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Yang L, Guo CW, Luo QM, Guo ZF, Chen L, Ishihama Y, Li P, Yang H, Gao W. Thermostability-assisted limited proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry for capturing drug target proteins and sites. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1312:342755. [PMID: 38834267 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying drug-binding targets and their corresponding sites is crucial for drug discovery and mechanism studies. Limited proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry (LiP-MS) is a sophisticated method used for the detection of compound and protein interactions. However, in some cases, LiP-MS cannot identify the target proteins due to the small structure changes or the lack of enrichment of low-abundant protein. To overcome this drawback, we developed a thermostability-assisted limited proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry (TALiP-MS) approach for efficient drug target discovery. RESULTS We proved that the novel strategy, TALiP-MS, could efficiently identify target proteins of various ligands, including cyclosporin A (a calcineurin inhibitor), geldanamycin (an HSP90 inhibitor), and staurosporine (a kinase inhibitor), with accurately recognizing drug-binding domains. The TALiP protocol increased the number of target peptides detected in LiP-MS experiments by 2- to 8-fold. Meanwhile, the TALiP-MS approach can not only identify both ligand-binding stability and destabilization proteins but also shows high complementarity with the thermal proteome profiling (TPP) and machine learning-based limited proteolysis (LiP-Quant) methods. The developed TALiP-MS approach was applied to identify the target proteins of celastrol (CEL), a natural product known for its strong antioxidant and anti-cancer angiogenesis effect. Among them, four proteins, MTHFD1, UBA1, ACLY, and SND1 were further validated for their strong affinity to CEL by using cellular thermal shift assay. Additionally, the destabilized proteins induced by CEL such as TAGLN2 and CFL1 were also validated. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, these findings underscore the efficacy of the TALiP-MS method for identifying drug targets, elucidating binding sites, and even detecting drug-induced conformational changes in target proteins in complex proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Chen-Wan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Qi-Ming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Zi-Fan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Li Y, Lyu J, Wang Y, Ye M, Wang H. Ligand Modification-Free Methods for the Profiling of Protein-Environmental Chemical Interactions. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1-15. [PMID: 38146056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Adverse health outcomes caused by environmental chemicals are often initiated via their interactions with proteins. Essentially, one environmental chemical may interact with a number of proteins and/or a protein may interact with a multitude of environmental chemicals, forming an intricate interaction network. Omics-wide protein-environmental chemical interaction profiling (PECI) is of prominent importance for comprehensive understanding of these interaction networks, including the toxicity mechanisms of action (MoA), and for providing systematic chemical safety assessment. However, such information remains unknown for most environmental chemicals, partly due to their vast chemical diversity. In recent years, with the continuous efforts afforded, especially in mass spectrometry (MS) based omics technologies, several ligand modification-free methods have been developed, and new attention for systematic PECI profiling was gained. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview on these methodologies for the identification of ligand-protein interactions, including affinity interaction-based methods of affinity-driven purification, covalent modification profiling, and activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) in a competitive mode, physicochemical property changes assessment methods of ligand-directed nuclear magnetic resonance (ligand-directed NMR), MS integrated with equilibrium dialysis for the discovery of allostery systematically (MIDAS), thermal proteome profiling (TPP), limited proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry (LiP-MS), stability of proteins from rates of oxidation (SPROX), and several intracellular downstream response characterization methods. We expect that the applications of these ligand modification-free technologies will drive a considerable increase in the number of PECI identified, facilitate unveiling the toxicological mechanisms, and ultimately contribute to systematic health risk assessment of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiawen Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Tu Y, Tan L, Tao H, Li Y, Liu H. CETSA and thermal proteome profiling strategies for target identification and drug discovery of natural products. