1
|
Hung YLW, Chen X, Wong YLE, Wu R, Chan TWD. Development of an All-in-One Protein Digestion Platform Using Sorbent-Attached Membrane Funnel-Based Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2218-2225. [PMID: 32924471 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the sorbent-attached microfunnels used in funnel-based spray ionization mass spectrometry were evaluated for the all-in-one digestion of proteins. Sorbent materials, including C18 and TiO2 powders, were used as substrates to support in-funnel digestion and subsequent solid-phase extraction and purification of the digested products. In-funnel digestion protocols with and without reductive alkylation were developed for the analysis of proteins with and without disulfide linkages. Compared with in-solution digestion of the same loadings, the sequence coverage of in-funnel digestion of ovalbumin (with one disulfide bond) and ovocystatin (with two disulfide bonds) increased from 36% to 65% and from 21% to 81%, respectively. Loading 100 fmol of ovalbumin was sufficient to generate detectable tryptic fragments on C18-attached funnels. Notably, some phosphorylated digestion fragments were solely detected on C18-attached funnels and some nonphosphorylated digestion fragments were detected only on TiO2-attached funnels. Complex biological protein mixtures (i.e., bovine milk) and mouse liver protein extract could also be digested on C18- and TiO2-attached funnels. Using this platform, 30 samples were digested at the same time with enhanced digestion efficiency and were analyzed by funnel-based spray ionization mass spectrometry. This approach is potentially useful for sensitive and high-throughput bottom-up proteomic studies of complex biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y L Winnie Hung
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, 250014 Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Y L Elaine Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ri Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T-W Dominic Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dapic I, Baljeu-Neuman L, Uwugiaren N, Kers J, Goodlett DR, Corthals GL. Proteome analysis of tissues by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:403-441. [PMID: 31390493 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissues and biofluids are important sources of information used for the detection of diseases and decisions on patient therapies. There are several accepted methods for preservation of tissues, among which the most popular are fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded methods. Depending on the preservation method and the amount of sample available, various specific protocols are available for tissue processing for subsequent proteomic analysis. Protocols are tailored to answer various biological questions, and as such vary in lysis and digestion conditions, as well as duration. The existence of diverse tissue-sample protocols has led to confusion in how to choose the best protocol for a given tissue and made it difficult to compare results across sample types. Here, we summarize procedures used for tissue processing for subsequent bottom-up proteomic analysis. Furthermore, we compare protocols for their variations in the composition of lysis buffers, digestion procedures, and purification steps. For example, reports have shown that lysis buffer composition plays an important role in the profile of extracted proteins: the most common are tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, radioimmunoprecipitation assay, and ammonium bicarbonate buffers. Although, trypsin is the most commonly used enzyme for proteolysis, in some protocols it is supplemented with Lys-C and/or chymotrypsin, which will often lead to an increase in proteome coverage. Data show that the selection of the lysis procedure might need to be tissue-specific to produce distinct protocols for individual tissue types. Finally, selection of the procedures is also influenced by the amount of sample available, which range from biopsies or the size of a few dozen of mm2 obtained with laser capture microdissection to much larger amounts that weight several milligrams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Dapic
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Naomi Uwugiaren
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jesper Kers
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - David R Goodlett
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- University of Maryland, 20N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Garry L Corthals
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jorge S, Capelo JL, LaFramboise W, Dhir R, Lodeiro C, Santos HM. Development of a Robust Ultrasonic-Based Sample Treatment To Unravel the Proteome of OCT-Embedded Solid Tumor Biopsies. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2979-2986. [PMID: 31173681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An effective three-step proteomics workflow is proposed to overcome the pitfalls caused by polymers present in optimum cutting temperature (OCT)-embedded tissue during its preparation for mass spectrometry analysis. First, the OCT-embedded tissue biopsies are cleaned using ethanol and water in a sequential series of ultrasonic washes in an ultrasound bath (35 kHz ultrasonic frequency, 100% ultrasonic amplitude, 2 min of ultrasonic duty time). Second, a fast ultrasonic-assisted extraction of proteins is done using an ultrasonic probe (30 kHz ultrasonic frequency, 50% ultrasonic amplitude, 2 min of ultrasonic duty time, 1 mm diameter tip). Third, a rapid ultrasonic digestion of complex proteomes is performed using a microplate horn assembly device (20 kHz ultrasonic frequency, 25% ultrasonic amplitude, 4 min of ultrasonic duty time). As a proof of concept, the new workflow was applied to human normal and tumor kidney biopsies including chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (chRCCs) and renal oncocytomas (ROs). A successful cluster of proteomics profiles was obtained comprising 511 and 172 unique proteins found in chRCC and RO samples, respectively. The new method provides high sample throughput and comprehensive protein recovery from OCT samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Jorge
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal.,PROTEOMASS Scientific Society , Madan Park, Rua dos Inventores , 2825-152 Caparica , Portugal
| | - José L Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal.,PROTEOMASS Scientific Society , Madan Park, Rua dos Inventores , 2825-152 Caparica , Portugal
