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On the Question of Stepwise [4+2] Cycloaddition Reactions and Their Stereochemical Aspects. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Even at the end of the twentieth century, the view of the one-step [4+2] cycloaddition (Diels-Alder) reaction mechanism was widely accepted as the only possible one, regardless of the nature of the reaction components. Much has changed in the way these reactions are perceived since then. In particular, multi-step mechanisms with zwitterionic or diradical intermediates have been proposed for a number of processes. This review provided a critical analysis of such cases.
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Hussein EM, El Guesmi N, Moussa Z, Pal U, Pal SK, Saha Dasgupta T, Ahmed SA. Unprecedented Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrene-Grafted Dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3″-indolines]: Expedient Experimental and Theoretical Insights into Polar [3 + 2] Cycloaddition. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24081-24094. [PMID: 32984730 PMCID: PMC7513337 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3″-indolines] was synthesized via a multicomponent polar [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of isatin derivatives, sarcosine and (E)-3-(2-oxo-2-(pyren-1-yl)ethylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives. The regio- and stereochemistries of the cycloadducts were established on the basis of one-dimensional (1D) (1H-, 13C-, 13C-CRAPT NMR) and two-dimensional (2D) homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation NMR spectrometry experiments (1H-1H gDQFCOSY, 13C-1H-HSQCAD, 13C-1H-HMBCAD, 1H-1H-ROESYAD). The molecular mechanism and regio- and stereoselectivities of the cycloaddition (CA) reaction have been investigated utilizing a density functional theory (DFT) method and were thoroughly explained based on the transition-state stabilities and global/local electrophilicity/nucleophilicity reactivity indices of the reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Hussein
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nizar El Guesmi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Département
de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de
Monastir, Avenue de l’Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, United
Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Uttam Pal
- Technical
Research Centre, S.N. Bose National Centre
for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Samir K. Pal
- Department
of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Tanusri Saha Dasgupta
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
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Zlotin SG, Dalinger IL, Makhova NN, Tartakovsky VA. Nitro compounds as the core structures of promising energetic materials and versatile reagents for organic synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses some promising areas of chemistry of nitro compounds extensively developed in recent years in Russia (particularly at the N.D.Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences) and worldwide. The most important results in the synthesis of novel energetic N-, C- and O-nitro compounds are summarized. New environmentally friendly approaches to the preparation of known compounds of this series, used as components of energetic compositions, are considered. Methods for selective transformations of various nitro compounds to valuable products of organic synthesis, primarily biologically active products and their precursors, are systematically analyzed.
The bibliography includes 446 references.
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Kącka-Zych A. Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of the Rearrangement of Internal Nitronic Ester into Nitronorbornene in Light of the MEDT Study. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030462. [PMID: 30696070 PMCID: PMC6384843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the structure of nitronic esters and their rearrangement into nitronorbornene reactions has been analyzed within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational level. Quantum-chemical calculations indicate that this rearrangement takes place according to a one-step mechanism. The sequential bonding changes received from the Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) analysis of the rearrangement of internal nitronic ester to nitronorbornene allowed us to distinguish seven different phases. This fact clearly contradicts the formerly-proposed concerted pericyclic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kącka-Zych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
