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Pade LR, Stepler KE, Portero EP, DeLaney K, Nemes P. Biological mass spectrometry enables spatiotemporal 'omics: From tissues to cells to organelles. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:106-138. [PMID: 36647247 PMCID: PMC10668589 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biological processes unfold across broad spatial and temporal dimensions, and measurement of the underlying molecular world is essential to their understanding. Interdisciplinary efforts advanced mass spectrometry (MS) into a tour de force for assessing virtually all levels of the molecular architecture, some in exquisite detection sensitivity and scalability in space-time. In this review, we offer vignettes of milestones in technology innovations that ushered sample collection and processing, chemical separation, ionization, and 'omics analyses to progressively finer resolutions in the realms of tissue biopsies and limited cell populations, single cells, and subcellular organelles. Also highlighted are methodologies that empowered the acquisition and analysis of multidimensional MS data sets to reveal proteomes, peptidomes, and metabolomes in ever-deepening coverage in these limited and dynamic specimens. In pursuit of richer knowledge of biological processes, we discuss efforts pioneering the integration of orthogonal approaches from molecular and functional studies, both within and beyond MS. With established and emerging community-wide efforts ensuring scientific rigor and reproducibility, spatiotemporal MS emerged as an exciting and powerful resource to study biological systems in space-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena R. Pade
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Kaitlyn E. Stepler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Erika P. Portero
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Kellen DeLaney
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Peter Nemes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742
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2
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Liu Q, Martínez-Jarquín S, Ge W, Zenobi R. Development of a 3D-Printed Ionization Source for Single-Cell Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1823-1828. [PMID: 36622658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the physiologies and pathologies of diseases requires a thorough understanding of metabolic heterogeneity in cells. This technical note presents a 3D printing technology for manufacturing an ionization source that is specially adapted for mass spectrometry-based single-cell analysis. This all-in-one 3D-printed electrospray ionization source integrates the sample introduction, metabolite extraction, and ionization into one device, simplifying the process of single-cell analysis and improving the reproducibility of the measurement. We successfully used it for high-throughput analysis of three types of cancer cells (around 17 cells/min) and used the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm to distinguish different cell types based on detected metabolites. By simply adjusting the printing parameters of the 3D-printed ionization source, it can be applied to cells with different sizes. The proposed 3D-printed ionization source promises to open new possibilities for single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | | | - Wenjie Ge
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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3
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Mora MF, Kok MGM, Noell A, Willis PA. Detection of Biosignatures by Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry in the Presence of Salts Relevant to Ocean Worlds Missions. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:914-925. [PMID: 35913998 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a promising liquid-based technique for in situ chemical analysis on ocean worlds that allows the detection of a wide range of organic molecules relevant to the search for life. CE coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is particularly valuable as it also enables the discovery of unknown compounds. Here we demonstrate that CE coupled to MS via electrospray ionization (ESI) can readily analyze samples containing up to half the saturation levels of salts relevant to ocean worlds when using 5 M acetic acid as the separation media. A mixture containing amino acids, peptides, nucleobases, and nucleosides was analyzed in the presence of two salts, NaCl and MgSO4, based on their relevance to Europa and Enceladus. We demonstrate here CE-MS limits of detection for these organics ranging from 0.05 to 1 μM (8 to 89 ppb) in the absence of salts. More importantly, we demonstrate here for the first time that organics in the low micromolar range (1-50 μM) are detected by CE-MS in the presence of 3 M NaCl without desalting, preconcentration, or derivatization. This demonstration highlights how CE-MS is uniquely suited for organic analysis on future missions to ocean worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Mora
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Miranda G M Kok
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Aaron Noell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Peter A Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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4
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Zhao T, Lin H, Li N, Shi H, Kang W, Xu X. Determination of folic acid by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect chemiluminescence detection. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20063-20069. [PMID: 35479876 PMCID: PMC9033656 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method with on-line inhibited chemiluminescence (CL) detection was first used to determine folic acid (FA). This method was established based on the quenching effect of FA on the CL reaction of luminol with a Ag(iii) complex in alkaline medium. The separation was conducted with a 20.0 mM sodium borate buffer containing 1.0 mmol L-1 luminol. Under optimized conditions, FA was baseline separated and detected in less than 10 min. The limit of detection of FA was 1.3 mg L-1, with a linear range of 5.0-150.0 mg L-1 (r = 0.9953). The RSD value was 2.8% for intra-day precision and 5.4% inter-day precision. The recoveries of the standard addition of tablets and human urine ranged from 90.3% to 107.5% and from 82.0 to 105.7%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine FA contents in commercial pharmaceutical tablets and human urine samples. Results suggested that this method was simple and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangjuan Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Huaping Lin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Nan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Hongmei Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Weijun Kang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
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5
