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Petrović T, Trbojević-Akmačić I. Lectin and Liquid Chromatography-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin (G) Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:29-72. [PMID: 34687007 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) glycosylation has been shown to dramatically affect its structure and effector functions. Ig glycosylation changes have been associated with different diseases and show a promising biomarker potential for diagnosis and prognosis of disease advancement. On the other hand, therapeutic biomolecules based on structural and functional features of Igs demand stringent quality control during the production process to ensure their safety and efficacy. Liquid chromatography (LC) and lectin-based methods are routinely used in Ig glycosylation analysis complementary to other analytical methods, e.g., mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. This chapter covers analytical approaches based on LC and lectins used in low- and high-throughput N- and O-glycosylation analysis of Igs, with the focus on immunoglobulin G (IgG) applications. General principles and practical examples of the most often used LC methods for Ig purification are described, together with typical workflows for N- and O-glycan analysis on the level of free glycans, glycopeptides, subunits, or intact Igs. Lectin chromatography is a historical approach for the analysis of lectin-carbohydrate interactions and glycoprotein purification but is still being used as a valuable tool in Igs purification and glycan analysis. On the other hand, lectin microarrays have found their application in the rapid screening of glycan profiles on intact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Petrović
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Xiao H, Sun F, Suttapitugsakul S, Wu R. Global and site-specific analysis of protein glycosylation in complex biological systems with Mass Spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:356-379. [PMID: 30605224 PMCID: PMC6610820 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is ubiquitous in biological systems and plays essential roles in many cellular events. Global and site-specific analysis of glycoproteins in complex biological samples can advance our understanding of glycoprotein functions and cellular activities. However, it is extraordinarily challenging because of the low abundance of many glycoproteins and the heterogeneity of glycan structures. The emergence of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has provided us an excellent opportunity to comprehensively study proteins and their modifications, including glycosylation. In this review, we first summarize major methods for glycopeptide/glycoprotein enrichment, followed by the chemical and enzymatic methods to generate a mass tag for glycosylation site identification. We next discuss the systematic and quantitative analysis of glycoprotein dynamics. Reversible protein glycosylation is dynamic, and systematic study of glycoprotein dynamics helps us gain insight into glycoprotein functions. The last part of this review focuses on the applications of MS-based proteomics to study glycoproteins in different biological systems, including yeasts, plants, mice, human cells, and clinical samples. Intact glycopeptide analysis is also included in this section. Because of the importance of glycoproteins in complex biological systems, the field of glycoproteomics will continue to grow in the next decade. Innovative and effective MS-based methods will exponentially advance glycoscience, and enable us to identify glycoproteins as effective biomarkers for disease detection and drug targets for disease treatment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 9999: XX-XX, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332 Georgia
| | - Fangxu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332 Georgia
| | - Suttipong Suttapitugsakul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332 Georgia
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332 Georgia
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Leclaire C, Lecointe K, Gunning PA, Tribolo S, Kavanaugh DW, Wittmann A, Latousakis D, MacKenzie DA, Kawasaki N, Juge N. Molecular basis for intestinal mucin recognition by galectin-3 and C-type lectins. FASEB J 2018; 32:3301-3320. [PMID: 29401627 PMCID: PMC5976236 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700619r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal mucins trigger immune responses upon recognition by dendritic cells via protein-carbohydrate interactions. We used a combination of structural, biochemical, biophysical, and cell-based approaches to decipher the specificity of the interaction between mucin glycans and mammalian lectins expressed in the gut, including galectin (Gal)-3 and C-type lectin receptors. Gal-3 differentially recognized intestinal mucins with different O-glycosylation profiles, as determined by mass spectrometry (MS). Modification of mucin glycosylation, via chemical treatment leading to a loss of terminal glycans, promoted the interaction of Gal-3 to poly- N-acetyllactosamine. Specific interactions were observed between mucins and mouse dendritic cell-associated lectin (mDectin)-2 or specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related-1 (SIGN-R1), but not mDectin-1, using a cell-reporter assay, as also confirmed by atomic force spectroscopy. We characterized the N-glycosylation profile of mouse colonic mucin (Muc)-2 by MS and showed that the interaction with mDectin-2 was mediated by high-mannose N-glycans. Furthermore, we observed Gal-3 binding to the 3 C-type lectins by force spectroscopy. We showed that mDectin-1, mDectin-2, and SIGN-R1 are decorated by N-glycan structures that can be recognized by the carbohydrate recognition domain of Gal-3. These findings provide a structural basis for the role of mucins in mediating immune responses and new insights into the structure and function of major mammalian lectins.