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Hussein EM, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Exclusive regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 9-diazo-9H-fluorene and diphenyldiazomethane to 2-arylideneindane-1,3-diones: new approach toward effective synthesis of novel spiropyrazole derivatives. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Hussein EM, Moussa Z, El Guesmi N, Ahmed SA. Facile access to regio- and stereoselective synthesis of highly functionalized spiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidines] incorporating a pyrene moiety: experimental, photophysical and theoretical approach. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24116-24127. [PMID: 35539188 PMCID: PMC9081859 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04312d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The regio- and stereochemical polar [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides, which were generated in situ by the reaction of isatin and sarcosine or benzylamine, with (E)-3-aryl-1-(pyren-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones as dipolarophiles, was studied using experimental and theoretical methods. The chemical structures and relative configurations of all products have been fully established by 1D and 2D homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation NMR spectrometry. The effects of the electronic and steric factors of the reactions were discussed. The photophysical properties of the synthesized spiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidin]-2-ones and 5'-phenyl-spiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidin]-2-ones were studied. The mechanism of the reactions was investigated using global and local reactivity indices and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis at the B3LYP/6-31G level of theory. The relationship between the electrophilicity index ω of the dipolarophiles and the Hammett constant σ p has been studied. The theoretical scale of reactivity correctly explains the electrophilic activation/deactivation effects promoted by electron-withdrawing and electron-releasing substituents in the para-position of the dipolarophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M Hussein
- Chemistry Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University 71516 Assiut Egypt
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University P.O. Box 30002 Almadinah Almunawarrah Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar El Guesmi
- Chemistry Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Département de chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Saleh A Ahmed
- Chemistry Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University 71516 Assiut Egypt
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7
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Konovalov AI, Antipin IS, Burilov VA, Madzhidov TI, Kurbangalieva AR, Nemtarev AV, Solovieva SE, Stoikov II, Mamedov VA, Zakharova LY, Gavrilova EL, Sinyashin OG, Balova IA, Vasilyev AV, Zenkevich IG, Krasavin MY, Kuznetsov MA, Molchanov AP, Novikov MS, Nikolaev VA, Rodina LL, Khlebnikov AF, Beletskaya IP, Vatsadze SZ, Gromov SP, Zyk NV, Lebedev AT, Lemenovskii DA, Petrosyan VS, Nenaidenko VG, Negrebetskii VV, Baukov YI, Shmigol’ TA, Korlyukov AA, Tikhomirov AS, Shchekotikhin AE, Traven’ VF, Voskresenskii LG, Zubkov FI, Golubchikov OA, Semeikin AS, Berezin DB, Stuzhin PA, Filimonov VD, Krasnokutskaya EA, Fedorov AY, Nyuchev AV, Orlov VY, Begunov RS, Rusakov AI, Kolobov AV, Kofanov ER, Fedotova OV, Egorova AY, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON, Klimochkin YN, Osyanin VA, Reznikov AN, Fisyuk AS, Sagitullina GP, Aksenov AV, Aksenov NA, Grachev MK, Maslennikova VI, Koroteev MP, Brel’ AK, Lisina SV, Medvedeva SM, Shikhaliev KS, Suboch GA, Tovbis MS, Mironovich LM, Ivanov SM, Kurbatov SV, Kletskii ME, Burov ON, Kobrakov KI, Kuznetsov DN. Modern Trends of Organic Chemistry in Russian Universities. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042801802001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Hussein EM, Ahmed SA, Guesmi NE, Khairou KS. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition approach to novel dispiro[pyrazolidine-4,3′-pyrrolizidine-2′,3″-indoline]-2″,3,5-triones. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14951017434315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple and convenient 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of non-stabilised azomethine ylides derived from isatins and L-proline, in a variety of different solvents, to ( Z)-4-arylidene-1-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-diones as dipolarophiles afforded a series of novel dispiro[pyrazolidine-4,3′-pyrrolizidine-2′,3″-indoline]-2″,3,5-triones regioselectively and in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nizar El Guesmi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Département de chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khalid S. Khairou
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Semenyuk YP, Morozov PG, Burov ON, Kletskii ME, Lisovin AV, Kurbatov SV, Terrier F. Sequential SNAr and Diels–Alder reactivity of superelectrophilic 10π heteroaromatic substrates. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Jovené C, Jacquet M, Chugunova EA, Kharlamov SV, Goumont R. Synthesis and 1-oxide/3-oxide interconversion of 4-substituted benzodifuroxans: a thorough NMR and theoretical study of the structure of 4-fluoro- and 4-chloro-benzodifuroxan. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Jasiński R, Kącka A. A polar nature of benzoic acids extrusion from nitroalkyl benzoates: DFT mechanistic study. J Mol Model 2015; 21:59. [PMID: 25711621 PMCID: PMC4339780 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using DFT calculations at various theory levels, quantum-chemical simulations of decomposition paths were performed for a series of nitroalkyl benzoates. It was discovered, that these reactions proceed via polar, but one-step mechanism. It turned out that depending on the nature of the substituent in the ester molecule and on medium polarity, the studied reactions may take place via transition states with varied synchronicity—from E1-like structures, to E1cb-like structures. A purely ionic, two-stage mechanism was not identified in any of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology,, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Cracow, Poland,