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Mast DH, Liao HW, Romanova EV, Sweedler JV. Analysis of Peptide Stereochemistry in Single Cells by Capillary Electrophoresis-Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6205-6213. [PMID: 33825437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Single cell analysis strives to probe molecular heterogeneity in morphologically similar cell populations through quantitative or qualitative measurements of genetic, proteomic, or metabolic products. Here, we applied mass analysis of single neurons to investigate cell-cell signaling peptides. The multiplicity of endogenous cell-cell signaling peptides is a common source of chemical diversity among cell populations. Certain peptides can undergo post-translational isomerization of select residues, which has important physiological consequences. The limited number of single cell analysis techniques that are sensitive to peptide stereochemistry make it challenging to study isomerization at the individual cell level. We performed capillary electrophoresis (CE) with mass spectrometry (MS) detection to characterize the peptide content of single cells. Using complementary trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) separations, we measured the stereochemical configurations of three neuropeptide gene products derived from the pleurin precursor in individual neurons (N = 3) isolated from the central nervous system of Aplysia californica. An analysis of the resultant mobility profiles indicated >98% of the detectable pleurin-derived peptides exist as the nonisomerized, all-l forms in individual neuron cell bodies. However, we observed 44% of the Plrn2 peptide from the pleurin precursor was present as the isomerized, d-residue-containing form in the nerve tissue. These findings demonstrate an unusual distribution of isomerized peptides in A. californica and establish CE-TIMS MS as a powerful analytical tool for investigating peptide stereochemistry at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Mast
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hsiao-Wei Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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6
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Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for Metabolomics: Possibilities and Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1336:159-178. [PMID: 34628632 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a very useful analytical technique for the selective and highly efficient profiling of polar and charged metabolites in a wide range of biological samples. Compared to other analytical techniques, the use of CE-MS in metabolomics is relatively low as the approach is still regarded as technically challenging and not reproducible. In this chapter, the possibilities of CE-MS for metabolomics are highlighted with special emphasis on the use of recently developed interfacing designs. The utility of CE-MS for targeted and untargeted metabolomics studies is demonstrated by discussing representative and recent examples in the biomedical and clinical fields. The potential of CE-MS for large-scale and quantitative metabolomics studies is also addressed. Finally, some general conclusions and perspectives are given on this strong analytical separation technique for probing the polar metabolome.
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7
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Hoang Anh N, Min JE, Kim SJ, Phuoc Long N. Biotherapeutic Products, Cellular Factories, and Multiomics Integration in Metabolic Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24:621-633. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoang Anh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Jo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Kahle J, Wätzig H. Determination of protein charge variants with (imaged) capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2492-2511. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kahle
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Braunschweig Germany
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9
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Ren JL, Zhang AH, Kong L, Wang XJ. Advances in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for investigation of metabolites. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22335-22350. [PMID: 35539746 PMCID: PMC9081429 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is the systematic study of all the metabolites present within a biological system, which consists of a mass of molecules, having a variety of physical and chemical properties and existing over an extensive dynamic range in biological samples. Diverse analytical techniques are needed to achieve higher coverage of metabolites. The application of mass spectrometry (MS) in metabolomics has increased exponentially since the discovery and development of electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization techniques. Significant advances have also occurred in separation-based MS techniques (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, and ion mobility-mass spectrometry), as well as separation-free MS techniques (direct infusion-mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry imaging, and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry) in the past decades. This review presents a brief overview of the recent advanced MS techniques and their latest applications in metabolomics. The software/websites for MS result analyses are also reviewed. Metabolomics is the systematic study of all the metabolites present within a biological system, supply functional information and has received extensive attention in the field of life sciences.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Ren
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Ling Kong
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Xi-Jun Wang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
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10
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Zhang W, He M, Yuan T, Xu W. A two-step method for rapid characterization of electroosmotic flows in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:3130-3135. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Muyi He
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Tao Yuan
- College of Information Science; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
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11
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Jansson ET. Strategies for analysis of isomeric peptides. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:385-397. [PMID: 28922569 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review presents an overview and recent progress of strategies for detecting isomerism in peptides, with focus on d/l epimerization and the various isomers that the presence of an aspartic acid residue may yield in a protein or peptide. While mass spectrometry has become a majorly used method of choice within proteomics, isomerism is inherently difficult to analyze because it is a modification that does not yield any change in mass of the analyte. Here, several techniques used for analysis of peptide isomerism are discussed, including enzymatic assays, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Recent progress in method development using mass spectrometry is also discussed, including labeling strategies, fragmentation techniques, and ion-mobility spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Jansson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Kpaibe AP, Ben-Ameur R, Coussot G, Ladner Y, Montels J, Ake M, Perrin C. Evaluation of capillary zone electrophoresis for the quality control of complex biologic samples: Application to snake venoms. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2050-2059. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André P.S. Kpaibe
