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Dong F, Lojko P, Bazzone A, Bernhard F, Borodina I. Transporter function characterization via continuous-exchange cell-free synthesis and solid supported membrane-based electrophysiology. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 159:108732. [PMID: 38810322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Functional characterization of transporters is impeded by the high cost and technical challenges of current transporter assays. Thus, in this work, we developed a new characterization workflow that combines cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) and solid supported membrane-based electrophysiology (SSME). For this, membrane protein synthesis was accomplished in a continuous exchange cell-free system (CECF) in the presence of nanodiscs. The resulting transporters expressed in nanodiscs were incorporated into proteoliposomes and assayed in the presence of different substrates using the surface electrogenic event reader. As a proof of concept, we validated this workflow to express and characterize five diverse transporters: the drug/H+-coupled antiporters EmrE and SugE, the lactose permease LacY, the Na+/H+ antiporter NhaA from Escherichia coli, and the mitochondrial carrier AAC2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For all transporters kinetic parameters, such as KM, IMAX, and pH dependency, were evaluated. This robust and expedite workflow (e.g., can be executed within only five workdays) offers a convenient direct functional assessment of transporter protein activity and has the ability to facilitate applications of transporters in medical and biotechnological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dong
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Pawel Lojko
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
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2
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Moser C, Muhle-Goll C. Cell-free protein production of a gamma secretase homolog. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106407. [PMID: 38000778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage of the transmembrane domain (TMD) of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretase, an intramembrane aspartyl protease, generates Aβ peptides of various lengths that form plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Although the debate has not been finally resolved whether these plaques trigger the onset of Alzheimer's or are side products, disease-related mutations suggest their implication in the etiology of the dementia. These occur both in presenilin, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, and in the TMD of APP. Despite two seminal cryo-electron microscopy structures that show the complex of γ-secretase with its substrates APP and Notch, the mechanism of γ-secretase is not yet fully understood. Especially on which basis it selects its substrates is still an enigma. The presenilin homolog PSH from the archaeon Methanoculleus marisnigri JR1 (MCMJR1) is catalytically active without accessory proteins in contrast to γ-secretase making it an excellent model for studies of the basic cleavage process. We here focused on the cell-free expression of PSH screening a range of conditions. Cleavage assays to verify the activity show that not only the yield, but mainly the activity of the protease depends on the careful selection of expression conditions. Optimal results were found for a cell-free expression at relatively low temperature, 20 °C, employing cell lysates prepared from E. coli Rosetta cells. To speed up protein preparation for immediate functional assays, a crude purification protocol was developed. This allows to produce ready-made PSH in a fast and efficient manner in less than two days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Moser
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein- Leopoldshafen, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Muhle-Goll
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein- Leopoldshafen, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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3
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Kögler LM, Stichel J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Structural investigations of cell-free expressed G protein-coupled receptors. Biol Chem 2020; 401:97-116. [PMID: 31539345 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great pharmaceutical interest and about 35% of the commercial drugs target these proteins. Still there is huge potential left in finding molecules that target new GPCRs or that modulate GPCRs differentially. For a rational drug design, it is important to understand the structure, binding and activation of the protein of interest. Structural investigations of GPCRs remain challenging, although huge progress has been made in the last 20 years, especially in the generation of crystal structures of GPCRs. This is mostly caused by issues with the expression yield, purity or labeling. