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Diagnosis of Wilson Disease and Its Phenotypes by Using Artificial Intelligence. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081243. [PMID: 34439909 PMCID: PMC8394607 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
WD is caused by ATP7B variants disrupting copper efflux resulting in excessive copper accumulation mainly in liver and brain. The diagnosis of WD is challenged by its variable clinical course, onset, morbidity, and ATP7B variant type. Currently it is diagnosed by a combination of clinical symptoms/signs, aberrant copper metabolism parameters (e.g., low ceruloplasmin serum levels and high urinary and hepatic copper concentrations), and genetic evidence of ATP7B mutations when available. As early diagnosis and treatment are key to favorable outcomes, it is critical to identify subjects before the onset of overtly detrimental clinical manifestations. To this end, we sought to improve WD diagnosis using artificial neural network algorithms (part of artificial intelligence) by integrating available clinical and molecular parameters. Surprisingly, WD diagnosis was based on plasma levels of glutamate, asparagine, taurine, and Fischer's ratio. As these amino acids are linked to the urea-Krebs' cycles, our study not only underscores the central role of hepatic mitochondria in WD pathology but also that most WD patients have underlying hepatic dysfunction. Our study provides novel evidence that artificial intelligence utilized for integrated analysis for WD may result in earlier diagnosis and mechanistically relevant treatments for patients with WD.
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Sarode GV, Kim K, Kieffer DA, Shibata NM, Litwin T, Czlonkowska A, Medici V. Metabolomics profiles of patients with Wilson disease reveal a distinct metabolic signature. Metabolomics 2019; 15:43. [PMID: 30868361 PMCID: PMC6568258 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wilson disease (WD) is characterized by excessive intracellular copper accumulation in liver and brain due to defective copper biliary excretion. With highly varied phenotypes and a lack of biomarkers for the different clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment can be difficult. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to analyze serum metabolomics profiles of patients with Wilson disease compared to healthy subjects, with the goal of identifying differentially abundant metabolites as potential biomarkers for this condition. METHODS Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the untargeted serum metabolome of 61 patients with WD (26 hepatic and 25 neurologic subtypes, 10 preclinical) compared to 15 healthy subjects. We conducted analysis of covariance with potential confounders (body mass index, age, sex) as covariates and partial least-squares analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for clinical covariates and multiple testing, we identified 99 significantly different metabolites (FDR < 0.05) between WD and healthy subjects. Subtype comparisons also revealed significantly different metabolites compared to healthy subjects: WD hepatic subtype (67), WD neurologic subtype (57), WD hepatic-neurologic combined (77), and preclinical (36). Pathway analysis revealed these metabolites are involved in amino acid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, choline metabolism, and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Patients with WD are characterized by a distinct metabolomics profile providing new insights into WD pathogenesis and identifying new potential diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav V Sarode
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dorothy A Kieffer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Noreene M Shibata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Tomas Litwin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czlonkowska
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentina Medici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Reed E, Lutsenko S, Bandmann O. Animal models of Wilson disease. J Neurochem 2018; 146:356-373. [PMID: 29473169 PMCID: PMC6107386 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism manifesting with hepatic, neurological and psychiatric symptoms. The limitations of the currently available therapy for WD (particularly in the management of neuropsychiatric disease), together with our limited understanding of key aspects of this illness (e.g. neurological vs. hepatic presentation) justify the ongoing need to study WD in suitable animal models. Four animal models of WD have been established: the Long-Evans Cinnamon rat, the toxic-milk mouse, the Atp7b knockout mouse and the Labrador retriever. The existing models of WD all show good similarity to human hepatic WD and have been helpful in developing an improved understanding of the human disease. As mammals, the mouse, rat and canine models also benefit from high homology to the human genome. However, important differences exist between these mammalian models and human disease, particularly the absence of a convincing neurological phenotype. This review will first provide an overview of our current knowledge of the orthologous genes encoding ATP7B and the closely related ATP7A protein in C. elegans, Drosophila and zebrafish (Danio rerio) and then summarise key characteristics of rodent and larger mammalian models of ATP7B-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Reed
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Oliver Bandmann
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Baltimore, USA
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Cabras T, Sanna M, Manconi B, Fanni D, Demelia L, Sorbello O, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Faa G, Messana I. Proteomic investigation of whole saliva in Wilson's disease. J Proteomics 2015; 128:154-63. [PMID: 26254010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism, manifesting hepatic, neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Early diagnosis is often unfeasible and a unique diagnostic test is currently inapplicable. We performed the qualitative/quantitative characterization of the salivary proteome/peptidome of 32 Wilson's disease patients by an integrated top-down/bottom-up approach. Patients exhibited significant higher levels of S100A9 and S100A8 proteoforms, and their oxidized forms with respect to controls. Oxidation occurred on methionine and tryptophan residues, and on the unique cysteine residue, in position 42 in S100A8, and 3 in S100A9, that generated glutathionylated, cysteinylated, sulfinic, sulfonic, and disulfide dimeric forms. Wilson's disease patient saliva showed high levels of two new fragments of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and of α-defensins 2 and 4. Overall, the salivary proteome of Wilson's disease patients reflected oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions characteristic of the pathology, highlighting differences that could be useful clues of disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Monica Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Daniela Fanni