| | - William LaFramboise
- Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Rajiv Dhir
- Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal.,PROTEOMASS Scientific Society , Madan Park, Rua dos Inventores , 2825-152 Caparica , Portugal
| | - Hugo M Santos
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal.,PROTEOMASS Scientific Society , Madan Park, Rua dos Inventores , 2825-152 Caparica , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Perspectives on potentiating immunocapture-LC-MS for the bioanalysis of biotherapeutics and biomarkers. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1679-1690. [PMID: 30371100 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of ligand-binding assay and LC-MS/MS (immunocapture-LC-MS) has unleashed the combined advantages of both powerful techniques for addressing the ever increasing bioanalytical challenges for biotherapeutics and biomarker assays. The highly specific, selective and sensitive characteristics of the immunocapture-LC-MS-based assays have enabled the determination of biotherapeutics and biomarkers in biomatrices with ease of method development, less requirements on key reagents as well as structural specificity for endogenous and engineered biomolecules. In addition, the versatile immunocapture-LC-MS technology has expanded into many challenging areas to enhance mechanistic studies of drug interactions with their targets. This paper intends to summarize our perspectives on enhancing the use of immunocapture-LC-MS in drug discovery and development for emerging new modalities.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hansbauer EM, Worbs S, Volland H, Simon S, Junot C, Fenaille F, Dorner BG, Becher F. Rapid Detection of Abrin Toxin and Its Isoforms in Complex Matrices by Immuno-Extraction and Quantitative High Resolution Targeted Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11719-11727. [PMID: 28984440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abrin expressed by the tropical plant Abrus precatorius is highly dangerous with an estimated human lethal dose of 0.1-1 μg/kg body weight. Due to the potential misuse as a biothreat agent, abrin is in the focus of surveillance. Fast and reliable methods are therefore of great importance for early identification. Here, we have developed an innovative and rapid multiepitope immuno-mass spectrometry workflow which is capable of unambiguously differentiating abrin and its isoforms in complex matrices. Toxin-containing samples were incubated with magnetic beads coated with multiple abrin-specific antibodies, thereby concentrating and extracting all the isoforms. Using an ultrasonic bath for digestion enhancement, on-bead trypsin digestion was optimized to obtain efficient and reproducible peptide recovery in only 30 min. Improvements made to the workflow reduced total analysis time to less than 3 h. A large panel of common and isoform-specific peptides was monitored by multiplex LC-MS/MS through the parallel reaction monitoring mode on a quadrupole-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. Additionally, absolute quantification was accomplished by isotope dilution with labeled AQUA peptides. The newly established method was demonstrated as being sensitive and reproducible with quantification limits in the low ng/mL range in various food and clinical matrices for the isoforms of abrin and also the closely related, less toxic Abrus precatorius agglutinin. This method allows for the first time the rapid detection, differentiation, and simultaneous quantification of abrin and its isoforms by mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute , Berlin, Germany
| | - Hervé Volland
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute , Berlin, Germany
| | - François Becher
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dapic I, Uwugiaren N, Jansen PJ, Corthals GL. Fast and Simple Protocols for Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics of Small Fresh Frozen Uterine Tissue Sections. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10769-10775. [PMID: 28910098 PMCID: PMC5647562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Human
tissues are an important link between organ-specific spatial
molecular information, patient pathology, and patient treatment options.
However, patient tissues are uniquely obtained by time and location,
and limited in their availability and size. Currently, little knowledge
exists about appropriate and simplified protocols for routine MS-based
analysis of the various types and sizes of tissues. Following standard
procedures used in pathology, we selected small fresh frozen uterine
tissue samples to investigate how the tissue preparation protocol
affected the subsequent proteomics analysis. First, we observed that
protein extraction with 0.1% SDS followed by extraction with a 30%
ACN/urea resulted in a decrease in the number of identified proteins,
when compared to extraction with 30% ACN/urea only. The decrease in
the number of proteins was approximately 55% and 20%, for 10 and 16
μm thick tissue, respectively. Interestingly, the relative abundance
of the proteins shared between the two methods was higher when SDS/ACN/urea
was used, compared to the 30% ACN/urea extraction, indicating the
role of SDS to be beneficial for protein solubility. Second, the influence
of tissue thickness was investigated by comparing the results obtained
for 10, 16, and 20 μm thick (1 mm2) tissue using
urea/30% ACN. We observed an increase in the number of identified
proteins and corresponding quantity with an increase in the tissue
thickness. Finally, by analyzing very small amounts of tissues (∼0.2
mm2) of 10, 16, and 20 μm thickness, we observed
that the increase in tissue thickness resulted in a higher number
of protein identifications and corresponding quantitative values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Dapic
- University of Amsterdam, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Uwugiaren
- University of Amsterdam, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra J Jansen
- University of Amsterdam, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Garry L Corthals
- University of Amsterdam, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wouters B, Dapic I, Valkenburg TS, Wouters S, Niezen L, Eeltink S, Corthals GL, Schoenmakers PJ. A cyclic-olefin-copolymer microfluidic immobilized-enzyme reactor for rapid digestion of proteins from dried blood spots. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1491:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Taverna D, Norris JL, Caprioli RM. Histology-directed microwave assisted enzymatic protein digestion for MALDI MS analysis of mammalian tissue. Anal Chem 2014; 87:670-6. [PMID: 25427280 PMCID: PMC4287167 DOI: 10.1021/ac503479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