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is an efficient alternative for recombinant expression systems that can potentially address many of these problems. In this article the use of CFPS for structural investigations of GPCRs is reviewed. We compare different CFPS systems, including the cellular basis and reaction configurations, and strategies for an efficient solubilization. Next, we highlight recent advances in the structural investigation of cell-free expressed GPCRs, with special emphasis on the role of photo-crosslinking approaches to investigate ligand binding sites on GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Maria Kögler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Barolo L, Abbriano RM, Commault AS, George J, Kahlke T, Fabris M, Padula MP, Lopez A, Ralph PJ, Pernice M. Perspectives for Glyco-Engineering of Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals from Microalgae. Cells 2020; 9:E633. [PMID: 32151094 PMCID: PMC7140410 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae exhibit great potential for recombinant therapeutic protein production, due to lower production costs, immunity to human pathogens, and advanced genetic toolkits. However, a fundamental aspect to consider for recombinant biopharmaceutical production is the presence of correct post-translational modifications. Multiple recent studies focusing on glycosylation in microalgae have revealed unique species-specific patterns absent in humans. Glycosylation is particularly important for protein function and is directly responsible for recombinant biopharmaceutical immunogenicity. Therefore, it is necessary to fully characterise this key feature in microalgae before these organisms can be established as industrially relevant microbial biofactories. Here, we review the work done to date on production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals in microalgae, experimental and computational evidence for N- and O-glycosylation in diverse microalgal groups, established approaches for glyco-engineering, and perspectives for their application in microalgal systems. The insights from this review may be applied to future glyco-engineering attempts to humanize recombinant therapeutic proteins and to potentially obtain cheaper, fully functional biopharmaceuticals from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Barolo
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Raffaela M. Abbriano
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Audrey S. Commault
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Jestin George
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Michele Fabris
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- School of Life Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia;
| | - Angelo Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Peter J. Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
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5
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Yue K, Trung TN, Zhu Y, Kaldenhoff R, Kai L. Co-Translational Insertion of Aquaporins into Liposome for Functional Analysis via an E. coli Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System. Cells 2019; 8:E1325. [PMID: 31717877 PMCID: PMC6912355 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins are important and well-studied water channel membrane proteins. However, being membrane proteins, sample preparation for functional analysis is tedious and time-consuming. In this paper, we report a new approach for the co-translational insertion of two aquaporins from Escherichia coli and Nicotiana tabacum using the CFPS system. This was done in the presence of liposomes with a modified procedure to form homogenous proteo-liposomes suitable for functional analysis of water permeability using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Two model aquaporins, AqpZ and NtPIP2;1, were successfully incorporated into the liposome in their active forms. Shifted green fluorescent protein was fused to the C-terminal part of AqpZ to monitor its insertion and status in the lipid environment. This new fast approach offers a fast and straightforward method for the functional analysis of aquaporins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yue
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 22116, China;
| | - Tran Nam Trung
- Department of Biology, Applied Plant Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahn Strasse 10, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (T.N.T.); (R.K.)
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Ralf Kaldenhoff
- Department of Biology, Applied Plant Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahn Strasse 10, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (T.N.T.); (R.K.)
| | - Lei Kai
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 22116, China;
- Department of Biology, Applied Plant Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahn Strasse 10, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (T.N.T.); (R.K.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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6
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Lacabanne D, Fogeron ML, Wiegand T, Cadalbert R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Protein sample preparation for solid-state NMR investigations. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 110:20-33. [PMID: 30803692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of a protein sample for solid-state NMR is in many aspects similar to solution-state NMR approaches, mainly with respect to the need for stable isotope labeling. But the possibility of using solid-state NMR to investigate membrane proteins in (native) lipids adds the important requirement of adapted membrane-reconstitution schemes. Also, dynamic nuclear polarization and paramagnetic NMR in solids need specific schemes using metal ions and radicals. Sample sedimentation has enabled structural investigations of objects inaccessible to other structural techniques, but rotor filling using sedimentation has become increasingly complex with smaller and smaller rotors, as needed for higher and higher magic-angle spinning (MAS) frequencies. Furthermore, solid-state NMR can investigate very large proteins and their complexes without the concomitant increase in line widths, motivating the use of selective labeling and unlabeling strategies, as well as segmental labeling, to decongest spectra. The possibility of investigating sub-milligram amounts of protein today using advanced fast MAS techniques enables alternative protein synthesis schemes such as cell-free expression. Here we review these specific aspects of solid-state NMR sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lacabanne
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France.
