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Manafi Moghadam M, Zamani M. Electronic structure and spectroscopy of C60 nitroaryl radical adducts. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rodríguez González MC, Brown A, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Self-limiting covalent modification of carbon surfaces: diazonium chemistry with a twist. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18782-18789. [PMID: 32970069 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05244b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of carbon surfaces has regained traction in recent years in view of its applicability towards covalent modification of a variety of (2D) materials. A general requisite is the formation of a dense and well-defined monolayer of aryl groups covalently bound to the surface. Given the use of reactive chemistries however, it is often not easy to achieve precise control over the monolayer growth while maintaining high grafting densities. Here we present a straightforward experimental protocol for the fabrication of well-defined covalent monolayers onto the surface of graphite. Using a combination of surface analytical tools, we demonstrate that the ascorbic acid mediated dediazoniation of aryldiazonium salts leads to self-limiting growth of monolayers with high grafting densities. The aryl radicals preferentially attach to the basal plane of the substrate and once the surface is covered with a covalent monolayer, the surface reaction does not proceed further to an appreciable extent. The layer thickness of the covalent films was measured using atomic force microscopy whereas the grafting efficiencies were assessed using Raman spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the grafted films was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy whereas scanning tunneling microscopy provided nanometer scale insight into the structure of the covalent films. Mechanistic aspects of the process are also discussed. The self-terminating chemistry described here is a new addition to the synthetic armory for covalent modification of materials and sets a strong foundation for achieving precise nanoscale control over the covalent functionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Rodríguez González
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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AlQadhi NF, AlSuhaimi AO. Chemically functionalized activated carbon with 8-hydroxyquinoline using aryldiazonium salts/diazotization route: Green chemistry synthesis for oxins-carbon chelators. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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López I, Dabos-Seignon S, Breton T. Use of Selective Redox Cross-Inhibitors for the Control of Organic Layer Formation Obtained via Diazonium Salt Reduction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11048-11055. [PMID: 31299159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The controlled electrochemical deposition of a series of four diazonium salts (4-bromobenzene, 4-iodobenzene, 4-methoxybenzene, and 4-diethylaminobenzene diazonium) on carbon surfaces has been achieved by exploiting the use of three redox mediators: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, chloranil, and dichlone. The efficiency of the method rests on a fast redox cross-reaction in the diffusion layer between the diazonium compound and the reduced form of the selected inhibitor, characterized by an outer-sphere electron transfer. The effect of the inhibitor addition in the deposition solution was characterized using electrochemical techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Near-monolayers are obtained when the potential of the redox mediator is at least 100 mV lower than the reduction potential of the diazonium salt concerned. A judicious choice of the redox entity can allow, via a fine control of the experimental conditions, to modulate the thickness of organic layers by varying the grafting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro López
- MOLTECH Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, Université; d'Angers, SFR MATRIX , 2 Bd Lavoisier , 49045 Angers Cedex , France
| | - Sylvie Dabos-Seignon
- MOLTECH Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, Université; d'Angers, SFR MATRIX , 2 Bd Lavoisier , 49045 Angers Cedex , France
| | - Tony Breton
- MOLTECH Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, Université; d'Angers, SFR MATRIX , 2 Bd Lavoisier , 49045 Angers Cedex , France
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Furtado LDA, Gonçalves MCDO, Inocêncio CVM, Pinto EM, Martins DDL, Semaan FS. Electrodeposition of 4-Benzenesulfonic Acid onto a Graphite-Epoxy Composite Electrode for the Enhanced Voltammetric Determination of Caffeine in Beverages. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:8596484. [PMID: 30809415 PMCID: PMC6364101 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8596484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is widely present in food and drinks, such as teas and coffees, being also part of some currently commercialized medicines, but despite its enhancement on several functions of human body, its exceeding use can promote many health problems. In order to develop new fast approaches for the caffeine sensing, graphite-epoxy composite electrodes (GECE) were used as substrate, being modified by different diazonium salts, synthetized as their tetraflouroborate salts. An analytical method for caffeine quantification was developed, using sware wave voltammetry (SWV) in Britton-Robinson buffer pH 2.0. Detection limits for bare electrode and 4-benzenesulfonic modified electrode were observed circa 145 µmol·L-1 and 1.3 µmol·L-1, respectively. The results have shown that the modification shifts the oxidation peaks to lower potential. Kinetics of the reaction limited by diffusion was more expressive when caffeine was added to the solution, resulting in decreases of impedance, characterized by lower R ct. All results for caffeine determination were compared to a reference chromatographic procedure (HPLC), showing no statistical difference. Analytical parameters for validation were suitably determined according to local legislation, leading to a linear behaviour from 5 to 150 µmol·L-1; precision of 4.09% was evaluated based on the RDC 166/17, and accuracy was evaluated in comparison with the reference method, with recovery of 98.37 ± 2.58%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo de A. Furtado
- Laboratório Aniy K. Ohara de Sensores Compósitos e Eletroanálise, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Prédio do Instituto de Química, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. de O. Gonçalves
- Laboratório Aniy K. Ohara de Sensores Compósitos e Eletroanálise, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Prédio do Instituto de Química, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Carlos V. M. Inocêncio
- Laboratório Aniy K. Ohara de Sensores Compósitos e Eletroanálise, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Prédio do Instituto de Química, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela de L. Martins
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Catálise e Síntese (Laboratório 413), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Prédio do Instituto de Química, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Felipe S. Semaan
- Laboratório Aniy K. Ohara de Sensores Compósitos e Eletroanálise, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Prédio do Instituto de Química, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
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Via GG, Shugart CL, Melnyk SL, Hupman SR, Cline KK. One-step Solvent-free Synthesis and Grafting of Diazonium Ions at Glassy Carbon Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrhett G. Via
- Department of Chemistry; Wittenberg University; Springfield OH 45501 USA
| | - Chelsea L. Shugart
- Department of Chemistry; Wittenberg University; Springfield OH 45501 USA
| | - Sophia L. Melnyk
- Department of Chemistry; Wittenberg University; Springfield OH 45501 USA
| | | | - Kristin K. Cline
- Department of Chemistry; Wittenberg University; Springfield OH 45501 USA
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7
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Arbab AA, Mengal N, Sahito IA, Memon AA, Jeong SH. An organic route for the synthesis of cationic porous graphite nanomaterial used as photocatalyst and electrocatalyst for dye-sensitized solar cell. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Brousse K, Martin C, Brisse A, Lethien C, Simon P, Taberna P, Brousse T. Anthraquinone modification of microporous carbide derived carbon films for on-chip micro-supercapacitors applications. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Aryldiazonium salt derived mixed organic layers: From surface chemistry to their applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Sridhar V, Park H. Hollow SnO2@carbon core–shell spheres stabilized on reduced graphene oxide for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03212e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene exhibits superior performance in sodium-ion batteries when it is hybridized with hollow carbon encapsulated SnO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadahanambi Sridhar
- Global Core Research Centre for Ships and Offshore Plants
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Global Core Research Centre for Ships and Offshore Plants
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
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11
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Jacques A, Chehimi M, Poleunis C, Delcorte A, Delhalle J, Mekhalif Z. Grafting of 4-pyrrolyphenyldiazonium in situ generated on NiTi, an adhesion promoter for pyrrole electropolymerisation? Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Brooksby PA, Shields JD, Farquhar AK, Downard AJ. Reduction of Nitrophenyl Films in Aqueous Solutions: How Many Electrons? ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - James D. Shields
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Anna K. Farquhar
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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13
