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Boucher M, Jordan TW. Primary Impacts of the Fungal Toxin Sporidesmin on HepG2 Cells: Altered Cell Adhesion without Oxidative Stress or Cell Death. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030179. [PMID: 33670922 PMCID: PMC7997482 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal metabolite sporidesmin is responsible for severe necrotizing inflammation of biliary tract and liver of livestock grazing on pasture containing spores of Pithomyces chartarum that synthesizes the toxin. The toxin is secreted into bile causing the erosion of the biliary epithelium accompanied by inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues. Toxicity has been suggested to be due to cycles of reduction and oxidation of sporidesmin leading to oxidative damage from the formation of reactive oxygen species. The current work is the first test of the oxidative stress hypothesis using cultured cells. Oxidative stress could not be detected in HepG2 cells incubated with sporidesmin using a dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay or by use of two-dimensional electrophoresis to search for oxidized peroxiredoxins. There was also no evidence for necrosis or apoptosis, although there was a loss of cell adhesion that was accompanied by the disruption of intracellular actin microfilaments that have known roles in cell adhesion. The results are consistent with a model in which altered contact between cells in situ leads to altered permeability and subsequent inflammation and necrosis, potentially from the leakage of toxic bile into surrounding tissues. There is now a need for the further characterization of the damage processes in vivo, including the investigation of altered permeability and mechanisms of cell death in the biliary tract and other affected organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Boucher
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington PO Box 600, New Zealand;
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T. William Jordan
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington PO Box 600, New Zealand;
- Correspondence:
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Korsnes MS, Korsnes R. Mitotic Catastrophe in BC3H1 Cells following Yessotoxin Exposure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:30. [PMID: 28409150 PMCID: PMC5374163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine toxin yessotoxin (YTX) can cause various cytotoxic effects depending on cell type and cell line. It is well known to trigger distinct mechanisms for programmed cell death which may overlap or cross-talk. The present contribution provides the first evidence that YTX can cause genotoxicity and induce mitotic catastrophe which can lead to different types of cell death. This work also demonstrates potential information gain from non-intrusive computer-based tracking of many individual cells during long time. Treatment of BC3H1 cells at their exponential growth phase causes atypical nuclear alterations and formation of giant cells with multiple nuclei. These are the most prominent morphological features of mitotic catastrophe. Giant cells undergo slow cell death in a necrosis-like manner. However, apoptotic-like cell death is also observed in these cells. Electron microscopy of treated BC3H1 cells reveal uncondensed chromatin and cells with double nuclei. Activation of p-p53, p-H2AX, p-Chk1, p-ATM, and p-ATR and down-regulation of p-Chk2 indicate DNA damage response and cell cycle deregulation. Micronuclei formation further support this evidence. Data from tracking single cells reveal that YTX treatment suppresses a second round of cell division in BC3H1 cells. These findings suggest that YTX can induce genomic alterations or imperfections in chromosomal segregation leading to permanent mitotic failure. This understanding extends the list of effects from YTX and which are of interest to control cancer and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Suárez Korsnes
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway.,Nofima ASÅs, Norway
| | - Reinert Korsnes
- Nofima ASÅs, Norway.,Norwegian Defence Research EstablishmentKjeller, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
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Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Yessotoxin, a Promising Therapeutic Tool. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14020030. [PMID: 26828502 PMCID: PMC4771983 DOI: 10.3390/md14020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Yessotoxin (YTX) is a polyether compound produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. No records about human intoxications induced by this compound have been published, however it is considered a toxin. Modifications in second messenger levels, protein levels, immune cells, cytoskeleton or activation of different cellular death types have been published as consequence of YTX exposure. This review summarizes the main intracellular pathways modulated by YTX and their pharmacological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Korsnes MS, Kolstad H, Kleiveland CR, Korsnes R, Ørmen E. Autophagic activity in BC3H1 cells exposed to yessotoxin. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 32:166-80. [PMID: 26743762 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The marine toxin yessotoxin (YTX) can induce programmed cell death through both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways in various cellular systems. It appears to stimulate different forms of cellular stress causing instability among cell death mechanisms and making them overlap and cross-talk. Autophagy is one of the key pathways that can be stimulated by multiple forms of cellular stress which may determine cell survival or death. The present work evaluates a plausible link between ribotoxic stress and autophagic activity in BC3H1 cells treated with YTX. Such treatment produces massive cytoplasmic compartments as well as double-membrane vesicles termed autophagosomes which are typically observed in cells undergoing autophagy. The observed autophagosomes contain a large amount of ribosomes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Western blotting analysis of Atg proteins and detection of the autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence verified autophagic activity during YTX-treatment. The present work supports the idea that autophagic activity upon YTX exposure may represent a response to ribotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Suárez Korsnes
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) - Campus Ås, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Hilde Kolstad
- Imaging Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) - Campus Ås, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Charlotte Ramstad Kleiveland
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) - Campus Ås, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Smerud Medical Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reinert Korsnes
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway; Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Elin Ørmen
- Imaging Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) - Campus Ås, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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Korsnes MS, Korsnes R. Lifetime Distributions from Tracking Individual BC3H1 Cells Subjected to Yessotoxin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:166. [PMID: 26557641 PMCID: PMC4617161 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work shows examples of lifetime distributions for individual BC3H1 cells after start of exposure to the marine toxin yessotoxin (YTX) in an experimental dish. The present tracking of many single cells from time-lapse microscopy data demonstrates the complexity in individual cell fate and which can be masked in aggregate properties. This contribution also demonstrates the general practicality of cell tracking. It can serve as a conceptually simple and non-intrusive method for high throughput early analysis of cytotoxic effects to assess early and late time points relevant for further analyzes or to assess for variability and sub-populations of interest. The present examples of lifetime distributions seem partly to reflect different cell death modalities. Differences between cell lifetime distributions derived from populations in different experimental dishes can potentially provide measures of inter-cellular influence. Such outcomes may help to understand tumor-cell resistance to drug therapy and to predict the probability of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Suárez Korsnes
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås , Norway
| | - Reinert Korsnes
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research , Ås , Norway ; Norwegian Defense Research Establishment , Kjeller , Norway
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Korsnes MS, Røed SS, Tranulis MA, Espenes A, Christophersen B. Yessotoxin triggers ribotoxic stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:975-81. [PMID: 24780217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This work tests the hypothesis that the marine algal toxin yessotoxin (YTX) can trigger ribotoxic stress response in L6 and BC3H1 myoblast cells. YTX exposure at a concentration of 100 nM displays the characteristics of a ribotoxic stress response in such cells. The exposure leads to activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, the stress-activated protein kinase c-jun, and the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). YTX treatment also causes ribosomal RNA cleavage and inhibits protein synthesis. These observations support the idea that YTX can act as a ribotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Suárez Korsnes
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Campus Ås, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 ÅS, Norway.
