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Wu LP, Wu YX, Ke XT, Wang P, Zhang S, Zhu YT, Lu Y, Shu YJ, Jiang SY, Li CJ, Hu XQ. Isolation and antioxidant activity of peptides from Chinese hairy tofu. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3572. [PMID: 38396336 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hairy tofu is a famous Chinese snack that is made from soybeans and rich in various nutrients. In order to further explore the antioxidant peptides of hairy tofu hydrolysates, seven proteases were used to hydrolyze hairy tofu. The results of in vitro radical scavenging activity showed that hairy tofu hydrolysates obtained by pancreatin exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. After Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), 97 peptides were identified in the most antioxidant fraction using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among them, nine peptides were synthesized and their antioxidant activities were assessed using a H2O2-induced oxidative 293T cell model. Finally, four peptides (QCESHK, LAWNEGR, NLQGENEWDQK, and FTEMWR) at concentrations of < 50 μg/ml significantly decreased the malondialdehyde content compared with the model group, displaying in vivo antioxidant activity and low cytotoxicity. Overall, this research provided the choice of using hairy tofu peptides as antioxidant products in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Wu
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wu
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Xiang-Tao Ke
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Pan Wang
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhu
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Yu-Jie Shu
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Shang-Yue Jiang
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Hu
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
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Zhang B, Jia C, Li M, Wang K, Chen J, Zhao J. Multiomics integration for the function of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in the larval settlement of marine sponges. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1268813. [PMID: 38468855 PMCID: PMC10925772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1268813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) contain a variety of chemical compounds and play significant roles in maintaining symbiotic relationships in a changing ocean, but little is known about their function, particularly in sponge larval development. During the growth of sponge Tedania sp., OMVs from Bacteroidetes species significantly promoted larval settlement, and Tenacibaculum mesophilum SP-7-OMVs were selected as a representative strain for further investigation. According to OMVs metabolomics, larval settlement might be connected to organic acids and derivatives. The multiomics analysis of the T. mesophilum genome, SP-7-OMVs metabolome, and larval transcriptome revealed 47 shared KEGG pathways. Among the number of candidate metabolites, arginine was chosen for its greater ability to increase the settlement rate and its role as the principal substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis of sponge larvae. In summary, these results demonstrated that sponge-associated bacteria might utilize OMVs and their cargo to support host development and make up for host metabolic pathway deficiencies. This study enhances our fundamental knowledge of OMVs in interactions between metazoan hosts and microorganisms that are crucial in the coevolution of marine ecosystems and the complex marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xaimen, Fujian, China
| | - Chenzheng Jia
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xaimen, Fujian, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xaimen, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xaimen, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xaimen, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xaimen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration (USER), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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She W, Wang H, Linardi D, Chik SY, Lan Y, Chen F, Cheng A, Qian PY. Mode of action of antifouling compound albofungin in inhibiting barnacle larval settlement. iScience 2023; 26:106981. [PMID: 37534162 PMCID: PMC10391604 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biofouling causes huge economic losses to the marine industry every year. Albofungin is a potential antifoulant showing strong anti-macrofouling activities against larval settlement of major fouling organisms. In the present study, directed RNA-seq and proteomic analyses were used to investigate changes in the transcriptome and proteome of a major fouling barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite cyprids in response to albofungin treatment. Results showed that albofungin treatment remarkably upregulated the metabolism of xenobiotics by the cytochrome P450 pathway to discharge the compound and downregulated energy metabolic processes. Intriguingly, immunostaining and whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) revealed the spatial expression patterns of selected differentially expressed genes (glutathione S-transferase [GST], nitric oxide synthase [NOS], and calmodulin [CaM]) distributed in the thorax and antennule of A. amphitrite. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism of albofungin in interrupting the larval settlement of A. amphitrite and suggests its potential application as an antifouling agent in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi She
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Darwin Linardi