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Berisha A, Chehimi M, Pinson J, Podvorica F. Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Wang J, Lv C, Zhang Y, Deng L, Peng Z. Polyphenylene Wrapped Sulfur/Multi-Walled Carbon Nano-Tubes via Spontaneous Grafting of Diazonium Salt for Improved Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Sulfur Battery. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Wang Z, Xia J, Luo S, Zhang P, Xiao Z, Liu T, Guan J. Versatile surface micropatterning and functionalization enabled by microcontact printing of poly(4-aminostyrene). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13483-13490. [PMID: 25337651 DOI: 10.1021/la503393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcontact printing (μCP) of polyelectrolytes is a facile and powerful method for surface micro/nanopatterning and functionalization. Poly(4-aminostyrene) (PAS) is a polyelectrolyte that can be converted to aryldiazonium salt and exhibits pH-dependent hydrophobicity. Here we demonstrate μCP of PAS and the expansion of this technique in various directions. First, the microcontact-printed PAS can be diazotized to micropattern biomolecules including DNA and protein and nanomaterials including single-walled carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles. Second, the diazotized PAS enables μCP of a metallic structure on a carbon surface. Third, the hydrophobic nature of PAS at the neutral pH allows the microcontact-printed PAS-based polyelectrolyte multilayer to be used as masks for wet etching. Lastly, this technique allows facile fabrication of highly engineered microparticles with a unique structure. Overall, this work has established a novel μCP platform with various potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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16
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Menanteau T, Levillain E, Breton T. Spontaneous grafting of nitrophenyl groups on carbon: effect of radical scavenger on organic layer formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7913-7918. [PMID: 24932574 DOI: 10.1021/la501437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a radical scavenger (DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) on the spontaneous covalent grafting of nitrophenyl functionalities on a vitreous carbon substrate using the 4-nitrobenzene diazonium cation has been studied by electrochemical measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The addition of micromolar concentrations of DPPH to the diazonium solution efficiently limits the multilayer formation and leads to monolayer surface coverage. Control of polyaryl layer formation via the capture of the reactive nitrophenyl radical was also found to increase the proportion of nitrophenyl groups grafted to the surface via azo bridges. This work validates the recently reported strategy using a radical scavenger to prevent the formation of a polyaryl layer without interfering with direct surface grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Menanteau
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers - UMR CNRS 6200 , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
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18
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Madec L, Robert D, Moreau P, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Guyomard D, Gaubicher J. Synergistic Effect in Carbon Coated LiFePO4 for High Yield Spontaneous Grafting of Diazonium Salt. Structural Examination at the Grain Agglomerate Scale. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11614-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405087x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lénaïc Madec
- Institut des Matériaux
Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex
03, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France
| | | | - Philippe Moreau
- Institut des Matériaux
Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex
03, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France
| | | | - Dominique Guyomard
- Institut des Matériaux
Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex
03, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France
| | - Joël Gaubicher
- Institut des Matériaux
Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex
03, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France
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Mesnage A, Deniau G, Palacin S. Grafting polyphenyl-like films on metallic surfaces using galvanic anodes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Electrochemical study of anthraquinone groups, grafted by the diazonium chemistry, in different aqueous media-relevance for the development of aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitor. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Mesnage A, Lefèvre X, Jégou P, Deniau G, Palacin S. Spontaneous grafting of diazonium salts: chemical mechanism on metallic surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:11767-78. [PMID: 22793962 DOI: 10.1021/la3011103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous reaction of diazonium salts on various substrates has been widely employed since it consists of a simple immersion of the substrate in the diazonium salt solution. As electrochemical processes involving the same diazonium salts, the spontaneous grafting is assumed to give covalently poly(phenylene)-like bonded films. Resistance to solvents and to ultrasonication is commonly accepted as indirect proof of the existence of a covalent bond. However, the most relevant attempts to demonstrate a metal-C interface bond have been obtained by an XPS investigation of spontaneously grafted films on copper. Similarly, our experiments give evidence of such a bond in spontaneously grafted films on