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7
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Dong F, Rues RB, Kazemi S, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Molecular Determinants for Ligand Selectivity of the Cell-Free Synthesized Human Endothelin B Receptor. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:5105-5119. [PMID: 30342934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular domains of G-protein-coupled receptors act as initial molecular selectivity filters for subtype specific ligands and drugs. Chimeras of the human endothelin-B receptor containing structural units from the extracellular domains of the endothelin-A receptor were analyzed after their co-translational insertion into preformed nanodiscs. A short β-strand and a linker region in the second extracellular loop as well as parts of the extracellular N-terminal domain were identified as molecular discrimination sites for the endothelin-B receptor-selective agonists IRL1620, sarafotoxin 6c, 4Ala-ET-1 and ET-3, but not for the non-selective agonist ET-1 recognized by both endothelin receptors. A proposed second disulfide bridge in the endothelin-B receptor tethering the N-terminal domain with the third extracellular loop was not essential for ET-1 recognition and binding, but increased the receptor thermostability. We further demonstrate an experimental approach with cell-free synthesized engineered agonists to analyze the differential discrimination of peptide ligand topologies by the two endothelin receptors. The study is based on the engineering and cell-free insertion of G-protein-coupled receptors into defined membranes and may become interesting also for other targets as an alternative platform to reveal molecular details of ligand selectivity and ligand binding mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dong
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf B Rues
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sina Kazemi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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8
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Rues RB, Dong F, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Systematic optimization of cell-free synthesized human endothelin B receptor folding. Methods 2018; 147:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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9
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Hoffmann B, Löhr F, Laguerre A, Bernhard F, Dötsch V. Protein labeling strategies for liquid-state NMR spectroscopy using cell-free synthesis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 105:1-22. [PMID: 29548364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of a protein sample for liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis requires optimization of many parameters. This review describes labeling strategies for obtaining assignments of protein resonances. Particular emphasis is placed on the advantages of cell-free protein production, which enables exclusive labeling of the protein of interest, thereby simplifying downstream processing steps and increasing the availability of different labeling strategies for a target protein. Furthermore, proteins can be synthesized in milligram yields, and the open nature of the cell-free system allows the addition of stabilizers, scrambling inhibitors or hydrophobic solubilization environments directly during the protein synthesis, which is especially beneficial for membrane proteins. Selective amino acid labeling of the protein of interest, the possibility of addressing scrambling issues and avoiding the need for labile amino acid precursors have been key factors in enabling the introduction of new assignment strategies based on different labeling schemes as well as on new pulse sequences. Combinatorial selective labeling methods have been developed to reduce the number of protein samples necessary to achieve a complete backbone assignment. Furthermore, selective labeling helps to decrease spectral overlap and overcome size limitations for solution NMR analysis of larger complexes, oligomers, intrinsically disordered proteins and membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Hoffmann
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Aisha Laguerre
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Foshag D, Henrich E, Hiller E, Schäfer M, Kerger C, Burger-Kentischer A, Diaz-Moreno I, García-Mauriño SM, Dötsch V, Rupp S, Bernhard F. The E. coli S30 lysate proteome: A prototype for cell-free protein production. N Biotechnol 2017; 40:245-260. [PMID: 28943390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein production using processed cell lysates is a core technology in synthetic biology and these systems are excellent to produce difficult toxins or membrane proteins. However, the composition of the central lysate of cell-free systems is still a "black box". Escherichia coli lysates are most productive for cell-free expression, yielding several mgs of protein per ml of reaction. Their preparation implies proteome fractionation, resulting in strongly biased and yet unknown lysate compositions. Many metabolic pathways are expected to be truncated or completely removed. The lack of