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Yu Chik
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Lan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Aifang Cheng
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Zhu YT, Liang LL, Liu TT, Liang X, Yang JL. Effects of L-arginine on Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Larval Metamorphosis of Mytilus coruscus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:450. [PMID: 36833378 PMCID: PMC9957169 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory functions of L-arginine and nitric oxide (NO) on Mytilus coruscus metamorphosis, M. coruscus larvae were exposed to an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), aminoguanidine hemisulfate (AGH), and a substrate for NO synthesis, L-arginine. We observed that NO levels showed a significant increase, and this trend continued with L-arginine treatment. When NOS activity was inhibited, the larvae could not synthesize NO, and metamorphosis was not inhibited even in the presence of L-arginine. On transfecting pediveliger larvae with NOS siRNA followed by L-arginine exposure, we found that the larvae did not produce NO and that the larval metamorphosis rate was significantly increased, suggesting that L-arginine regulates M. coruscus larval metamorphosis by promoting NO synthesis. Our findings improve our understanding of the effects of marine environmental factors on larval metamorphosis of mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ting Zhu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lin-Li Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Locascio A, Vassalli QA, Castellano I, Palumbo A. Novel Insights on Nitric Oxide Synthase and NO Signaling in Ascidian Metamorphosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073505. [PMID: 35408864 PMCID: PMC8999111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a pivotal signaling molecule involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. We investigated NOS/NO localization patterns during the different stages of larval development in the ascidia Ciona robusta and evidenced a specific and temporally controlled pattern. NOS/NO expression starts in the most anterior sensory structures of the early larva and progressively moves towards the caudal portion as larval development and metamorphosis proceeds. We here highlight the pattern of NOS/NO expression in the central and peripheral nervous system of Ciona larvae which precisely follows the progression of neural signals of the central pattern generator necessary for the control of the movements of the larva towards the substrate. This highly dynamic localization profile perfectly matches with the central role played by NO from the first phase of settlement induction to the next control of swimming behavior, adhesion to substrate and progressive tissue resorption and reorganization of metamorphosis itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Locascio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Quirino Attilio Vassalli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (A.P.)
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Leonardi A, Zhang AC, Düzen N, Aldred N, Finlay JA, Clarke JL, Clare AS, Segalman RA, Ober CK. Amphiphilic Nitroxide-Bearing Siloxane-Based Block Copolymer Coatings for Enhanced Marine Fouling Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28790-28801. [PMID: 34105932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The buildup of organic matter and organisms on surfaces exposed to marine environments, known as biofouling, is a disruptive and costly process affecting maritime operations. Previous research has identified some of the surface characteristics particularly suited to the creation of antifouling and fouling-release surfaces, but there remains room for improvement against both macrofouling and microfouling organisms. Characterization of their adhesives has shown that many rely on oxidative chemistries. In this work, we explore the incorporation of the stable radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpipiderin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as a component in an amphiphilic block copolymer system to act as an inhibitor for marine cements, disrupting adhesion of macrofouling organisms. Using polystyrene-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane-r-vinylmethysiloxane) block copolymers, pendent vinyl groups were functionalized with TEMPO and poly(ethylene glycol) to construct an amphiphilic material with redox active character. The antifouling and fouling-release performance of these materials was investigated through settlement and removal assays of three model fouling organisms and correlated to surface structure and chemistry. Surfaces showed significant antifouling character and fouling-release performance was increased substantially toward barnacles by the incorporation of stable radicals, indicating their potential for marine antifouling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aria C Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nilay Düzen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Vogeler S, Carboni S, Li X, Nevejan N, Monaghan SJ, Ireland JH, Joyce A. Bivalves are NO different: nitric oxide as negative regulator of metamorphosis in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 20:23. [PMID: 33228520 PMCID: PMC7686737 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is presumed to be a regulator of metamorphosis in many invertebrate species, and although NO pathways have been comparatively well-investigated in gastropods, annelids and crustaceans, there has been very limited research on the effects of NO on metamorphosis in bivalve shellfish. RESULTS In this paper, we investigate