- Department of Surgery Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Luigi Demelia
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", AOU, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Orazio Sorbello
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", AOU, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of the Molecular Recognition CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Surgery Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW By determining metalloproteomes via high-throughput methodology, metalloproteomics provides a research strategy for investigating nutritional and metabolic issues relating to metals. In this review, we examine recent developments in metalloproteomics since its early days approximately 12 years ago, when we utilized metalloproteomics to investigate copper disposition in hepatocytes in relation to Wilson disease. RECENT FINDINGS A metalloproteome is the set of proteins that have metal-binding capacity by being metalloproteins or manifesting metal-binding sites. Like all proteomes, a metalloproteome is determined within the context of a well defined system. It can be ascertained for a single metal or multiple metals in that system. Apart from major technological advances in analytical techniques, recent work has examined metalloproteomes for metals other than copper, notably nickel, zinc and manganese. Given the importance of microbiomes to metabolism, microbial metalloproteomics is a rapidly expanding and promising new field. SUMMARY Metals play key roles in metabolic processes. Sufficient technological progress has taken place in the past decade to make metalloproteomics an exciting and innovative type of research in nutrition and metabolism. It elucidates how metals contribute to metabolic physiology across the phyla, including in microbes. For humans, it may clarify mechanisms as well as identify informative diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve A Roberts
- aDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children bGenetics and Genome Biology Program cMolecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute dDepartments of Paediatrics eMedicine fPharmacology gBiochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Harish G, Venkateshappa C, Mahadevan A, Pruthi N, Bharath MMS, Shankar SK. Mitochondrial function in human brains is affected by pre- and post mortem factors. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:298-315. [PMID: 22639898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mitochondrial function and the ensuing ATP synthesis are central to the functioning of the brain and contribute to neuronal physiology. Most studies on neurodegenerative diseases have highlighted that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important event contributing to pathology. However, studies on the human brain mitochondria in various neurodegenerative disorders heavily rely on post mortem samples. As post mortem tissues are influenced by pre- and post mortem factors, we investigated the effect of these variables on mitochondrial function. METHODS We examined whether the mitochondrial function (represented by mitochondrial enzymes and antioxidant activities) in post mortem human brains (n=45) was affected by increased storage time (11.8-104.1 months), age of the donor (2 days to 80 years), post mortem interval (2.5-26 h), gender difference and agonal state [based on Glasgow Coma Scale: range=3-15] in the frontal cortex, as a prototype. RESULTS We observed that the activities of citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial reductase (MTT) were significantly affected only by gender difference (citrate synthase: P=0.005; succinate dehydrogenase: P=0.01; mitochondrial reductase: P=0.006), being higher in females, but not by any other factor. Mitochondrial complex I activity was significantly inhibited by increasing age (r=-0.40; P=0.05). On the other hand, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase decreased with severe agonal state (P=0.003), while the activity of glutathione-S-transferase declined with increased storage time (P=0.005) and severe agonal state (P=0.02). CONCLUSION Our data highlight the influence of pre- and post mortem factors on preservation of mitochondrial function with implications for studies on brain pathology employing stored human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harish
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Lee BH, Kim JH, Kim JM, Heo SH, Kang M, Kim GH, Choi JH, Yoo HW. The early molecular processes underlying the neurological manifestations of an animal model of Wilson's disease. Metallomics 2013; 5:532-40. [PMID: 23519153 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20243g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rat shows age-dependent hepatic manifestations that are similar to those of Wilson's disease (WD). The pathogenic process in the brain has, however, not been evaluated in detail due to the rarity of the neurological symptoms. However, copper accumulation is noted in LEC rat brain tissue from 24 weeks of age, which results in oxidative injuries. The current study investigated the gene expression profiles of LEC rat brains at 24 weeks of age in order to identify the important early molecular changes that underlie the development of neurological symptoms in WD. Biological ontology-based analysis revealed diverse altered expressions of the genes related to copper accumulation. Of particular interest, we found altered expression of genes connected to mitochondrial respiration (Sdhaf2 and Ndufb7), calcineurin-mediated cellular processes (Ppp3ca, Ppp3cb, and Camk2a), amyloid precursor protein (Anks1b and A2m) and alpha-synuclein (Snca). In addition to copper-related changes, compensatory upregulations of Cp and Hamp reflect iron-mediated neurotoxicity. Of note, reciprocal expression of Asmt and Bhmt is an important clue that altered S-adenosylhomocysteine metabolism underlies brain injury in WD, which is directly correlated to the decreased