knowledge of basic cell-free lysate proteomes is a major bottleneck for directed lysate engineering approaches as well as for assay design using non-purified reaction mixtures. This study is starting to close this gap by providing a blueprint of the S30 lysate proteome derived from the commonly used E. coli strain A19. S30 lysates are frequently used for cell-free protein production and represent the basis of most commercial E. coli cell-free expression systems. A fraction of 821 proteins was identified as the core proteome in S30 lysates, representing approximately a quarter of the known E. coli proteome. Its classification into functional groups relevant for transcription/translation, folding, stability and metabolic processes will build the framework for tailored cell-free reactions. As an example, we show that SOS response induction during cultivation results in tuned S30 lysate with better folding capacity, and improved solubility and activity of synthesized proteins. The presented data and protocols can serve as a platform for the generation of customized cell-free systems and product analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Foshag
- Institute for Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erik Henrich
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Hiller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miriam Schäfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Kerger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Irene Diaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) - Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sofía M García-Mauriño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) - Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steffen Rupp
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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From Gene to Function: Cell-Free Electrophysiological and Optical Analysis of Ion Pumps in Nanodiscs. Biophys J 2017; 113:1331-1341. [PMID: 28450130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodiscs that hold a lipid bilayer surrounded by a boundary of scaffold proteins have emerged as a powerful tool for membrane protein solubilization and analysis. By combining nanodiscs and cell-free expression technologies, even completely detergent-free membrane protein characterization protocols can be designed. Nanodiscs are compatible with various techniques, and due to their bilayer environment and increased stability, they are often superior to detergent micelles or liposomes for membrane protein solubilization. However, transport assays in nanodiscs have not been conducted so far, due to limitations of the two-dimensional nature of nanodisc membranes that offers no compartmentalization. Here, we study Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin-2 (KR2), a microbial light-driven sodium or proton pump, with noncovalent mass-spectrometric, electrophysiological, and flash photolysis measurements after its cotranslational insertion into nanodiscs. We demonstrate the feasibility of adsorbing nanodiscs containing KR2 to an artificial bilayer. This allows us to record light-induced capacitive currents that reflect KR2's ion transport activity. The solid-supported membrane assay with nanodisc samples provides reliable control over the ionic condition and information of the relative ion activity of this promiscuous pump. Our strategy is complemented with flash photolysis data, where the lifetimes of different photointermediates were determined at different ionic conditions. The advantage of using identical samples to three complementary approaches allows for a comprehensive comparability. The cell-free synthesis in combination with nanodiscs provides a defined hydrophobic lipid environment minimizing the detergent dependence often seen in assays with membrane proteins. KR2 is a promising tool for optogenetics, thus directed engineering to modify ion selectivity can be highly beneficial. Our approach, using the fast generation of functional ion pumps incorporated into nanodiscs and their subsequent analysis by several biophysical techniques, can serve as a versatile screening and engineering platform. This may open new avenues for the study of ion pumps and similar electrogenic targets.
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12
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Waberer L, Henrich E, Peetz O, Morgner N, Dötsch V, Bernhard F, Volknandt W. The synaptic vesicle protein SV31 assembles into a dimer and transports Zn 2. J Neurochem 2016; 140:280-293. [PMID: 27917477 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The integral synaptic vesicle protein SV31 has been shown to bind divalent cations. Here, we demonstrate that SV31 protein synthesized within a cell-free system binds Zn2+ and to a lower extent Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions. Expression with Zn2+ stabilized the protein and increased solubility. SV31 was preferentially monomeric in detergent and revealed specific binding of Zn2+ . When co-translationally inserted into defined nanodisc bilayers, SV31 assembled into dimeric complexes, resulting in increased binding of Zn2+ . Putative Zn2+ -binding motifs within SV31 comprise aspartic acid and histidine residues. Site-directed mutagenesis of two conserved aspartic acid residues leads to a potent decrease in Zn2+ binding but did not affect dimerization. Chemical modification of histidine residues abolished some of the Zn2+ -binding capacity. We demonstrate proton-dependent transport of Zn2+ as by accumulation of fluorescent FluoZin-1 inside of SV31-containing proteoliposomes. Transport activity has a Km value of 44.3 μM and required external Zn2+ and internal acidic pH. Our results demonstrate that the synaptic vesicle-integral protein SV31 functions as a proton-dependent Zn2+ transporter. SV31 may attribute specific and yet undiscovered functions to subsets of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Waberer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erik Henrich