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Montpellier France
- Département de Chimie Analytique, Bromatologie, Chimie Minérale et Chimie Générale; Université Felix Houphouët Boigny - UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Randa Ben-Ameur
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Montpellier France
| | - Gaëlle Coussot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Montpellier France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Montpellier France
| | - Jérôme Montels
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Montpellier France
| | - Michèle Ake
- Département de Chimie Analytique, Bromatologie, Chimie Minérale et Chimie Générale; Université Felix Houphouët Boigny - UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Montpellier France
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13
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Faserl K, Sarg B, Maurer V, Lindner HH. Exploiting charge differences for the analysis of challenging post-translational modifications by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:215-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Adua E, Russell A, Roberts P, Wang Y, Song M, Wang W. Innovation Analysis on Postgenomic Biomarkers: Glycomics for Chronic Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:183-196. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Adua
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Alyce Russell
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Roberts
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Youxin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Manshu Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Ramautar R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. CE-MS for metabolomics: Developments and applications in the period 2014-2016. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:190-202. [PMID: 27718257 PMCID: PMC5248609 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CE–MS can be considered a useful analytical technique for the global profiling of (highly) polar and charged metabolites in various samples. Over the past few years, significant advancements have been made in CE–MS approaches for metabolomics studies. In this paper, which is a follow‐up of a previous review paper covering the years 2012–2014 (Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 212–224), recent CE–MS strategies developed for metabolomics covering the literature from July 2014 to June 2016 are outlined. Attention will be paid to new CE–MS approaches for the profiling of anionic metabolites and the potential of SPE coupled to CE–MS is also demonstrated. Representative examples illustrate the applicability of CE–MS in the fields of biomedical, clinical, microbial, plant, and food metabolomics. A complete overview of recent CE–MS‐based metabolomics studies is given in a table, which provides information on sample type and pretreatment, capillary coatings, and MS detection mode. Finally, general conclusions and perspectives are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhardus J de Jong
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Recent applications of capillary electromigration methods to separation and analysis of proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 933:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Kohl FJ, Montealegre C, Neusüß C. On-line two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometric detection using a fully electric isolated mechanical valve. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:954-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Kohl
- Department of Chemistry; Aalen University; Aalen Germany
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18
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Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Maccari F, Volpi N. Recent advances on separation and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1514-24. [PMID: 26801168 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are unique due to their highly complex nature and important emerging biological and protective functions during early life such as prebiotic activity, pathogen deflection, and epithelial and immune cell modulation. Moreover, four genetically determined heterogeneous HMO secretory groups are known to be based on their structure and composition. Over the years, several analytical techniques have been applied to characterize and quantitate HMOs, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high pH anion-exchange chromatography, off-line and on-line mass spectrometry (MS), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Even if these techniques have proven to be efficient and simple, most glycans have no significant UV absorption and derivatization with fluorophore groups prior to separation usually results in higher sensitivity and an improved chromatographic/electrophoretic profile. Consequently, the analysis by HPLC/CE of derivatized milk oligosaccharides with different chromophoric active tags has been developed. However, UV or fluorescence detection does not provide specific structural information and this is a key point in particular related to the highly complex nature of the milk glycan mixtures. As a consequence, for a specific determination of complex mixtures of oligomers, analytical separation is usually required with evaluation by means of MS, which has been successfully applied to HMOs, resulting in efficient compositional analysis and profiling in various milk samples. This review aims to give an overview of the current state-of-the-art techniques used in HMO analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mantovani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Abstract
In clinical metabolomics, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has become a very useful technique for the analysis of highly polar and charged metabolites in complex biologic samples. A comprehensive overview of recent developments in CE-MS for metabolic profiling studies is presented. This review covers theory, CE separation modes, capillary coatings, and practical aspects of CE-MS coupling. Attention is also given to sample pretreatment and data analysis strategies used for metabolomics. The applicability of CE-MS for clinical metabolomics is illustrated using samples ranging from plasma and urine to cells and tissues. CE-MS application to large-scale and quantitative clinical metabolomics is addressed. Conclusions and perspectives on this unique analytic strategy are presented.