expression of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in hepatic tissue in LEC rats. In conclusion, our study indicates that diverse molecular changes, both variable and complex, underlie the development of neurological manifestations in WD. Copper-related injuries were found to be the principal pathogenic process, but Fe- or adenosylhomocysteine-related injuries were also implicated. Investigations using other animal models or accessible human samples will be required to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Medici V, Shibata NM, Kharbanda KK, LaSalle JM, Woods R, Liu S, Engelberg JA, Devaraj S, Török NJ, Jiang JX, Havel PJ, Lönnerdal B, Kim K, Halsted CH. Wilson's disease: changes in methionine metabolism and inflammation affect global DNA methylation in early liver disease. Hepatology 2013; 57:555-65. [PMID: 22945834 PMCID: PMC3566330 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic methionine metabolism may play an essential role in regulating methylation status and liver injury in Wilson's disease (WD) through the inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) by copper (Cu) and the consequent accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). We studied the transcript levels of selected genes related to liver injury, levels of SAHH, SAH, DNA methyltransferases genes (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b), and global DNA methylation in the tx-j mouse (tx-j), an animal model of WD. Findings were compared to those in control C3H mice, and in response to Cu chelation by penicillamine (PCA) and dietary supplementation of the methyl donor betaine to modulate inflammatory and methylation status. Transcript levels of selected genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation were down-regulated at baseline in tx-j mice, further down-regulated in response to PCA, and showed little to no response to betaine. Hepatic Sahh transcript and protein levels were reduced in tx-j mice with consequent increase of SAH levels. Hepatic Cu accumulation was associated with inflammation, as indicated by histopathology and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and liver tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf-α) levels. Dnmt3b was down-regulated in tx-j mice together with global DNA hypomethylation. PCA treatment of tx-j mice reduced Tnf-α and ALT levels, betaine treatment increased S-adenosylmethionine and up-regulated Dnmt3b levels, and both treatments restored global DNA methylation levels. CONCLUSION Reduced hepatic Sahh expression was associated with increased liver SAH levels in the tx-j model of WD, with consequent global DNA hypomethylation. Increased global DNA methylation was achieved by reducing inflammation by Cu chelation or by providing methyl groups. We propose that increased SAH levels and inflammation affect widespread epigenetic regulation of gene expression in WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
| | - Noreene M. Shibata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Janine M. LaSalle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis
| | - Rima Woods
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis
| | - Sarah Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
| | | | | | - Natalie J. Török
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
| | - Joy X. Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
| | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California Davis
| | - Charles H. Halsted
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis
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Riva C, Cristoni S, Binelli A. Effects of triclosan in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha: a proteomic investigation. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 118-119:62-71. [PMID: 22522169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) is commonly used in several personal care products, textiles, and children's toys. Because the removal of TCS by wastewater treatment plants is incomplete, its environmental fate is to be discharged into freshwater ecosystems, where its ecotoxicological impact is still largely unexplored. Previously, we began a structured multi-tiered approach in order to evaluate TCS toxicity in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha. The results of our previous studies, based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, highlighted a pronounced cytogenotoxic effect exerted by TCS, and showed that an increase in oxidative stress was likely to be one of its main toxic mechanisms. In this work, in order to investigate TCS toxicity mechanisms in aquatic non-target species in greater depth, we decided to use a proteomic approach, analysing changes in protein expression profiles in gills of D. polymorpha exposed for seven days to TCS. Moreover, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured to investigate further the role played by TCS in inducing oxidative stress. Finally, TCS bioaccumulation in mussel tissues was also assessed, to ensure an effective accumulation of the toxicant. Our results not only confirmed the role played by TCS in inducing oxidative stress, but furthered knowledge about the mechanism exerted by TCS in inducing toxicity in an aquatic non-target organisms. TCS induced significant alterations in protein expression profiles in gills of D. polymorpha. The wide range of proteins affected suggested that this chemical has marked effects on various biological processes, especially those involved in calcium binding or stress response. We also confirmed that the proteomic analysis, using 2-DE and de novo sequencing, is a reliable and powerful approach to investigate cellular responses to pollutants in a non-model organism with few genomic sequences available in databases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Cristoni
- I.S.B., Ion Source & Biotechnologies S.r.l., Gerenzano, Varese, Italy
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Sun J, Sun L, Zhang N, Lu X, Zhang H. A20 is up-regulated in primary mouse hepatocytes subjected to hypoxia and reperfusion. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:683-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
| | - Luning Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
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Roberts EA. Using metalloproteomics to investigate the cellular physiology of copper in hepatocytes. Metallomics 2012; 4:633-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20019h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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