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Peetz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Morgner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Walter Volknandt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Schmitt C, Lippert AH, Bonakdar N, Sandoghdar V, Voll LM. Compartmentalization and Transport in Synthetic Vesicles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:19. [PMID: 26973834 PMCID: PMC4770187 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale vesicles have become a popular tool in life sciences. Besides liposomes that are generated from phospholipids of natural origin, polymersomes fabricated of synthetic block copolymers enjoy increasing popularity, as they represent more versatile membrane building blocks that can be selected based on their specific physicochemical properties, such as permeability, stability, or chemical reactivity. In this review, we focus on the application of simple and nested artificial vesicles in synthetic biology. First, we provide an introduction into the utilization of multicompartmented vesosomes as compartmentalized nanoscale bioreactors. In the bottom-up development of protocells from vesicular nanoreactors, the specific exchange of pathway intermediates across compartment boundaries represents a bottleneck for future studies. To date, most compartmented bioreactors rely on unspecific exchange of substrates and products. This is either based on changes in permeability of the coblock polymer shell by physicochemical triggers or by the incorporation of unspecific porin proteins into the vesicle membrane. Since the incorporation of membrane transport proteins into simple and nested artificial vesicles offers the potential for specific exchange of substances between subcompartments, it opens new vistas in the design of protocells. Therefore, we devote the main part of the review to summarize the technical advances in the use of phospholipids and block copolymers for the reconstitution of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schmitt
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna H. Lippert
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Navid Bonakdar
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars M. Voll
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Rues RB, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Co-translational formation and pharmacological characterization of beta1-adrenergic receptor/nanodisc complexes with different lipid environments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1306-16. [PMID: 26922884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are of key significance for biomedical research. Streamlined approaches for their efficient recombinant production are of pivotal interest in order to explore their intrinsic conformational dynamics and complex ligand binding behavior. We have systematically optimized the co-translational association and folding of G protein-coupled receptors with defined membranes of nanodiscs by cell-free expression approaches. Each optimization step was quantified and the ligand binding active fraction of the receptor samples could drastically be improved. The strategy was exemplified with a stabilized and a non-stabilized derivative of the turkey beta1-adrenergic receptor. Systematic lipid screens with preformed nanodiscs revealed that generation of ligand binding active conformations of the analyzed beta1-adrenergic receptors strongly depends on lipid charge, flexibility and chain length. The lipid composition of the nanodisc membranes modulates the affinities to a variety of ligands of both receptor derivatives. In addition, the thermostabilization procedure had a significant impact on specific ligand affinities of the receptor and abolished or reduced the binding of certain antagonists. Both receptors were highly stable after purification with optimized nanodisc membranes. The procedure avoids any detergent contact of the receptors and sample production takes less than two days. Moreover, even non-stabilized receptors can be analyzed and their prior purification is not necessary for the formation of nanodisc complexes. The established process appears therefore to be suitable as a new platform for the functional or even structural characterization of recombinant G protein-coupled receptors associated with defined lipid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf-Bernhardt Rues
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.