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis appeared to be a powerful and reliable technique to analyze the diversity of wine compounds. Wine presents a great variety of natural chemicals coming from the grape berry extraction and the fermentation processes. The first and more abundant after water, ethanol has been quantified in wines via capillary electrophoresis. Other families like organic acids, neutral and acid sugars, polyphenols, amines, thiols, vitamins, and soluble proteins are electrophoretically separated from the complex matrix.Here, we will focus on the different methodologies that have been employed to conduct properly capillary electrophoresis in wine analysis.Two examples informing on wine chemistry obtained by capillary electrophoresis will be detailed. They concern polyphenol analysis and protein profiling. The first category is a well-developed quantitative approach important for the quality and the antioxidant properties conferred to wine. The second aspect involves more research aspects dealing with microbiota infections in the vineyard or in the grape as well as enological practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Coelho
- Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne, AgroSupDijon, Jules Guyot, Dijon, France.
| | - Franck Bagala
- Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne, AgroSupDijon, Jules Guyot, Dijon, France
| | - Régis D Gougeon
- Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne, AgroSupDijon, Jules Guyot, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, HelmholtzCenter Munich-Germany Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Metabolomics is an analytical toolbox to describe (all) low-molecular-weight compounds in a biological system, as cells, tissues, urine, and feces, as well as in serum and plasma. To analyze such complex biological samples, high requirements on the analytical technique are needed due to the high variation in compound physico-chemistry (cholesterol derivatives, amino acids, fatty acids as SCFA, MCFA, or LCFA, or pathway-related metabolites belonging to each individual organism) and concentration dynamic range. All main separation techniques (LC-MS, GC-MS) are applied in routine to metabolomics hyphenated or not to mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis is a powerful high-resolving technique but still underused in this field of complex samples. Metabolomics can be performed in the non-targeted way to gain an overview on metabolite profiles in biological samples. Targeted metabolomics is applied to analyze quantitatively pre-selected metabolites. This chapter reviews the use of capillary electrophoresis in the field of metabolomics and exemplifies solutions in metabolite profiling and analysis in urine and plasma.
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22
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De Jong CAG, Risley J, Lee AK, Zhao SS, Chen DDY. Separation of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins Using Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Capillary Isoelectric Focusing. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1466:137-149. [PMID: 27473487 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Detailed step-by-step methods for protein separation techniques based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) are described in this chapter. Focus is placed on two techniques, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). CGE is essentially gel electrophoresis, performed in a capillary, where a hydrogel is used as a sieving matrix to separate proteins or peptides based on size. cIEF separates proteins or peptides based on their isoelectric point (pI), the pH at which the protein or peptide bears no charges. Detailed protocols and steps (including capillary preparation, sample preparation, CE separation conditions, and detection) for both CGE and cIEF presented so that readers can follow the described methods in their own labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn A G De Jong
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Jessica Risley
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Alexis K Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Shuai Sherry Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - David D Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
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23
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Pattky M, Barkovits K, Marcus K, Weiergräber OH, Huhn C. Statically Adsorbed Coatings for High Separation Efficiency and Resolution in CE-MS Peptide Analysis: Strategies and Implementation. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1483:53-75. [PMID: 27645731 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6403-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coatings are necessary to prevent protein and peptide adsorption to the capillary surface and obtain high intermediate precision. In this protocol, we first present our basic strategy to address peptide separation using three different coatings: one neutral and two cationic coatings, the latter largely differing in their induced electroosmotic mobility. In detail, we will describe how we apply the statically adsorbed coatings to obtain very high plate numbers and high repeatability.With some model examples, we clearly describe the scope of the method for the analysis of peptide samples: tryptic digests are addressed as well as small glycoproteins and glycopeptides largely differing in their effective electrophoretic mobility. We also show that the method is suitable for a fast screening of peptide samples despite a high matrix load comprising of up to 500 mmol/L sodium chloride. We demonstrate that this basic CE-MS method is rather independent of the polarity of the analytes with a very fast near-baseline separation of very hydrophobic Aβ peptides related to the onset of Alzheimer's disease. These examples will give an impression, which coating is most suitable for a specific analytical application.Special attention is paid to difficult aspects of the coating procedure and the CE-MS method, e.g., the potential of cross-contamination when changing the coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pattky
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Katalin Barkovits
- Functional Proteomics, Medical Proteome-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Functional Proteomics, Medical Proteome-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver H Weiergräber
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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24