This study presents on-tissue proteolytic
digestion using a microwave
irradiation and peptide extraction method for in situ analysis of proteins from spatially defined regions of a tissue
section. The methodology utilizes hydrogel discs (1 mm diameter) embedded
with trypsin solution. The enzyme-laced hydrogel discs are applied
to a tissue section, directing enzymatic digestion to a spatially
confined area of the tissue. By applying microwave radiation, protein
digestion is performed in 2 min on-tissue, and the extracted peptides
are then analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass
spectrometry (MALDI MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS). The reliability and reproducibility of the microwave assisted
hydrogel mediated on-tissue digestion is demonstrated by the comparison
with other on-tissue digestion strategies, including comparisons with
conventional heating and in-solution digestion. LC-MS/MS data were
evaluated considering the number of identified proteins as well as
the number of protein groups and distinct peptides. The results of
this study demonstrate that rapid and reliable protein digestion can
be performed on a single thin tissue section while preserving the
relationship between the molecular information obtained and the tissue
architecture, and the resulting peptides can be extracted in sufficient
abundance to permit analysis using LC-MS/MS. This approach will be
most useful for samples that have limited availability but are needed
for multiple analyses, especially for the correlation of proteomics
data with histology and immunohistochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- Department of Chemistry and Technological Chemistry, University of Calabria , Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Montowska M, Alexander MR, Tucker GA, Barrett DA. Rapid detection of peptide markers for authentication purposes in raw and cooked meat using ambient liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10257-65. [PMID: 25259730 DOI: 10.1021/ac502449w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this Article, our previously developed ambient LESA-MS methodology is implemented to analyze five types of thermally treated meat species, namely, beef, pork, horse, chicken, and turkey meat, to select and identify heat-stable and species-specific peptide markers. In-solution tryptic digests of cooked meats were deposited onto a polymer surface, followed by LESA-MS analysis and evaluation using multivariate data analysis and tandem electrospray MS. The five types of cooked meat were clearly discriminated using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. 23 heat stable peptide markers unique to species and muscle protein were identified following data-dependent tandem LESA-MS analysis. Surface extraction and direct ambient MS analysis of mixtures of cooked meat species was performed for the first time and enabled detection of 10% (w/w) of pork, horse, and turkey meat and 5% (w/w) of chicken meat in beef, using the developed LESA-MS/MS analysis. The study shows, for the first time, that ambient LESA-MS methodology displays specificity sufficient to be implemented effectively for the analysis of processed and complex peptide digests. The proposed approach is much faster and simpler than other measurement tools for meat speciation; it has potential for application in other areas of meat science or food production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Montowska
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Sample preparation has lagged far behind the evolution of instrumentation used in mass-linked protein analysis. Trypsin digestion, for example, still takes a day, as it did 50 years ago, while mass spectral analyses are achieved in seconds. Higher order structure of proteins is frequently modified by varying digestion conditions: shifting the initial points of trypsin cleavage, changing digestion pathways, accelerating peptide bond demasking and altering the distribution of miscleaved products at the completion of proteolysis. Reduction and alkylation are even circumvented in many cases. This review focuses on immobilized enzyme reactor technology as a means to achieve accelerated trypsin digestion by exploiting these phenomena.
Collapse
|
11
|
Montowska M, Rao W, Alexander MR, Tucker GA, Barrett DA. Tryptic digestion coupled with ambient desorption electrospray ionization and liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry enabling identification of skeletal muscle proteins in mixtures and distinguishing between beef, pork, horse, chicken, and turkey meat. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4479-87. [PMID: 24673366 DOI: 10.1021/ac5003432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of ambient desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) is explored for the first time to analyze skeletal muscle proteins obtained from a mixture of standard proteins and raw meat. Single proteins and mixtures of up to five proteins (myoglobin, troponin C, actin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), tropomyosin) were deposited onto a polymer surface, followed by in situ tryptic digestion and comparative analysis using DESI-MS and LESA-MS using tandem electrospray MS. Peptide peaks specific to individual proteins were readily distinguishable with good signal-to-noise ratio in the five-component mixture. LESA-MS gave a more stable analysis and greater sensitivity compared with DESI-MS. Meat tryptic digests were subjected to peptidomics analysis by DESI-MS and LESA-MS. Bovine, horse, pig, chicken, and turkey muscle digests were clearly discriminated using multivariate data analysis (MVA) of the peptidomic data sets. The most abundant skeletal muscle proteins were identified and correctly classified according to the species following MS/MS analysis. The study shows, for the first time, that ambient ionization techniques such as DESI-MS and LESA-MS have great potential for species-specific analysis and differentiation of skeletal muscle proteins by direct surface desorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Montowska
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Araújo J, Oliveira E, Kouvonen P, Corthals G, Lodeiro C, Santos H, Capelo J. A journey through PROTEOSONICS. Talanta 2014; 121:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|