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Development of a Cell Marker ELISA for the Detection of Goose T Cell Surface CD8α Molecules. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:531-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
The large-scale production of recombinant G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is one of the major bottlenecks that hamper functional and structural studies of this important class of integral membrane proteins. Heterologous overexpression of GPCRs often results in low yields of active protein, usually due to a combination of several factors, such as low expression levels, protein insolubility, host cell toxicity, and the need to use harsh and often denaturing detergents (e.g., SDS, LDAO, OG, and DDM, among others) to extract the recombinant receptor from the host cell membrane. Many of these problematic issues are inherently linked to cell-based expression systems and can therefore be circumvented by the use of cell-free systems. In this unit, we provide a range of protocols for the production of GPCRs in a cell-free expression system. Using this system, we typically obtain GPCR expression levels of ∼1 mg per ml of reaction mixture in the continuous-exchange configuration. Although the protocols in this unit have been optimized for the cell-free expression of GPCRs, they should provide a good starting point for the production of other classes of membrane proteins, such as ion channels, aquaporins, carrier proteins, membrane-bound enzymes, and even large molecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Segers
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Structural Biology Group, Biologics Research Europe, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stefan Masure
- Structural Biology Group, Biologics Research Europe, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Henrich E, Hein C, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Membrane protein production in Escherichia coli cell-free lysates. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1713-22. [PMID: 25937121 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein production has become a core technology in the rapidly spreading field of synthetic biology. In particular the synthesis of membrane proteins, highly problematic proteins in conventional cellular production systems, is an ideal application for cell-free expression. A large variety of artificial as well as natural environments for the optimal co-translational folding and stabilization of membrane proteins can rationally be designed. The high success rate of cell-free membrane protein production allows to focus on individually selected targets and to modulate their functional and structural properties with appropriate supplements. The efficiency and robustness of lysates from Escherichia coli strains allow a wide diversity of applications and we summarize current strategies for the successful production of high quality membrane protein samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Henrich
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Christopher Hein
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.
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18
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Maslennikov I, Choe S. Advances in NMR structures of integral membrane proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:555-62. [PMID: 23721747 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) play a central role in cell communication with the environment. Their structures are essential for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of signaling and for drug design, yet they remain badly underrepresented in the protein structure databank. Solution NMR is, aside from X-ray crystallography, the major tool in structural biology. Here we review recently reported solution NMR structures of polytopic IMPs and discuss the new approaches, which were developed in the course of these studies to overcome barriers in the field. Advances in cell-free protein expression, combinatorial isotope labeling, resonance assignment, and collection of structural data greatly accelerated IMP structure determination by solution NMR. In addition, novel membrane-mimicking media made possible determination of solution NMR structures of IMPs in a native-like lipid environment.
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Lundström P, Ahlner A, Blissing AT. Isotope labeling methods for relaxation measurements. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 992:63-82. [PMID: 23076579 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4954-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic spin relaxation has emerged as a powerful technique for probing molecular dynamics. Not only is it possible to use it for determination of time constant(s) for molecular reorientation but it can also be used to characterize internal motions on time scales from picoseconds to seconds. Traditionally, uniformly (15)N labeled samples have been used for these experiments but it is clear that this limits the applications. For instance, sensitivity for large systems is dramatically increased if dynamics is probed at methyl groups and structural characterization of low-populated states requires measurements on (13)Cα, (13)Cβ or (13)CO or (1)Hα. Unfortunately, homonuclear scalar couplings may lead to artifacts in the latter types of experiments and selective isotopic labeling schemes that only label the desired position are necessary. Both selective and uniform labeling schemes for measurements of relaxation rates for a large number of positions in proteins are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Lundström
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Artificial environments for the co-translational stabilization of cell-free expressed proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56637. [PMID: 23451062 PMCID: PMC3579822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach for designing individual expression environments that reduce or prevent protein aggregation and precipitation is described. Inefficient folding of difficult proteins in unfavorable translation environments can cause significant losses of overexpressed proteins as precipitates or inclusion bodies. A number of chemical chaperones including alcohols, polyols, polyions or polymers are known to have positive effects on protein stability. However, conventional expression approaches can use such stabilizing agents only post-translationally during protein extraction and purification. Proteins that already precipitate inside of the producer cells cannot be addressed. The open nature of cell-free protein expression systems offers the option to include single chemicals or cocktails of stabilizing compounds already into the expression environment. We report an approach for systematic screening of stabilizers in order to improve the solubility and quality of overexpressed proteins co-translationally. A comprehensive list of representative protein stabilizers from the major groups of naturally occurring chemical chaperones has been analyzed and their concentration ranges tolerated by cell-free expression systems have been determined. As a proof of concept, we have applied the method to improve the yield of proteins showing instability and partial precipitation during cell-free synthesis. Stabilizers that co-translationally improve the solubility and functional folding of human glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase have been identified and cumulative effects of stabilizers have been studied.