-Leclaire, C., Lecointe, K., Gunning, P. A., Tribolo, S., Kavanaugh, D. W., Wittmann, A., Latousakis, D., MacKenzie, D. A., Kawasaki, N., Juge, N. Molecular basis for intestinal mucin recognition by galectin-3 and C-type lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Leclaire
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Karine Lecointe
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A. Gunning
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Tribolo
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Devon W. Kavanaugh
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Wittmann
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Donald A. MacKenzie
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Norihito Kawasaki
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Chemical tools have accelerated progress in glycoscience, reducing experimental barriers to studying protein glycosylation, the most widespread and complex form of posttranslational modification. For example, chemical glycoproteomics technologies have enabled the identification of specific glycosylation sites and glycan structures that modulate protein function in a number of biological processes. This field is now entering a stage of logarithmic growth, during which chemical innovations combined with mass spectrometry advances could make it possible to fully characterize the human glycoproteome. In this review, we describe the important role that chemical glycoproteomics methods are playing in such efforts. We summarize developments in four key areas: enrichment of glycoproteins and glycopeptides from complex mixtures, emphasizing methods that exploit unique chemical properties of glycans or introduce unnatural functional groups through metabolic labeling and chemoenzymatic tagging; identification of sites of protein glycosylation; targeted glycoproteomics; and functional glycoproteomics, with a focus on probing interactions between glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins. Our goal with this survey is to provide a foundation on which continued technological advancements can be made to promote further explorations of protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan K. Palaniappan
- Verily Life Sciences, 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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Bai X, Li D, Zhu J, Guan Y, Zhang Q, Chi L. From individual proteins to proteomic samples: characterization of O-glycosylation sites in human chorionic gonadotropin and human-plasma proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:1857-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Identification of protein O-glycosylation site and corresponding glycans using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry via mapping accurate mass and retention time shift. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:136-45. [PMID: 25456591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We reported an improved combinatorial approach for identifying site-specific O-glycosylation using both glycan cleaved and non-cleaved methods. In this approach, a non-reducing β-elimination kit coupled with non-specific enzymes performed efficient digestion, O-glycan cleavage, and partial dephosphorylation without significant side reactions, thus enabling an automatic database search for the cleaved O-glycosylation or serine/threonine (S/T) phosphorylation sites. From the same sample concurrently prepared without β-elimination, the corresponding intact O-glycopeptides were mapped by accurate precursor ion mass using an in-house glycan database majorly composed of GalNAc (mucin-type) core and the retention-time shift (ΔRt). Each glycopeptide assignment was verified by the detection of glycan-specific fragments using collision-induced dissociation (CID) to estimate False Discovery Rate (FDR). Using fetuin as a model, all identified S/T elimination sites were matched to multiple intact glycopeptides with a 31% FDR. This considerably reduced to 0% FDR by ΔRt filtering. This approach was then applied to a protein mixture composed of therapeutic Factor IX and Enbrel(®) mixed with fetuin and kappa-casein. A total of 26 glycosylation sites each of which corresponds to 1-4 glycans were positively mapped and confirmed. The FDR decreased from 33% to 3.3% by ΔRt filtering and exclusion of repeated peptide tags that covered the same glycosylation sites. Moreover, the phosphorylation and O-glycosylation on the same site such as T159 of Factor IX and T170 of kappa-casein were able to be unambiguously differentiated. Thus, our approach is useful for in-depth characterization of site-specific O-glycosylation of a simple mixture such as protein-based therapeutics.