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Zhang Z, Sun L, Zhu G, Cox OF, Huber PW, Dovichi NJ. Nearly 1000 Protein Identifications from 50 ng of Xenopus laevis Zygote Homogenate Using Online Sample Preparation on a Strong Cation Exchange Monolith Based Microreactor Coupled with Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2015; 88:877-82. [PMID: 26670623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A sulfonate-silica hybrid strong cation exchange monolith microreactor was synthesized and coupled to a linear polyacrylamide coated capillary for online sample preparation and capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (CZE-MS/MS) bottom-up proteomic analysis. The protein sample was loaded onto the microreactor in an acidic buffer. After online reduction, alkylation, and digestion with trypsin, the digests were eluted with 200 mM ammonium bicarbonate at pH 8.2 for CZE-MS/MS analysis using 1 M acetic acid as the background electrolyte. This combination of basic elution and acidic background electrolytes results in both sample stacking and formation of a dynamic pH junction. 369 protein groups and 1274 peptides were identified from 50 ng of Xenopus laevis zygote homogenate, which is comparable with an offline sample preparation method, but the time required for sample preparation was decreased from over 24 h to less than 40 min. Dramatically improved performance was produced by coupling the reactor to a longer separation capillary (∼100 cm) and a Q Exactive HF mass spectrometer. 975 protein groups and 3749 peptides were identified from 50 ng of Xenopus protein using the online sample preparation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Guijie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Olivia F Cox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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25
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomic and peptidomic analyses. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:198-211. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
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26
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Ramautar R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Developments in coupled solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis 2013-2015. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:35-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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27
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Hao L, Zhong X, Greer T, Ye H, Li L. Relative quantification of amine-containing metabolites using isobaric N,N-dimethyl leucine (DiLeu) reagents via LC-ESI-MS/MS and CE-ESI-MS/MS. Analyst 2015; 140:467-75. [PMID: 25429371 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based relative quantification by isobaric labeling is a useful technique to compare different metabolic expression levels in biological systems. For the first time, we have labeled primary and secondary amine-containing small molecules using 4-plex isobaric N,N-dimethyl leucine (DiLeu) to perform relative quantification. Good labeling efficiency and quantification accuracy were demonstrated with a mixture of 12 metabolite standards including amino acids and small molecule neurotransmitters. Labeling amine-containing metabolites with DiLeu reagents also enabled the separation of polar metabolites by nanoRPLC and improved the detection sensitivity by CE-ESI-MS. The 4-plex DiLeu labeling technique combined with LC-MS/MS and CE-MS/MS platforms were applied to profile and quantify amine-containing metabolites in mouse urine. The variability of concentrations of identified metabolites in urine samples from different mouse individuals was illustrated by the ratios of reporter ion intensities acquired from online data-dependent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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28
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Liu X, Tian M, Camara MA, Guo L, Yang L. Sequential capillary electrophoresis analysis using optically gated sample injection and UV/vis detection. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2380-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; ChangChun Jilin P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Faculty of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; ChangChun Jilin P. R. China
| | | | - Liping Guo
- Faculty of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; ChangChun Jilin P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Faculty of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; ChangChun Jilin P. R. China
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29
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Zhong X, Chen Z, Snovida S, Liu Y, Rogers JC, Li L. Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Analysis of Glycans Labeled with Multiplex Carbonyl-Reactive Tandem Mass Tags. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6527-34. [PMID: 25981625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed carbonyl-reactive aminoxy tandem mass tag (aminoxyTMT) reagents enable multiplexed characterization and quantitative comparison of structurally complex glycans between different biological samples. Compared to some previously reported isotopic labeling strategies for glycans, the use of the aminoxyTMT method features a simple labeling procedure, excellent labeling efficiency, and reduced spectral complexity at the MS(1) level. Presence of the tertiary amine functionality in the reporter region of the aminoxyTMT labels leads to increased ionization efficiency of the labeled glycans thus improving electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) detection sensitivity. The use of the labeling reagent also makes electrophoretic separation of the labeled neutral and acidic glycans feasible. In this work, we characterized the ESI and collision induced dissociation (CID) behavior of the aminoxyTMT-labeled neutral and sialylated glycans. For the high-mannose N-glycans and small sialylated oligosaccharides, CID fragmentation of [M + Na + H](2+) provides the most informative MS(2) spectra for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. For complex N-glycans, MS(3) of the protonated Y1(H) ion can be used for relative quantification without interference from the HexNAc fragments. Online capillary electrophoresis (CE)-ESI-MS/MS analyses of multiplexed aminoxyTMT-labeled human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and different types of N-glycans released from glycoprotein standards were demonstrated. Improved resolution and quantification accuracy of the labeled HMO isomers was achieved by coupling CE with traveling wave ion mobility (TWIM)-CID-MS/MS. N-Glycans released from human serum protein digests were labeled with six-plex aminoxyTMT and subjected to CE-ESI-MS/pseudo-MS(3) analysis, which demonstrated the potential utility of this glycan relative quantification platform for more complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhong
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sergei Snovida
- §Thermo Scientific Pierce Protein Research, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois 61105, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- ∥School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - John C Rogers
- §Thermo Scientific Pierce Protein Research, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois 61105, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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30