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Roos C, Zocher M, Müller D, Münch D, Schneider T, Sahl HG, Scholz F, Wachtveitl J, Ma Y, Proverbio D, Henrich E, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Characterization of co-translationally formed nanodisc complexes with small multidrug transporters, proteorhodopsin and with the E. coli MraY translocase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:3098-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Haferkamp I, Linka N. Functional expression and characterisation of membrane transport proteins. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:675-90. [PMID: 22639981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters set the framework organising the complexity of plant metabolism in cells, tissues and organisms. Their substrate specificity and controlled activity in different cells is a crucial part for plant metabolism to run pathways in concert. Transport proteins catalyse the uptake and exchange of ions, substrates, intermediates, products and cofactors across membranes. Given the large number of metabolites, a wide spectrum of transporters is required. The vast majority of in silico annotated membrane transporters in plant genomes, however, has not yet been functionally characterised. Hence, to understand the metabolic network as a whole, it is important to understand how transporters connect and control the metabolic pathways of plant cells. Heterologous expression and in vitro activity studies of recombinant transport proteins have highly improved their functional analysis in the last two decades. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in membrane protein expression and functional characterisation using various host systems and transport assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Haferkamp
- Plant Physiology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N Linka
- Plant Physiology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Roos C, Kai L, Proverbio D, Ghoshdastider U, Filipek S, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Co-translational association of cell-free expressed membrane proteins with supplied lipid bilayers. Mol Membr Biol 2012; 30:75-89. [PMID: 22716775 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2012.693212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Routine strategies for the cell-free production of membrane proteins in the presence of detergent micelles and for their efficient co-translational solubilization have been developed. Alternatively, the expression in the presence of rationally designed lipid bilayers becomes interesting in particular for biochemical studies. The synthesized membrane proteins would be directed into a more native-like environment and cell-free expression of transporters, channels or other membrane proteins in the presence of supplied artificial membranes could allow their subsequent functional analysis without any exposure to detergents. In addition, lipid-dependent effects on activity and stability of membrane proteins could systematically be studied. However, in contrast to the generally efficient detergent solubilization, the successful stabilization of membrane proteins with artificial membranes appears to be more difficult. A number of strategies have therefore been explored in order to optimize the co-translational association of membrane proteins with different forms of supplied lipid bilayers including liposomes, bicelles, microsomes or nanodiscs. In this review, we have compiled the current state-of-the-art of this technology and we summarize parameters which have been indicated as important for the co-translational association of cell-free synthesized membrane proteins with supplied membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roos
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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24
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Uhlemann EME, Pierson HE, Fillingame RH, Dmitriev OY. Cell-free synthesis of membrane subunits of ATP synthase in phospholipid bicelles: NMR shows subunit a fold similar to the protein in the cell membrane. Protein Sci 2012; 21:279-88. [PMID: 22162071 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NMR structure determination of large membrane proteins is hampered by broad spectral lines, overlap, and ambiguity of signal assignment. Chemical shift and NOE assignment can be facilitated by amino acid selective isotope labeling in cell-free protein synthesis system. However, many biological detergents are incompatible with the cell-free synthesis, and membrane proteins often have to be synthesized in an insoluble form. We report cell-free synthesis of subunits a and c of the proton channel of Escherichia coli ATP synthase in a soluble form in a mixture of phosphatidylcholine derivatives. In comparison, subunit a was purified from the cell-free system and from the bacterial cell membranes. NMR spectra of both preparations were similar, indicating that our procedure for cell-free synthesis produces protein structurally similar to that prepared from the cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria E Uhlemann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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25
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Kai L, Roos C, Haberstock S, Proverbio D, Ma Y, Junge F, Karbyshev M, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Systems for the cell-free synthesis of proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 800:201-225. [PMID: 21964791 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-349-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe a system for the cell-free expression of proteins based on extracts from Escherichia coli. Two reaction configurations, batch and continuous exchange, are discussed and analytical scale as well as preparative scale setups are documented. Guidelines for the systematic development and optimization of cell-free expression protocols are given in detail. We further provide specific protocols and parameters for the cell-free production of membrane proteins. High-throughput screening applications of CF expression systems are exemplified as new tools for genomics and proteomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kai