the effects of NO pathway inhibitors and NO donors on metamorphosis induction in larvae of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The nitric oxides synthase (NOS) inhibitors s-methylisothiourea hemisulfate salt (SMIS), aminoguanidine hemisulfate salt (AGH) and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) induced metamorphosis at 75, 76 and 83% respectively, and operating in a concentration-dependent manner. Additional induction of up to 54% resulted from exposures to 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, with which NO interacts to catalyse the synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Conversely, high concentrations of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside dihydrate in combination with metamorphosis inducers epinephrine, MK-801 or SMIS, significantly decreased metamorphosis, although a potential harmful effect of excessive NO unrelated to metamorphosis pathway cannot be excluded. Expression of CgNOS also decreased in larvae after metamorphosis regardless of the inducers used, but intensified again post-metamorphosis in spat. Fluorescent detection of NO in competent larvae with DAF-FM diacetate and localisation of the oyster nitric oxide synthase CgNOS expression by in-situ hybridisation showed that NO occurs primarily in two key larval structures, the velum and foot. cGMP was also detected in the foot using immunofluorescent assays, and is potentially involved in the foot's smooth muscle relaxation. CONCLUSION Together, these results suggest that the NO pathway acts as a negative regulator of metamorphosis in Pacific oyster larvae, and that NO reduction induces metamorphosis by inhibiting swimming or crawling behaviour, in conjunction with a cascade of additional neuroendocrine downstream responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vogeler
- Department of Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottbergsgata 22 B, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Carboni
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- South Australia Research and Development Institute Aquatic Sciences Centre, 2 Hamra Ave, West Beach, SA, 5024, Australia
| | - Nancy Nevejan
- Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sean J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Jacqueline H Ireland
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Alyssa Joyce
- Department of Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottbergsgata 22 B, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Thompson SEM, Coates JC. Surface sensing and stress-signalling in Ulva and fouling diatoms - potential targets for antifouling: a review. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:410-432. [PMID: 28508711 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1319473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying signalling pathways that enable fouling algae to sense and respond to surfaces is essential in the design of environmentally friendly coatings. Both the green alga Ulva and diverse diatoms are important ecologically and economically as they are persistent biofoulers. Ulva spores exhibit rapid secretion, allowing them to adhere quickly and permanently to a ship, whilst diatoms secrete an abundance of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which are highly adaptable to different environmental conditions. There is evidence, now supported by molecular data, for complex calcium and nitric oxide (NO) signalling pathways in both Ulva and diatoms being involved in surface sensing and/or adhesion. Moreover, adaptation to stress has profound effects on the biofouling capability of both types of organism. Targets for future antifouling coatings based on surface sensing are discussed, with an emphasis on pursuing NO-releasing coatings as a potentially universal antifouling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliet C Coates
- a School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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Zhu BJ, Tang L, Yu YY, Wang DJ, Liu CL. Identification and expression patterns of 20-hydroxyecdysone-responsive genes from Procambarus clarkii. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Secretory locations of SIPC in Amphibalanus amphitrite cyprids and a novel function of SIPC in biomineralization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29376. [PMID: 27435340 PMCID: PMC4951644 DOI: 10.1038/srep29376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Settlement-inducing protein complex (SIPC) is a pheromone that triggers conspecific larval settlement in the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. In the present study, immunostaining and scanning electron microscopy of SIPC revealed signals in the frontal horn pores and the secretions from carapace pores, suggesting that SIPC might be directly secreted from these organs in A. amphitrite cyprids. Further observations showed that the frontal horn pores could contact surfaces while cyprids were "walking". Immunostaining for SIPC on the contacted surfaces displayed SIPC signals. These signals were similar to the frontal horn pores in size and morphology, suggesting that frontal horn pores might deposit SIPC. Besides, full-length SIPC was expressed and subsequent assays indicated that recombinant SIPC was able to bind to chitins and induce the precipitation of CaCO3. Furthermore, recombinant SIPC inhibited the formation of vaterites and regulated the morphology of calcite crystals. The crystals that formed with recombinant SIPC were more stable against water erosion. Overall, these results reported a novel function of recombinant SIPC that regulates crystal formation in barnacle shells.
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