| | - Susan Skogtvedt Røed
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146, NO-0033 OSLO, Norway
| | - Michael A Tranulis
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146, NO-0033 OSLO, Norway
| | - Arild Espenes
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146, NO-0033 OSLO, Norway
| | - Berit Christophersen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146, NO-0033 OSLO, Norway
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Korsnes MS, Espenes A, Hermansen LC, Loader JI, Miles CO. Cytotoxic responses in BC3H1 myoblast cell lines exposed to 1-desulfoyessotoxin. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1962-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sala GL, Bellocci M, Callegari F, Rossini GP. Azaspiracid-1 Inhibits the Maturation of Cathepsin D in Mammalian Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:444-55. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300511z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, I-41125 Modena,
Italy
| | | | - Federica Callegari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, I-41125 Modena,
Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Rossini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, I-41125 Modena,
Italy
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Anderson DM, Cembella AD, Hallegraeff GM. Progress in understanding harmful algal blooms: paradigm shifts and new technologies for research, monitoring, and management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2012; 4:143-76. [PMID: 22457972 PMCID: PMC5373096 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The public health, tourism, fisheries, and ecosystem impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) have all increased over the past few decades. This has led to heightened scientific and regulatory attention, and the development of many new technologies and approaches for research and management. This, in turn, is leading to significant paradigm shifts with regard to, e.g., our interpretation of the phytoplankton species concept (strain variation), the dogma of their apparent cosmopolitanism, the role of bacteria and zooplankton grazing in HABs, and our approaches to investigating the ecological and genetic basis for the production of toxins and allelochemicals. Increasingly, eutrophication and climate change are viewed and managed as multifactorial environmental stressors that will further challenge managers of coastal resources and those responsible for protecting human health. Here we review HAB science with an eye toward new concepts and approaches, emphasizing, where possible, the unexpected yet promising new directions that research has taken in this diverse field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.
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Bond JJ, Dunne JC, Kwan FYS, Li D, Zhang K, Leahy SC, Kelly WJ, Attwood GT, Jordan TW. Carbohydrate transporting membrane proteins of the rumen bacterium, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus. J Proteomics 2011; 75:3138-44. [PMID: 22200676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The research was aimed at finding which membrane proteins of the rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus are involved in the uptake of carbohydrates resulting from extracellular enzymatic degradation of hemicellulose and fructan. The proteomic analysis of cells grown with fructose or xylan as the sole substrate identified 13 membrane proteins predicted to function as carbohydrate transporters. One protein detected was the membrane component of a fructose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system believed to be involved in the fructose uptake following extracellular fructan breakdown. The other 12 proteins were all ABC transport system substrate-binding proteins, nine of which belong to functional category COG1653 that includes proteins predicted to transport oligosaccharides. Four of the SBPs were significantly upregulated in xylan grown cells, and three of these were found in polysaccharide utilisation loci where they are clustered with other genes involved in hemicellulose breakdown and metabolism. It is possible that the carbon source available regulates a wider network of genes. The information on the mechanisms used by rumen bacteria to take up carbohydrates from their environment may improve our understanding of the ruminant digestion and facilitate strategies for improved pasture and stored feed utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude J Bond
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Müller T, Schrötter A, Loosse C, Helling S, Stephan C, Ahrens M, Uszkoreit J, Eisenacher M, Meyer HE, Marcus K. Sense and Nonsense of Pathway Analysis Software in Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:5398-408. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200654k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Müller
- Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Schrötter
- Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christina Loosse
- Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Helling
- Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Stephan
- Bioanalytics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Maike Ahrens
- Bioanalytics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Uszkoreit
- Bioanalytics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Eisenacher
- Bioanalytics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Helmut E. Meyer
- Bioanalytics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Yessotoxin as an apoptotic inducer. Toxicon 2011; 57:947-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Effects of the microtubule stabilizing agent peloruside A on the proteome of HL-60 cells. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:544-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Phycotoxins: chemistry, mechanisms of action and shellfish poisoning. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM 2010; 100:65-122. [PMID: 20358682 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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