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van Kooyk Y, Kalay H, Garcia-Vallejo JJ. Analytical tools for the study of cellular glycosylation in the immune system. Front Immunol 2013; 4:451. [PMID: 24376449 PMCID: PMC3858669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that glycosylation plays important role in intercellular communication within the immune system. Glycosylation-dependent interactions are crucial for the innate and adaptive immune system and regulate immune cell trafficking, synapse formation, activation, and survival. These functions take place by the cis or trans interaction of lectins with glycans. Classical immunological and biochemical methods have been used for the study of lectin function; however, the investigation of their counterparts, glycans, requires very specialized methodologies that have been extensively developed in the past decade within the Glycobiology scientific community. This mini-review intends to summarize the available technology for the study of glycan biosynthesis, its regulation and characterization for their application to the study of glycans in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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9
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Matsuno YK, Dong W, Yokoyama S, Yonezawa S, Narimatsu H, Kameyama A. Identification of mucins by using a method involving a combination of on-membrane chemical deglycosylation and immunostaining. J Immunol Methods 2013; 394:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bellwied P, Staubach S, Hanisch FG. Chemical in-gel deglycosylation ofO-glycoproteins improves their staining and mass spectrometric identification. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2387-93. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bellwied
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry II; University of Cologne; Köln; Germany
| | - Simon Staubach
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry II; University of Cologne; Köln; Germany
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Lingg N, Zhang P, Song Z, Bardor M. The sweet tooth of biopharmaceuticals: importance of recombinant protein glycosylation analysis. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1462-72. [PMID: 22829536 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals currently represent the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry, mainly driven by a rapid expansion in the manufacture of recombinant protein-based drugs. Glycosylation is the most prominent post-translational modification occurring on these protein drugs. It constitutes one of the critical quality attributes that requires thorough analysis for optimal efficacy and safety. This review examines the functional importance of glycosylation of recombinant protein drugs, illustrated using three examples of protein biopharmaceuticals: IgG antibodies, erythropoietin and glucocerebrosidase. Current analytical methods are reviewed as solutions for qualitative and quantitative measurements of glycosylation to monitor quality target product profiles of recombinant glycoprotein drugs. Finally, we propose a framework for designing the quality target product profile of recombinant glycoproteins and planning workflow for glycosylation analysis with the selection of available analytical methods and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lingg
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Hanisch FG. Chemical de-O-glycosylation of glycoproteins for applications in LC-based proteomics. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 753:323-33. [PMID: 21604133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-148-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a cyclic on-column procedure for the sequential degradation of complex O-glycans on proteins by periodate oxidation of sugars and cleavage of oxidation products by elimination. Glycoproteins are immobilized to alkali-stable, reversed-phase Poros 20 beads, desialylated by treatment with dilute trifluoroacetic acid, and de-O-glycosylated by two degradation cycles before the eluted apoproteins are digested with trypsin for analysis by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Even complex glycan moieties are removed under mild conditions with only minimal effects on structural integrity of the peptide core by fragmentation, dehydration, or racemization of lysine and arginine residues. The protocol is also applicable on gel-immobilized glycoproteins after 1D or 2D gel electrophoresis. Conversion of O-glycoproteins into their corresponding apoproteins results in facilitated accessibility of tryptic cleavage sites, increases the numbers of peptide fragments, and accordingly enhances protein coverage and identification rates within the subproteome of mucin-type O-glycoproteins. The protocol is suitable for automatization, but due to partial elution from the Poros 20 columns it is not recommended for applications on the glycopeptide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Köln, Germany.
