter assay system harboring various constructs of the hST8Sia I gene proved that the cis-acting region at -1146/-646, which includes binding sites of the known transcription factors AP-1, CREB, c-Ets-1 and NF-κB, displays the highest level of promoter activity in response to serum starvation in MG-63 cells. The -731/-722 region, which contains the NF-κB binding site, was proved to be essential for expression of the hST8Sia I gene by serum starvation in MG-63 cells by site-directed mutagenesis, NF-κB inhibition, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Knockdown of hST8Sia I using shRNA suggested that expressions of hST8Sia I and GD3 have no apparent effect on differentiation of MG-63 cells. Moreover, the transcriptional activation of hST8Sia I gene by serum starvation was strongly hindered by SB203580, a p38MAPK inhibitor in MG-63 cells. From these results, it has been suggested that transcription activity of hST8Sia I gene by serum starvation in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells is regulated by p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young An
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sook Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Kyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jun Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Kyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Cao S, Hu X, Ren S, Wang Y, Shao Y, Wu K, Yang Z, Yang W, He G, Li X. The biological role and immunotherapy of gangliosides and GD3 synthase in cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1076862. [PMID: 36824365 PMCID: PMC9941352 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1076862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are a large subfamily of glycosphingolipids that broadly exist in the nervous system and interact with signaling molecules in the lipid rafts. GD3 and GD2 are two types of disialogangliosides (GDs) that include two sialic acid residues. The expression of GD3 and GD2 in various cancers is mostly upregulated and is involved in tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and immune responses. GD3 synthase (GD3S, ST8SiaI), a subclass of sialyltransferases, regulates the biosynthesis of GD3 and GD2. GD3S is also upregulated in most tumors and plays an important role in the development and progression of tumors. Many clinical trials targeting GD2 are ongoing and various immunotherapy studies targeting gangliosides and GD3S are gradually attracting much interest and attention. This review summarizes the function, molecular mechanisms, and ongoing clinical applications of GD3, GD2, and GD3S in abundant types of tumors, which aims to provide novel targets for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqi Cao
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Hu
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangqing Ren
- 2Robotic Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxiang Shao
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kan Wu
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- 3Department of Urology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Weixiao Yang
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu He
- 4State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Gu He, ; Xiang Li,
| | - Xiang Li
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Gu He, ; Xiang Li,
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Ha SH, Kang SK, Choi H, Kwak CH, Abekura F, Park JY, Kwon KM, Chang HW, Lee YC, Ha KT, Hou BK, Chung TW, Kim CH. Induction of GD3/α1-adrenergic receptor/transglutaminase 2-mediated erythroid differentiation in chronic myelogenous leukemic K562 cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72205-72219. [PMID: 29069780 PMCID: PMC5641123 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The disialic acid-containing glycosphingolipid GD3 recruited membrane transglutaminase 2 (TG2) as a signaling molecule for erythroid differentiation in human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) K562 cells. The α1-adrenergic receptor (α1-AR)/TG2-mediated signaling pathway regulated GD3 functions, including gene expression and production, to differentiate CML K562 cells into erythroid lineage cells. Epinephrine, an AR agonist, increased membrane recruitment as well as GTP-photoaffinity of TG2, inducing GD3 synthase gene expression. Epinephrine activated PI3K/Akt signaling and GTPase downstream of TG2 activated Akt. The coupling of TG2 and GD3 production was specifically suppressed by prazosin (α1-AR antagonist), but not by propranolol (β-AR antagonist) or rauwolscine (α2-AR antagonist), indicating α1-AR specificity. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiment results indicated that the α1-AR/TG2-mediated signaling pathway activated PKCs α and δ to induce GD3 synthase gene expression. Transcription factors CREB, AP-1, and NF-κB regulated GD3 synthase gene expression during α1-AR-induced differentiation in CML K562 cells. In addition, GD3 synthase gene expression was upregulated in TG2-transfected cells via α1-AR with expression of erythroid lineage markers and benzidine-positive staining. α1-AR/TG2 signaling pathway-directed GD3 production is a crucial step in erythroid differentiation of K562 cells and GD3 interacts with α1-AR/TG2, inducing GD3/α1-AR/TG2-mediated erythroid differentiation. These results suggest that GD3, which acts as a membrane mediator of erythroid differentiation in CML cells, provides a therapeutic avenue for leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hyung Ha