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Zhang Z, Sun L, Zhu G, Yan X, Dovichi NJ. Integrated strong cation-exchange hybrid monolith coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis and simultaneous dynamic pH junction for large-volume proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 138:117-122. [PMID: 25863379 PMCID: PMC4394190 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A sulfonate-silica hybrid strong cation-exchange (SCX) monolith was synthesized at the proximal end of a capillary zone electrophoresis column and used for on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) sample preconcentration. Sample was prepared in an acidic buffer and deposited onto the SCX-SPE monolith and eluted using a basic buffer. Electrophoresis was performed in an acidic buffer. This combination of buffers results in formation of a dynamic pH junction, which allows use of relatively large elution buffer volume while maintaining peak efficiency and resolution. All experiments were performed with a 50 µm ID capillary, a 1cm long SCX-SPE monolith, a 60cm long separation capillary, and a electrokinetically pumped nanospray interface. The volume of the capillary is 1.1 µL. By loading 21 µL of a 1×10(-7) M angiotensin II solution, an enrichment factor of 3000 compared to standard electrokinetic injection was achieved on this platform while retaining efficient electrophoretic performance (N=44,000 plates). The loading capacity of the sulfonate SCX hybrid monolith was determined to be ~15 pmol by frontal analysis with 10(-5) M angiotensin II. The system was also applied to the analysis of a 10(-4) mg/mL bovine serum albumin tryptic digest; the protein coverage was 12% and 11 peptides were identified. Finally, by loading 5.5 µL of a 10(-3) mg/mL E. coli digest, 109 proteins and 271 peptides were identified in a 20 min separation; the median separation efficiency generated by these peptides was 25,000 theoretical plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Guijie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
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31
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Zhang Z, Yan X, Sun L, Zhu G, Dovichi NJ. Detachable strong cation exchange monolith, integrated with capillary zone electrophoresis and coupled with pH gradient elution, produces improved sensitivity and numbers of peptide identifications during bottom-up analysis of complex proteomes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4572-7. [PMID: 25822566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A detachable sulfonate-silica hybrid strong cation-exchange monolith was synthesized in a fused silica capillary, and used for solid phase extraction with online pH gradient elution during capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (CZE-MS/MS) proteomic analysis. Tryptic digests were prepared in 50 mM formic acid and loaded onto the strong cation-exchange monolith. Fractions were eluted using a series of buffers with lower concentration but higher pH values than the 50 mM formic acid background electrolyte. This combination of elution and background electrolytes results in both sample stacking and formation of a dynamic pH junction and allows use of relatively large elution buffer volumes while maintaining reasonable peak efficiency and resolution. A series of five pH bumps were applied to elute E. coli tryptic peptides from the monolith, followed by analysis using CZE coupled to an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer; 799 protein groups and 3381 peptides were identified from 50 ng of the digest in a 2.5 h analysis, which approaches the identification rate for this organism that was obtained with an Orbitrap Fusion. We attribute the improved numbers of peptide and protein identifications to the efficient fractionation by the online pH gradient elution, which decreased the complexity of the sample in each elution step and improved the signal intensity of low abundance peptides. We also performed a comparative analysis using a nanoACQUITY UltraPerformance LCH system. Similar numbers of protein and peptide identifications were produced by the two methods. Protein identifications showed significant overlap between the two methods, whereas peptide identifications were complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Guijie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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32
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Pejchinovski M, Hrnjez D, Ramirez-Torres A, Bitsika V, Mermelekas G, Vlahou A, Zürbig P, Mischak H, Metzger J, Koeck T. Capillary zone electrophoresis on-line coupled to mass spectrometry: A perspective application for clinical proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:453-68. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vasiliki Bitsika
- Biotechnology Division; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - George Mermelekas
- Biotechnology Division; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biotechnology Division; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences; Plymouth University, Plymouth; UK
| | | | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH; Hanover Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; University of Glasgow; UK
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33
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High-Throughput Analysis and Automation for Glycomics Studies. Chromatographia 2014; 78:321-333. [PMID: 25814696 PMCID: PMC4363487 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances in analytical technologies for high-throughput (HTP) glycomics. Our focus is on structural studies of glycoprotein glycosylation to support biopharmaceutical realization and the discovery of glycan biomarkers for human disease. For biopharmaceuticals, there is increasing use of glycomics in Quality by Design studies to help optimize glycan profiles of drugs with a view to improving their clinical performance. Glycomics is also used in comparability studies to ensure consistency of glycosylation both throughout product development and between biosimilars and innovator drugs. In clinical studies there is as well an expanding interest in the use of glycomics—for example in Genome Wide Association Studies—to follow changes in glycosylation patterns of biological tissues and fluids with the progress of certain diseases. These include cancers, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory conditions. Despite rising activity in this field, there are significant challenges in performing large scale glycomics studies. The requirement is accurate identification and quantitation of individual glycan structures. However, glycoconjugate samples are often very complex and heterogeneous and contain many diverse branched glycan structures. In this article we cover HTP sample preparation and derivatization methods, sample purification, robotization, optimized glycan profiling by UHPLC, MS and multiplexed CE, as well as hyphenated techniques and automated data analysis tools. Throughout, we summarize the advantages and challenges with each of these technologies. The issues considered include reliability of the methods for glycan identification and quantitation, sample throughput, labor intensity, and affordability for large sample numbers.