nickel substrates in acetonitrile. In the case of gold substrates, the formation of a spontaneous film was unexpected but reported in the literature in parallel to our observations. Even if no interfacial bond was observed, formation of the films was explained by grafting of aryl cations or radicals on the surface arising from dediazoniation, the film growing later by azo coupling, radical addition, or cationic addition on the grafted phenyl layer. Nevertheless, none of these mechanisms fits our experimental results showing the presence of an Au-N bond. In this work, we present a fine spectroscopic analysis of the coatings obtained on gold and nickel substrates that allow us to propose a chemical structure of such films, in particular, their interface with the substrates. After testing the most probable mechanisms, we have concluded in favor of the involvement of two complementary mechanisms which are the direct reaction of diazonium salts with the gold surface that accounts for the observed Au-N interfacial bonds as well as the formation of aryl cations able to graft on the substrate through Au-C linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mesnage
- CEA, IRAMIS, SPCSI Chemistry of Surfaces and Interfaces Group, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Hauquier F, Debou N, Palacin S, Jousselme B. Amino functionalized thin films prepared from Gabriel synthesis applied on electrografted diazonium salts. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Omrani A, Rostami AA, Yazdizadeh N, Khoshroo M. Experimental and theoretical studies on carbon surface modification by reduction of in situ generated diazonium salt. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Vasić M, Šljukić B, Wildgoose GG, Compton RG. Adsorption of bismuth ions on graphite chemically modified with gallic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:10027-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41030c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Murphy DM, Cullen RJ, Jayasundara DR, Scanlan EM, Colavita PE. Study of the spontaneous attachment of polycyclic aryldiazonium salts onto amorphous carbon substrates. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20292a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Lefèvre X, Segut O, Jégou P, Palacin S, Jousselme B. Towards organic film passivation of germanium wafers using diazonium salts: Mechanism and ambient stability. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc01034h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Watkins JD, Lawrence K, Taylor JE, James TD, Bull SD, Marken F. Carbon Nanoparticle Surface Electrochemistry: High-Density Covalent Immobilisation and Pore-Reactivity of 9,10-Anthraquinone. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Verma P, Maire P, Novák P. Concatenation of electrochemical grafting with chemical or electrochemical modification for preparing electrodes with specific surface functionality. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lebègue E, Madec L, Brousse T, Gaubicher J, Levillain E, Cougnon C. Modification of activated carbons based on diazonium ions in situ produced from aminobenzene organic acid without addition of other acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Bélanger D, Pinson J. Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3995-4048. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ye J, Abiman P, Crossley A, Jones JH, Wildgoose GG, Compton RG. Building block syntheses of gallic acid monomers and tris-(O-gallyl)-gallic acid dendrimers chemically attached to graphite powder: a comparative study of their uptake of Al(III) ions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1776-1785. [PMID: 19778047 DOI: 10.1021/la902497s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of graphite powder covalently modified with gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), via a 1,2-diaminoethane "linker" molecule, to form gallylaminoethylaminocarbonyl graphite (gallic-carbon) is reported. The synthesis was used as a model for a "ground-upwards building-block" approach to a primary dendrimer of gallic acid covalently attached to the surface of graphite powder, tris-(O-gallyl)-gallylaminoethylaminocarbonyl graphite (TGGA-carbon). The resulting modified carbon materials were characterized at each stage of the syntheses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The effects of increasing the modifier's structural complexity from monomeric gallic-carbon to the analogous primary dendrimer TGGA-carbon were explored by comparing each material's efficacy toward the adsorption of Al(III) ions from water. The uptake of Al(III) ions by gallic-carbon and TGGA-carbon was measured using UV-vis spectroscopy. In comparison to the case of monomeric gallic-carbon, the rate of adsorption of Al(III) ions by the TGGA-carbon was found to be 2.3 times more rapid. Furthermore, the total uptake of Al(III) ions was greater (reducing the concentration of 1000 ppb Al(III) solutions to below the WHO legal limit of 100 ppb in less than 5 min) and irreversible, in contrast to the gallic-carbon where the adsorption was found to be under thermodynamic control and to follow a Freundlich isotherm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junju Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ United Kingdom
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