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
| | - Sung-Koo Kang
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
| | - Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
| | - Choong-Hwan Kwak
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kwon
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
- Research Institute, Davinch-K Co., Ltd., Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Young-Choon Lee
- Faculty of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Korea
| | - Bo Kyeng Hou
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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Ha SH, Jin F, Kwak CH, Abekura F, Park JY, Park NG, Chang YC, Lee YC, Chung TW, Ha KT, Son JK, Chang HW, Kim CH. Jellyfish extract induces apoptotic cell death through the p38 pathway and cell cycle arrest in chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2895. [PMID: 28133573 PMCID: PMC5251936 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish species are widely distributed in the world's oceans, and their population is rapidly increasing. Jellyfish extracts have several biological functions, such as cytotoxic, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activities in cells and organisms. However, the anti-cancer effect of Jellyfish extract has not yet been examined. We used chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells to evaluate the mechanisms of anti-cancer activity of hexane extracts from Nomura's jellyfish in vitro. In this study, jellyfish are subjected to hexane extraction, and the extract is shown to have an anticancer effect on chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. Interestingly, the present results show that jellyfish hexane extract (Jellyfish-HE) induces apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. To identify the mechanism(s) underlying Jellyfish-HE-induced apoptosis in K562 cells, we examined the effects of Jellyfish-HE on activation of caspase and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are responsible for cell cycle progression. Induction of apoptosis by Jellyfish-HE occurred through the activation of caspases-3,-8 and -9 and phosphorylation of p38. Jellyfish-HE-induced apoptosis was blocked by a caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD. Moreover, during apoptosis in K562 cells, p38 MAPK was inhibited by pretreatment with SB203580, an inhibitor of p38. SB203580 blocked jellyfish-HE-induced apoptosis. Additionally, Jellyfish-HE markedly arrests the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Therefore, taken together, the results imply that the anti-cancer activity of Jellyfish-HE may be mediated apoptosis by induction of caspases and activation of MAPK, especially phosphorylation of p38, and cell cycle arrest at the Go/G1 phase in K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hyung Ha
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Fansi Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hwan Kwak
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyung National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Keun Son
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Wook Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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Giussani P, Tringali C, Riboni L, Viani P, Venerando B. Sphingolipids: key regulators of apoptosis and pivotal players in cancer drug resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4356-92. [PMID: 24625663 PMCID: PMC3975402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance elicited by cancer cells still constitutes a huge problem that frequently impairs the efficacy of both conventional and novel molecular therapies. Chemotherapy usually acts to induce apoptosis in cancer cells; therefore, the investigation of apoptosis control and of the mechanisms used by cancer cells to evade apoptosis could be translated in an improvement of therapies. Among many tools acquired by cancer cells to this end, the de-regulated synthesis and metabolism of sphingolipids have been well documented. Sphingolipids are known to play many structural and signalling roles in cells, as they are involved in the control of growth, survival, adhesion, and motility. In particular, in order to increase survival, cancer cells: (a) counteract the accumulation of ceramide that is endowed with pro-apoptotic potential and is induced by many drugs; (b) increase the synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate and glucosylceramide that are pro-survivals signals; (c) modify the synthesis and the metabolism of complex glycosphingolipids, particularly increasing the levels of modified species of gangliosides such as 9-O acetylated GD3 (αNeu5Ac(2-8)αNeu5Ac(2-3)βGal(1-4)βGlc(1-1)Cer) or N-glycolyl GM3 (αNeu5Ac (2-3)βGal(1-4)βGlc(1-1)Cer) and de-N-acetyl GM3 (NeuNH(2)βGal(1-4)βGlc(1-1)Cer) endowed with anti-apoptotic roles and of globoside Gb3 related to a higher expression of the multidrug resistance gene MDR1. In light of this evidence, the employment of chemical or genetic approaches specifically targeting sphingolipid dysregulations appears a promising tool for the improvement of current chemotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