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13
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Hubbard SC, Boyce M, McVaugh CT, Peehl DM, Bertozzi CR. Cell surface glycoproteomic analysis of prostate cancer-derived PC-3 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4945-50. [PMID: 21798741 PMCID: PMC3341932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most clinically approved biomarkers of cancer are glycoproteins, and those residing on the cell surface are of particular interest in biotherapeutics. We report a method for selective labeling, affinity enrichment, and identification of cell-surface glycoproteins. PC-3 cells and primary human prostate cancer tissue were treated with peracetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine, resulting in metabolic labeling of cell surface glycans with the azidosugar. We used mass spectrometry to identify over 70 cell surface glycoproteins and biochemically validated CD146 and integrin beta-4, both of which are known to promote metastatic behavior. These results establish cell-surface glycoproteomics as an effective technique for discovery of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Hubbard
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Boyce
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cheryl T. McVaugh
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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14
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Matsuno YK, Dong W, Yokoyama S, Yonezawa S, Saito T, Gotoh M, Narimatsu H, Kameyama A. Improved method for immunostaining of mucin separated by supported molecular matrix electrophoresis by optimizing the matrix composition and fixation procedure. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1829-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cortes DF, Kabulski JL, Lazar AC, Lazar IM. Recent advances in the MS analysis of glycoproteins: Capillary and microfluidic workflows. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:14-29. [PMID: 21171110 PMCID: PMC3717299 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in bioanalytical instrumentation, MS detection, and computational data analysis approaches have provided researchers with capabilities for interrogating the complex cellular glycoproteome, to help gain a better insight into the cellular and physiological processes that are associated with a disease and to facilitate the efforts centered on identifying disease-specific biomarkers. This review describes the progress achieved in the characterization of protein glycosylation by using advanced capillary and microfluidic MS technologies. The major steps involved in large-scale glycoproteomic analysis approaches are discussed, with special emphasis given to workflows that have evolved around complex MS detection functions. In addition, quantitative analysis strategies are assessed, and the bioinformatics aspects of glycoproteomic data processing are summarized. The developments in commercial and custom fabricated microfluidic front-end platforms to ESI- and MALDI-MS instrumentation, for addressing major challenges in carbohydrate analysis such as sensitivity, throughput, and ability to perform structural characterization, are further evaluated and illustrated with relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Cortes
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Jarod L. Kabulski
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Iulia M. Lazar
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Lazar IM, Lazar AC, Cortes DF, Kabulski JL. Recent advances in the MS analysis of glycoproteins: Theoretical considerations. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:3-13. [PMID: 21171109 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is involved in a broad range of biological processes that regulate protein function and control cell fate. As aberrant glycosylation has been found to be implicated in numerous diseases, the study and large-scale characterization of protein glycosylation is of great interest not only to the biological and biomedical research community, but also to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. Due to the complex chemical structure and differing chemical properties of the protein/peptide and glycan moieties, the analysis and structural characterization of glycoproteins has been proven to be a difficult task. Large-scale endeavors have been further limited by the dynamic outcome of the glycosylation process itself, and, occasionally, by the low abundance of glycoproteins in biological samples. Recent advances in MS instrumentation and progress in miniaturized technologies for sample handling, enrichment and separation, have resulted in robust and compelling analysis strategies that effectively address the challenges of the glycoproteome. This review summarizes the key steps that are involved in the development of efficient glycoproteomic analysis methods, and the latest innovations that led to successful strategies for the characterization of glycoproteins and their corresponding glycans. As a follow-up to this work, we review innovative capillary and microfluidic-MS workflows for the identification, sequencing and characterization of glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia M Lazar
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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17
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Wiśniewski JR. Tools for phospho- and glycoproteomics of plasma membranes. Amino Acids 2010; 41:223-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Zhang H, Brown RN, Qian WJ, Monroe ME, Purvine SO, Moore RJ, Gritsenko MA, Shi L, Romine MF, Fredrickson JK, Pasa-Tolić L, Smith RD, Lipton MS. Quantitative analysis of cell surface membrane proteins using membrane-impermeable chemical probe coupled with 18O labeling. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:2160-9. [PMID: 20380418 DOI: 10.1021/pr9009113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a mass spectrometry-based strategy for quantitative analysis of cell surface membrane proteome changes. The strategy includes enrichment of surface membrane proteins using a membrane-impermeable chemical probe followed by stable isotope (18)O labeling and LC-MS analysis. We applied this strategy for enriching membrane proteins expressed by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, a Gram-negative bacterium with known metal-reduction capability via extracellular electron transfer between outer membrane proteins and extracellular electron receptors. LC/MS/MS analysis resulted in the identification of about 400 proteins with 79% of them being predicted to be membrane localized. Quantitative aspects of the membrane enrichment were shown by peptide level (16)O and (18)O labeling of proteins from wild-type and mutant cells (generated from deletion of a type II secretion protein, GspD) prior to LC-MS analysis. Using a chemical probe labeled pure protein as an internal standard for normalization, the quantitative data revealed reduced abundances in Delta gspD mutant cells of many outer membrane proteins including the outer membrane c-type cytochromes OmcA and MtrC, in agreement with a previous report that these proteins are substrates of the type II secretion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Schwarzenberger A, Zitt A, Kroth P, Mueller S, Von Elert E. Gene expression and activity of digestive proteases in Daphnia: effects of cyanobacterial protease inhibitors. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 10:6. [PMID: 20441581 PMCID: PMC2873468 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of cyanobacterial blooms has increased worldwide, and these blooms have been claimed to be a major factor leading to the decline of the most important freshwater herbivores, i.e. representatives of the genus Daphnia. This suppression of Daphnia is partly attributed to the presence of biologically active secondary metabolites in cyanobacteria. Among these metabolites, protease inhibitors are found in almost every natural cyanobacterial bloom and have been shown to specifically inhibit Daphnia's digestive proteases in vitro, but to date no physiological responses of these serine proteases to cyanobacterial protease inhibitors in Daphnia have been reported in situ at the protein and genetic levels. RESULTS Nine digestive proteases were detected in D. magna using activity-stained SDS-PAGE. Subsequent analyses by LC-MS/MS and database search led to the identification of respective protease genes. D. magna responded to dietary protease inhibitors by up-regulation of the expression of these respective proteases at the RNA-level and by the induction of new and less sensitive protease isoforms at the protein level. The up-regulation in response to dietary trypsin- and chymotrypsin-inhibitors ranged from 1.4-fold to 25.6-fold. These physiological responses of Daphnia, i.e. up-regulation of protease expression and the induction of isoforms, took place even after feeding on 20% cyanobacterial food for only 24 h. These physiological responses proved to be independent from microcystin effects. CONCLUSION Here for the first time it was shown in situ that a D. magna clone responds physiologically to dietary cyanobacterial protease inhibitors by phenotypic plasticity of the targets of these specific inhibitors, i.e. Daphnia gut proteases. These regulatory responses are adaptive for D. magna, as they increase the capacity for protein digestion in the presence of dietary protease inhibitors. The type and extent of these responses in protease expression might determine the degree of growth reduction in D. magna in the presence of cyanobacterial protease inhibitors. The rapid response of Daphnia to cyanobacterial protease inhibitors supports the assumption that dietary cyanobacterial protease inhibitors exert a strong selection pressure on Daphnia proteases themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schwarzenberger
- University of Cologne, Cologne Centre for Biosciences, Zülpicher Straße 47 b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Zitt
- University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter Kroth
- University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mueller
- University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Von Elert
- University of Cologne, Cologne Centre for Biosciences, Zülpicher Straße 47 b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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Pedra JHF, Narasimhan S, Rendić D, DePonte K, Bell-Sakyi L, Wilson IBH, Fikrig E. Fucosylation enhances colonization of ticks by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1222-34. [PMID: 20331643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated structures participate in a wide range of pathological processes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The impact of fucose on microbial pathogenesis, however, has been less appreciated in arthropods of medical relevance. Thus, we used the tick-borne bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum- the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis to understand these processes. Here we show that A. phagocytophilum uses alpha1,3-fucose to colonize ticks. We demonstrate that A. phagocytophilum modulates the expression of alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases and gene silencing significantly reduces colonization of tick cells. Acquisition but not transmission of A. phagocytophilum was affected when alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases were silenced during tick feeding. Our results uncover a novel mechanism of pathogen colonization in arthropods. Decoding mechanisms of pathogen invasion in ticks might expedite the development of new strategies to interfere with the life cycle of A. phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao H F Pedra
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Strategies for analysis of the glycosylation of proteins: current status and future perspectives. Mol Biotechnol 2009; 43:76-88. [PMID: 19507069 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-009-9184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
More than half of human proteins are glycosylated by a bewildering array of complex and heterogeneous N- and O-linked glycans. They function in myriad biological processes, including cell adhesion and signalling and influence the physical characteristics, stability, function, activity and immunogenicity of soluble glycoproteins. A single protein may be glycosylated differently to yield heterogenous glycoforms. Glycosylation analysis is of increasing interest in biomedical and biological research, the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry and biotechnology. This is because it is increasingly apparent that glycosylation changes in diseases, such as cancer, making it a promising target for development of clinically useful biomarkers and therapeutics. Furthermore, as the non-human cells employed in expression systems glycosylate their proteins very differently to human cells, and as glycosylation changes unpredictably under changing environmental conditions, glycans analysis for quality control, optimum efficacy and safety of recombinant glycoproteins destined for human therapeutic use is paramount. The complexities of carbohydrate chemistry make analysis challenging and while there are a variety of robust methodologies available for glycan analysis, there is currently a pressing need for the development of new, streamlined, high throughput approaches accessible to non-specialist laboratories.
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