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Up-Regulated Salivary Proteins of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria-Treated Plants. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:747-754. [PMID: 34550513 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) induce systemic resistance (SR) in plants, decreasing the development of phytopathogens. The FZB42 strain of Bacillus velezensis is known to induce an SR against pathogens in various plant species. Previous studies suggested that it could also influence the interactions between plants and associated pests. However, insects have developed several strategies to counteract plant defenses, including salivary proteins that allow the insect escaping detection, manipulating defensive pathways to its advantage, deactivating early signaling processes, or detoxifying secondary metabolites. Because Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) Halyomorpha halys is highly invasive and polyphagous, we hypothesized that it could detect the PGPR-induced systemic defenses in the plant, and efficiently adapt its salivary compounds to counteract them. Therefore, we inoculated a beneficial rhizobacterium on Vicia faba roots and soil, previous to plant infestation with BMSB. Salivary gland proteome of BMSB was analyzed by LC-MS/MS and a label-free quantitative proteomic method. Among the differentially expressed proteins, most were up-regulated in salivary glands of insects exposed to PGPR-treated plants for 24 h. We could confirm that BMSB was confronted with a stress during feeding on PGPR-treated plants. The to-be-confirmed defensive state of the plant would have been rapidly detected by the invasive H. halys pest, which consequently modified its salivary proteins. Among the up-regulated proteins, many could be associated with a role in plant defense counteraction, and more especially in allelochemicals detoxification or sequestration.
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Cantón PE, Bonning BC. Extraoral digestion: outsourcing the role of the hemipteran midgut. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 41:86-91. [PMID: 32823203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extraoral digestion allows for breakdown of dietary components before they reach the midgut for final enzymatic degradation and absorption. In the Hemiptera, this is achieved by the secretion of enzyme-rich fluids from the salivary gland, with the combination of protein and mRNA from these tissues termed the sialome. Separate channels within the hemipteran stylets allow for secretion of saliva and ingestion of predigested material in a non-reflux mechanism. Both feeding mode and diet type influence the composition of the hemipteran sialome, as illustrated by 1) differences in protease abundance between hematophagous and predatory heteropteran sialomes, 2) diet specific aminopeptidase-N genes among aphid biotypes, and 3) adaptation-induced sialome variation in related cicada populations. Despite challenges associated with incomplete genome annotation, -omics analysis of the sialomes of diverse hemipteran species will enhance understanding of both sialome function and the evolution of extraoral digestion within the order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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Liu XQ, Jiang HB, Liu TY, Yang L, Fan JY, Xiong Y, Jing TX, Lou BH, Dou W, Wang JJ. A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of the Diaphorina citri Salivary Glands Reveals Genes Responding to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Front Physiol 2020; 11:582505. [PMID: 33101062 PMCID: PMC7546269 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.582505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the principal vector of the Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) bacterium that causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. The D. citri salivary glands (SG) is an important barrier to the transmission of CLas. Despite its importance, the transcriptome and proteome of SG defense against CLas are unstudied in D. citri. In the present study, we generated a comparative transcriptome dataset of the SG in infected and uninfected D. citri using an Illumina RNA-Seq technology. We obtained 407 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 159 upregulated DEGs and 248 downregulated DEGs. Functional categories showed that many DEGs were associated with the ribosome, the insecticide resistance, the immune response and the digestion in comparison with CLas-infected SG and CLas-free SG. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases confirmed that metabolism and immunity were important functions in the SG. Among the DEGs, 68 genes (35 upregulated and 33 downregulated) encoding putative-secreted proteins were obtained with a signal peptide, suggesting that these genes may play important roles in CLas infection. A total of 673 SG proteins were identified in uninfected D. citri by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and 30 DEGs (15 upregulated and 15 downregulated) were found using the local tBLASTP programs. Among the 30 DEGs, many DEGs mainly involved in the metabolism and cellular processes pathways. This study provides basic transcriptome and proteome information for the SG in D. citri, and helps illuminate the molecular interactions between CLas and D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Yao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian-Xing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing-Hai Lou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Citrus Research Institute, Gulin, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Giacometti R, Jacobi V, Kronberg F, Panagos C, Edison AS, Zavala JA. Digestive activity and organic compounds of Nezara viridula watery saliva induce defensive soybean seed responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15468. [PMID: 32963321 PMCID: PMC7508886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The stink bug Nezara viridula is one of the most threatening pests for agriculture in North and South America, and its oral secretion may be responsible for the damage it causes in soybean (Glycine max) crop. The high level of injury to seeds caused by pentatomids is related to their feeding behavior, morphology of mouth parts, and saliva, though information on the specific composition of the oral secretion is scarce. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the biochemical damage produced by herbivory to developing soybean seeds. We measured metabolites and proteins to profile the insect saliva in order to understand the dynamics of soybean-herbivore interactions. We describe the mouth parts of N. viridula and the presence of metabolites, proteins and active enzymes in the watery saliva that could be involved in seed cell wall modification, thus triggering plant defenses against herbivory. We did not detect proteins from bacteria, yeasts, or soybean in the oral secretion after feeding. These results suggest that the digestive activity and organic compounds of watery saliva may elicit a plant self-protection response. This study adds to our understanding of stink bug saliva plasticity and its role in the struggle against soybean defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Giacometti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Jacobi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Kronberg
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Charalampos Panagos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Arthur S Edison
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mittapelly P, Rajarapu SP. Applications of Proteomic Tools to Study Insect Vector-Plant Virus Interactions. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E143. [PMID: 32784674 PMCID: PMC7459587 DOI: 10.3390/life10080143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are crucial players of biological interactions within and between the organisms and thus it is important to understand the role of proteins in successful partnerships, such as insect vectors and their plant viruses. Proteomic approaches have identified several proteins at the interface of virus acquisition and transmission by their insect vectors which could be potential molecular targets for sustainable pest and viral disease management strategies. Here we review the proteomic techniques used to study the interactions of insect vector and plant virus. Our review will focus on the techniques available to identify the infection, global changes at the proteome level in insect vectors, and protein-protein interactions of insect vectors and plant viruses. Furthermore, we also review the integration of other techniques with proteomics and the available bioinformatic tools to analyze the proteomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mittapelly
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- USDA APHIS PPQ, 5936 Ford Ct, Ste. 200, Brighton, MI 48116, USA
| | - Swapna Priya Rajarapu
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Eitle MW, Carolan JC, Griesser M, Forneck A. The salivary gland proteome of root-galling grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) feeding on Vitis spp. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225881. [PMID: 31846459 PMCID: PMC6917271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful parasitisation of a plant by a phytophagous insect is dependent on the delivery of effector molecules into the host. Sedentary gall forming insects, such as grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, Phylloxeridae), secrete multiple effectors into host plant tissues that alter or modulate the cellular and molecular environment to the benefit of the insect. The identification and characterisation of effector proteins will provide insight into the host-phylloxera interaction specifically the gall-induction processes and potential mechanisms of plant resistance. Using proteomic mass spectrometry and in-silico secretory prediction, 420 putative effectors were determined from the salivary glands or the root-feeding D. vitifoliae larvae reared on Teleki 5C (V. berlandieri x V. riparia). Among them, 170 conserved effectors were shared between D. vitifoliae and fourteen phytophagous insect species. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of five conserved effector candidates (protein disulfide-isomerase, peroxidoredoxin, peroxidase and a carboxypeptidase) revealed that their gene expression decreased, when larvae were starved for 24 h, supporting their assignment as effector molecules. The D. vitifoliae effectors identified here represent a functionally diverse group, comprising both conserved and unique proteins that provide new insight into the D. vitifoliae-Vitis spp. interaction and the potential mechanisms by which D. vitifoliae establishes the feeding site, suppresses plant defences and modulates nutrient uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus W. Eitle
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Vienna, Austria
| | - James C. Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Michaela Griesser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Forneck
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Vienna, Austria
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