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34
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Ramautar R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. CE-MS for metabolomics: Developments and applications in the period 2012-2014. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:212-24. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Division of Analytical Biosciences; LACDR; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- AIMMS research group BioMolecular Analysis; Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gerhardus J. de Jong
- Biomolecular Analysis; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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35
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Klepárník K. Recent advances in combination of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry: Methodology and theory. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:159-78. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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36
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Lindenburg PW, Haselberg R, Rozing G, Ramautar R. Developments in Interfacing Designs for CE–MS: Towards Enabling Tools for Proteomics and Metabolomics. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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37
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de Moraes JA, Carrilho E, Assunção NA. Homemade Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled to a Mass Spectrometer. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.864982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janderson Aparecido de Moraes
- a Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Diadema , Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Química e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- b Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , São Carlos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Nilson Antonio Assunção
- a Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Diadema , Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Química e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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38
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Robledo VR, Smyth WF. Review of the CE-MS platform as a powerful alternative to conventional couplings in bio-omics and target-based applications. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2292-308. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Rodríguez Robledo
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM); Albacete Spain
| | - William Franklin Smyth
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ulster; Coleraine Northern Ireland UK
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39
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Kondeková M, Staňová A, Marák J. Methodological aspects of an off-line combination of preparative isotachophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry in the analysis of biological matrices. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1173-80. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kondeková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Staňová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Marák
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
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40
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Galeotti F, Coppa GV, Zampini L, Maccari F, Galeazzi T, Padella L, Santoro L, Gabrielli O, Volpi N. Capillary electrophoresis separation of human milk neutral and acidic oligosaccharides derivatized with 2-aminoacridone. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:811-8. [PMID: 24338619 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a unique fluid in glycobiology due to the presence of many free structurally complex oligosaccharides emerging as important dietary factors during early life and having many biological and protective functions. Methods that allow accurate profiling of oligosaccharide mixtures in this complex biological fluid with quantification of the four known genetically determined groups are welcomed. A high-voltage CE separation and detection at 254 nm of 17 neutral and acidic human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) standard along with lactose derivatized with 2-aminoacridone, using a BGE containing 20% methanol as an organic modifier and borate, able to form on-capillary anionic borate-polyol complexes, is reported. This CE approach was able to separate both neutral HMOs and acidic HMOs, with the sialic acid residue, also in the presence of lactose in high content. This method was applied to the four secretory groups individually extracted by a rapid and simple preparative step. LODs were found ranging from ∼50 to 700 fmol. We were able to measure HMO content also in the presence of excess fluorophore, or interference from proteins, peptides, salts, and other impurities normally present in this complex biological fluid. Overall, CE equipped with a UV detector is a common analytical approach and this simple CE separation offers high resolution and sensitivity for the differentiation of human milk samples related to genetic groups and days of lactation by considering that important changes in HMO content are a reflection of the lactation day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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41
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Tubaon RMS, Rabanes H, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Capillary electrophoresis of natural products: 2011-2012. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:190-204. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Marni S. Tubaon
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Heide Rabanes
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Chemistry Department; Xavier University, Ateneo de Cagayan; Cagayan de Oro City Philippines
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Engineering; Loyola Schools; Ateneo de Manila University; Quezon City Philippines
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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42
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Zhong X, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Li L. Recent advances in coupling capillary electrophoresis-based separation techniques to ESI and MALDI-MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:1214-25. [PMID: 24170529 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Coupling CE-based separation techniques to MS creates a powerful platform for analysis of a wide range of biomolecules from complex samples because it combines the high separation efficiency of CE and the sensitivity and selectivity of MS detection. ESI and MALDI, as the most common soft ionization techniques employed for CE and MS coupling, offer distinct advantages for biomolecular characterization. This review is focused primarily on technological advances in combining CE and chip-based CE with ESI and MALDI-MS detection in the past five years. Selected applications in the analyses of metabolites, peptides, and proteins with recently developed CE-MS platforms are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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43