| | - Cristina Tringali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
| | - Laura Riboni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
| | - Paola Viani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
| | - Bruno Venerando
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
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Fraij BM. Induction and translocation of tissue transglutaminase isoforms increased phosphorylation in retinoic acid treated erythroleukemia cells. Protein J 2014; 32:426-34. [PMID: 23817628 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TGC, TG2, 80 kDa) is inactive in cross-linking reactions and is converted in vitro and in vivo to the TG (55 kDa) active isoform (Fraij in J Cell Biochem 112:2469-2489, 2011). Two isoforms of human TGC were cloned from human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells induced with retinoic acid (RA) and termed TGH, 63 kDa (Fraij et al. in J Biol Chem 267:22616-22673, 1992) and TGH2, 37 kDa. The purified TGC isoforms exhibited GTPase activity and TGH and TGH2 showed higher activities than the native TGC protein. In all normal cells examined, TGC was found in membrane fractions several fold higher than the supernatant fractions; however, in the natural tumor cell line HEL the TGC cellular distribution was reversed. Although TGC is the major enzyme in normal human erythrocytes, its expression level was significantly decreased in HEL cells. RA treatment induced a sevenfold increase in the level of TGC protein in HEL cells and was accompanied by its translocation to cell membranes. When isolated membrane and supernatant fractions from normal human foreskin (CF3), normal human embryonic lung (WI-38), and HEL cells treated with or without RA were incubated with [(32)P]-ATP at 37 °C for 1 h, more radio-labeled proteins were detected in the membrane fractions than the cytosolic fractions. More labeled protein bands were detected in RA treated HEL cells in comparison to control HEL cell extracts. Radio labeled proteins coimmunoprecipitated with the TGC isoforms in RA treated HEL membrane fractions thereby confirming that the radio-labeled material consists of endogenous proteins associated with TGC isoforms. Protein phosphorylation is related to the induction and translocation of the isoforms in RA treated cells. These results show that the TGC isoforms complexes with proteins in vivo and that the phosphorylation of these proteins is catalyzed directly by TGC kinase activity or indirectly by the TGC phosphorylation of other protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam M Fraij
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Benedict College, Columbia, SC 29204, USA.
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Monosialic ganglioside GM3 specifically suppresses the monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells for inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 46:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Caccamo D, Currò M, Ientile R. Potential of transglutaminase 2 as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:989-1003. [PMID: 20670177 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.510134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Increased expression and activity of transglutaminase 2 - a calcium-dependent enzyme which catalyzes protein cross-linking, polyamination or deamidation at selective glutamine residues - are involved in the etiopathogenesis of several pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Inhibition of enzyme activity has potential for therapeutic management of these diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The major results achieved in the last twelve years of research in the field of inhibition of tranglutaminase activity using cell cultures as well as in vivo models of high-social-impact or widespread diseases, such as CNS neurodegenerative disorders, celiac sprue, cancer and fibrotic diseases. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Beneficial effects of enzyme activity inhibition have been observed in neurodegeneration and fibrosis in vivo models by delivery of the competitive inhibitor cystamine and more recently designed inhibitors, such as thiomidaziolium or norleucine derivatives, which irreversibly bind the active site cysteine residue. Transglutaminase 2 targeting with specific antibodies has also been shown to be a promising tool for celiac disease treatment. TAKE HOME MESSAGE New insights from transglutaminase inhibition studies dealing with side effects of in vivo administration of pan-transglutaminase inhibitors will help in design of novel therapeutic approaches to various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Caccamo
- University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, Italy
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