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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26
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Babel I, Barderas R, Peláez-García A, Casal JI. Antibodies on demand: a fast method for the production of human scFvs with minimal amounts of antigen. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:61. [PMID: 21635725 PMCID: PMC3125328 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies constitute a powerful tool to study protein function, protein localization and protein-protein interactions, as well as for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. High-throughput antibody development requires faster methodologies with lower antigen consumption. RESULTS Here, we describe a novel methodology to select human monoclonal recombinant antibodies by combining in vitro protein expression, phage display antibody libraries and antibody microarrays. The application of this combination of methodologies permitted us to generate human single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against two proteins: green fluorescent protein (GFP) and thioredoxin (Trx) in a short time, using as low as 5 μg of purified protein. These scFvs showed specific reactivity against their respective targets and worked well by ELISA and western blot. The scFvs were able to recognise as low as 31 ng of protein of their respective targets by western blot. CONCLUSION This work describes a novel and miniaturized methodology to obtain human monoclonal recombinant antibodies against any target in a shorter time than other methodologies using only 5 μg of protein. The protocol could be easily adapted to a high-throughput procedure for antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Babel
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC). Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC). Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alberto Peláez-García
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC). Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J Ignacio Casal
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC). Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Junge F, Haberstock S, Roos C, Stefer S, Proverbio D, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Advances in cell-free protein synthesis for the functional and structural analysis of membrane proteins. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:262-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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He M. In vitro protein expression: an emerging alternative to cell-based approaches. N Biotechnol 2010; 28:209-10. [PMID: 20804874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein expression remains a bottleneck in the production of proteins. Owing to several advantages, cell-free translation is emerging as an alternative to cell-based methods for the generation of proteins. Recent advances have led to many novel applications of cell-free systems in biotechnology, proteomics and fundamental biological research. This special issue of New Biotechnology describes recent advances in cell-free protein expression systems and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue He
- Protein Expression Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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30
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Park KH, Billon-Denis E, Dahmane T, Lebaupain F, Pucci B, Breyton C, Zito F. In the cauldron of cell-free synthesis of membrane proteins: playing with new surfactants. N Biotechnol 2010; 28:255-61. [PMID: 20800706 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis is a well-known technique for the roles it has played in deciphering the genetic code and in the beginnings of signal sequence studies. Since then, many efforts have been made to optimise this technique and, recently, to adapt it to membrane protein production with yields compatible with structural investigations. The versatility of the method allows membrane proteins to be obtained directly stabilised in surfactant micelles or inserted in a lipidic environment (proteoliposome, bicelle, and nanodisc) at the end of synthesis. Among the surfactants used, non-detergent ones such as fluorinated surfactants proved to be a good alternative in terms of colloidal stability and preservation of the integrity of membrane proteins, as shown for Escherichia coli homo-pentameric channel, MscL (Park et al., Biochem. J., 403: 183-187). Here we report cell-free expression of Escherichia coli leader peptidase (a transmembrane protease), Halobacterium salinarium bacteriorhodopsin (a transmembrane protein binding a hydrophobic cofactor) and E. coli MscL in the presence of non-detergent surfactants, amphipols and fluorinated surfactants in comparison to their expression in classical detergents. The results confirm the potentialities of fluorinated surfactants and, although pointing to limitations in using the first generations amphipols, results are discussed in the light of membrane protein refolding, especially in the case of bacteriorhodopsin. Preliminary experiments using new generations of amphipols supports choices made in developing new molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Ho Park
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS and Université Paris-7, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS FRC 550, F-75005 Paris, France
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