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Zhao SS, Chen DDY. Applications of capillary electrophoresis in characterizing recombinant protein therapeutics. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:96-108. [PMID: 24123141 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of recombinant protein for therapeutic applications has increased significantly in the last three decades. The heterogeneity of these proteins, often caused by the complex biosynthesis pathways and the subsequent PTMs, poses a challenge for drug characterization to ensure its safety, quality, integrity, and efficacy. CE, with its simple instrumentation, superior separation efficiency, small sample consumption, and short analysis time, is a well-suited analytical tool for therapeutic protein characterization. Different separation modes, including CIEF, SDS-CGE, CZE, and CE-MS, provide complementary information of the proteins. The CE applications for recombinant therapeutic proteins from the year 2000 to June 2013 are reviewed and technical concerns are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sherry Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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44
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011-2013). Electrophoresis 2013; 35:69-95. [PMID: 24255019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography) for analysis, isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides, in the methodology of their analysis, including sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, as well as in detection of peptides, are presented. New developments in particular CE and CEC modes are reported and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are described: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide relevant physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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45
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Sun L, Zhu G, Yan X, Dovichi NJ. High sensitivity capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of complex proteomes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:795-800. [PMID: 23911612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of bottom-up proteomic studies employ reversed-phase separation of tryptic digests coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. These studies are remarkably successful for the analysis of samples containing micrograms of protein. However, liquid chromatography tends to perform poorly for samples containing nanogram amounts of protein, presumably due to loss of trace-level peptides within the chromatographic system. Capillary zone electrophoresis provides a much simpler flow system and would appear to be an attractive alternative to liquid chromatography for separation of small peptide samples before electrospray ionization and mass spectrometry detection. However, capillary zone electrophoresis has received very little attention as a tool for analysis of complex proteomes. In 2012, we reported the use of capillary zone electrophoresis for the analysis of the secretome of Mycobacterium marinum, a model system for tuberculosis. Roughly 400 peptides and over 100 proteins were identified from this medium-complexity proteome; this identification required analysis of a set of 11 fractions and occupied three hours of mass spectrometer time. We have recently employed an improved capillary zone electrophoresis system for the analysis of 100 ng of the Escherichia coli proteome and observed over 1300 peptides and nearly 350 proteins in a single separation. More interestingly, analysis of 1 ng of the E. coli proteome yielded over 600 peptide and 140 protein groups. This sample size approaches that of a large eukaryotic cell, suggesting that capillary zone electrophoresis may ultimately be a useful tool for chemical cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Guijie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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46
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Hua Y, Jemere AB, Dragoljic J, Harrison DJ. Multiplexed electrokinetic sample fractionation, preconcentration and elution for proteomics. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2651-9. [PMID: 23712291 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Both 6 and 8-channel integrated microfluidic sample pretreatment devices capable of performing "in space" sample fractionation, collection, preconcentration and elution of captured analytes via sheath flow assisted electrokinetic pumping are described. Coatings and monolithic polymer beds were developed for the glass devices to provide cationic surface charge and anodal electroosmotic flow for delivery to an electrospray emitter tip. A mixed cationic ([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride) (META) and hydrophobic butyl methacrylate-based monolithic porous polymer, photopolymerized in the 6- or 8-fractionation channels, was used to capture and preconcentrate samples. A 0.45 wt% META loaded bed generated comparable anodic electroosmotic flow to the cationic polymer PolyE-323 coated channel segments in the device. The balanced electroosmotic flow allowed stable electrokinetic sheath flow to prevent cross contamination of separated protein fractions, while reducing protein/peptide adsorption on the channel walls. Sequential elution of analytes trapped in the SPE beds revealed that the monolithic columns could be efficiently used to provide sheath flow during elution of analytes, as demonstrated for neutral carboxy SNARF (residual signal, 0.08% RSD, n = 40) and charged fluorescein (residual signal, 2.5% n = 40). Elution from monolithic columns showed reproducible performance with peak area reproducibility of ~8% (n = 6 columns) in a single sequential elution and the run-to-run reproducibility was 2.4-6.7% RSD (n = 4) for elution from the same bed. The demonstrated ability of this device design and operation to elute from multiple fractionation beds into a single exit channel for sample analysis by fluorescence or electrospray mass spectrometry is a crucial component of an integrated fractionation and assay system for proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Hua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
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47
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Mittermayr S, Bones J, Guttman A. Unraveling the Glyco-Puzzle: Glycan Structure Identification by Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4228-38. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4006099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mittermayr
- Horváth
Laboratory of
Bioseparation Sciences, Regional Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - András Guttman
- Horváth
Laboratory of
Bioseparation Sciences, Regional Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-PE Translational Glycomics
Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprem,
Hungary
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48
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Liu S, Zhao B, Zhang D, Li C, Wang H. Imaging of Nonuniform Motion of Single DNA Molecules Reveals the Kinetics of Varying-Field Isotachophoresis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4644-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R.
China
| | - Bailin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R.
China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R.
China
| | - Cuiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R.
China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry and
Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R.
China
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49
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Kandiah M, Urban PL. Advances in ultrasensitive mass spectrometry of organic molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5299-322. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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