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154862. [PMID: 37216761 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring target engagement at various stages of drug development is essential for natural product (NP)-based drug discovery and development. The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) developed in 2013 is a novel, broadly applicable, label-free biophysical assay based on the principle of ligand-induced thermal stabilization of target proteins, which enables direct assessment of drug-target engagement in physiologically relevant contexts, including intact cells, cell lysates and tissues. This review aims to provide an overview of the work principles of CETSA and its derivative strategies and their recent progress in protein target validation, target identification and drug lead discovery of NPs. METHODS A literature-based survey was conducted using the Web of Science and PubMed databases. The required information was reviewed and discussed to highlight the important role of CETSA-derived strategies in NP studies. RESULTS After nearly ten years of upgrading and evolution, CETSA has been mainly developed into three formats: classic Western blotting (WB)-CETSA for target validation, thermal proteome profiling (TPP, also known as MS-CETSA) for unbiased proteome-wide target identification, and high-throughput (HT)-CETSA for drug hit discovery and lead optimization. Importantly, the application possibilities of a variety of TPP approaches for the target discovery of bioactive NPs are highlighted and discussed, including TPP-temperature range (TPP-TR), TPP-compound concentration range (TPP-CCR), two-dimensional TPP (2D-TPP), cell surface-TPP (CS-TPP), simplified TPP (STPP), thermal stability shift-based fluorescence difference in 2D gel electrophoresis (TS-FITGE) and precipitate supported TPP (PSTPP). In addition, the key advantages, limitations and future outlook of CETSA strategies for NP studies are discussed. CONCLUSION The accumulation of CETSA-based data can significantly accelerate the elucidation of the mechanism of action and drug lead discovery of NPs, and provide strong evidence for NP treatment against certain diseases. The CETSA strategy will certainly bring a great return far beyond the initial investment and open up more possibilities for future NP-based drug research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lihua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Hongxun Tao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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Brown JI, Wang P, Wong AYL, Petrova B, Persaud R, Soukhtehzari S, Lopez McDonald M, Hanke D, Christensen J, Iliev P, Wang W, Everton DK, Williams KC, Frank DA, Kanarek N, Page BDG. Cycloguanil and Analogues Potently Target DHFR in Cancer Cells to Elicit Anti-Cancer Activity. Metabolites 2023; 13:151. [PMID: 36837770 PMCID: PMC9961069 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an established anti-cancer drug target whose inhibition disrupts folate metabolism and STAT3-dependent gene expression. Cycloguanil was proposed as a DHFR inhibitor in the 1950s and is the active metabolite of clinically approved plasmodium DHFR inhibitor Proguanil. The Cycloguanil scaffold was explored to generate potential cancer therapies in the 1970s. Herein, current computational and chemical biology techniques were employed to re-investigate the anti-cancer activity of Cycloguanil and related compounds. In silico modeling was employed to identify promising Cycloguanil analogues from NCI databases, which were cross-referenced with NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Line Screening data. Using target engagement assays, it was found that these compounds engage DHFR in cells at sub-nanomolar concentrations; however, growth impairments were not observed until higher concentrations. Folinic acid treatment rescues the viability impairments induced by some, but not all, Cycloguanil analogues, suggesting these compounds may have additional targets. Cycloguanil and its most promising analogue, NSC127159, induced similar metabolite profiles compared to established DHFR inhibitors Methotrexate and Pyrimethamine while also blocking downstream signaling, including STAT3 transcriptional activity. These data confirm that Cycloguanil and its analogues are potent inhibitors of human DHFR, and their anti-cancer activity may be worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I. Brown
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Y. L. Wong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rosanne Persaud
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sepideh Soukhtehzari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Danielle Hanke
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Josephine Christensen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Petar Iliev
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weiyuan Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel K. Everton
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Karla C. Williams
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - David A. Frank
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brent D. G. Page
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Zhang X, Wang K, Wu S, Ruan C, Li K, Wang Y, Zhu H, Liu X, Liu Z, Li G, Hu L, Ye M. Highly effective identification of drug targets at the proteome level by pH-dependent protein precipitation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12403-12418. [PMID: 36382280 PMCID: PMC9629037 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03326g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fully understanding the target spaces of drugs is essential for investigating the mechanism of drug action and side effects, as well as for drug discovery and repurposing. In this study, we present an energetics-based approach, termed pH-dependent protein precipitation (pHDPP), to probe the ligand-induced protein stability shift for proteome-wide drug target identification. We demonstrate that pHDPP works for a diverse array of ligands, including a folate derivative, an ATP analog, a CDK inhibitor and an immunosuppressant, enabling highly specific identification of target proteins from total cell lysates. This approach is compared to thermal and solvent-induced denaturation approaches with a pan-kinase inhibitor as the model drug, demonstrating its high sensitivity and high complementarity to other approaches. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a dominant derivative of artemisinin to treat malaria, is known to have an extraordinary effect on the treatment of various cancers. However, the anti-tumor mechanisms remain unknown. pHDPP was applied to reveal the target space of DHA and 45 potential target proteins were identified. Pathway analysis indicated that these target proteins were mainly involved in metabolism and apoptosis pathways. Two cancer-related target proteins, ALDH7A1 and HMGB1, were validated by structural simulation and AI-based target prediction methods. And they were further validated to have strong affinity to DHA by using cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). In summary, pHDPP is a powerful tool to construct the target protein space to reveal the mechanism of drug action and would have broad application in drug discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Keyun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Sijin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Chengfei Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Kejia Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - He Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Guohui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
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Mateus A, Kurzawa N, Perrin J, Bergamini G, Savitski MM. Drug Target Identification in Tissues by Thermal Proteome Profiling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:465-482. [PMID: 34499524 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052120-013205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug target deconvolution can accelerate the drug discovery process by identifying a drug's targets (facilitating medicinal chemistry efforts) and off-targets (anticipating toxicity effects or adverse drug reactions). Multiple mass spectrometry-based approaches have been developed for this purpose, but thermal proteome profiling (TPP) remains to date the only one that does not require compound modification and can be used to identify intracellular targets in living cells. TPP is based on the principle that the thermal stability of a protein can be affected by its interactions. Recent developments of this approach have expanded its applications beyond drugs and cell cultures to studying protein-drug interactions and biological phenomena in tissues. These developments open up the possibility of studying drug treatment or mechanisms of disease in a holistic fashion, which can result in the design of better drugs and lead to a better understanding of fundamental biology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mateus
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Nils Kurzawa
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; .,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Perrin
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mikhail M Savitski
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
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7
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Sun J, Prabhu N, Tang J, Yang F, Jia L, Guo J, Xiao K, Tam WL, Nordlund P, Dai L. Recent advances in proteome-wide label-free target deconvolution for bioactive small molecules. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2893-2926. [PMID: 33533067 DOI: 10.1002/med.21788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule drugs modulate biological processes and disease states through engagement of target proteins in cells. Assessing drug-target engagement on a proteome-wide scale is of utmost importance in better understanding the molecular mechanisms of action of observed beneficial and adverse effects, as well as in developing next generation tool compounds and drugs with better efficacies and specificities. However, systematic assessment of drug-target engagement has been an arduous task. With the continuous development of mass spectrometry-based proteomics instruments and techniques, various chemical proteomics approaches for drug target deconvolution (i.e., the identification of molecular target for drugs) have emerged. Among these, the label-free target deconvolution approaches that do not involve the chemical modification of compounds of interest, have gained increased attention in the community. Here we provide an overview of the basic principles and recent biological applications of the most important label-free methods including the cellular thermal shift assay, pulse proteolysis, chemical denaturant and protein precipitation, stability of proteins from rates of oxidation, drug affinity responsive target stability, limited proteolysis, and solvent-induced protein precipitation. The state-of-the-art technical implications and future outlook for the label-free approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Nayana Prabhu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinan Guo
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kefeng Xiao
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pär Nordlund
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lingyun Dai
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen Urology Minimally Invasive Engineering Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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