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12
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[3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions to Indolyl- and Pyrrolyl Derivatives of Dinitrobenzofurazan. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-015-1645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Pericyclic [4+2] and [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitroarenes in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Petukhova VY, Fershtat LL, Kachala VV, Kuznetsov VV, Khakimov DV, Pivina TS, Makhova NN. Reaction of 1,2-Dialkyldiaziridines and 1,2,3-Trialkyldiaziridines with Methyl Propiolate in Ionic Liquids and in Organic Solvents. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Yu. Petukhova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991; Russian Federation
| | - Leonid L. Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991; Russian Federation
| | - Vadim V. Kachala
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991; Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Kuznetsov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991; Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy V. Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991; Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana S. Pivina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991; Russian Federation
| | - Nina N. Makhova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991; Russian Federation
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15
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Direct Functionalization of C–H Fragments in Nitroarenes as a Synthetic Pathway to Condensed N-Heterocycles. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2013_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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16
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Terrier F, Dust JM, Buncel E. Dual super-electrophilic and Diels–Alder reactivity of neutral 10π heteroaromatic substrates. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Konstantinova LS, Amelichev SA, Belyakov PA, Khakimov DV, Pivina TS, Lyssenko KA, Rakitin OA. Formation of unsymmetrical 1,4-dithiins from fused 1,2,3,4,5-pentathiepins: synthesis, structural, and computational study. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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18
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Kurbatov S, Lakhdar S, Goumont R, Terrier F. Super-electrophilic 10π Heteroaromatics. New Mechanistic and Synthetic Applications. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2012.697701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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A B3LYP/6-31G(d) study of Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and (E)-2-arylnitroethenes. OPEN CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-011-0088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe B3LYP/6-31G(d) simulations of competing CDA and HDA reactions between cyclopentadiene and (E)-2-arylnitroethenes prove that regardless of the medium polarity, the processes leading to respective 5-nitro-6-aryl-bicyclo-[2,2,0]-hept-2-enes 3,4 (paths A and B) should be most favoured, and the more electrophilic (E)-2-(p-nitrophenyl)-nitroethene should be more reactive than the less electrophilic (E)-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-nitroethene. Asymmetry of the transition complexes on the favoured pathways increases with increase of medium polarity, but not sufficiently to enforce the zwitterionic mechanism. Analysis of competing pathways leading to HDA adducts proves that not all these compounds can be formed directly from the adducts. In particular, on the path C, the initially formed 5-nitro-6-aryl-bicyclo-[2,2,0]-hept-2-enes 3 is converted to 2-phenyl-4-aza-5-oxy-bicyclo-[3,4,0]-nona-3,7-diene N-oxides 5 as a result of a [3.3]-sigmatropic shift. On the paths D–F leading to 2-phenyl-4-aza-5-oxy-bicyclo-[3,4,0]-nonadienes N-oxides 6–8, the reaction proceeds according to a one-step mechanism.
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Steglenko DV, Kletsky ME, Kurbatov SV, Tatarov AV, Minkin VI, Goumont R, Terrier F. The Stepwise Diels-Alder Reaction of 4-Nitrobenzodifuroxan with Danishefsky’s Diene. Chemistry 2011; 17:7592-604. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Mangione MI, Sarotti AM, Suárez AG, Spanevello RA. Experimental and theoretical study of a Diels–Alder reaction between a sugar-derived nitroalkene and cyclopentadiene. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:460-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Berionni G, Gonçalves AM, Mathieu C, Devic T, Etchéberry A, Goumont R. Electrochemical and spectrophotometrical investigation of the electron-accepting strength of organic superelectrophiles: X-ray structure of their charge transfer complexes with tetrathiafulvalene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:2857-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Lakhdar S, Terrier F, Vichard D, Berionni G, El Guesmi N, Goumont R, Boubaker T. The Diels-Alder reaction of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan with 1-trimethylsilyloxybuta-1,3-diene: a case example of a stepwise cycloaddition. Chemistry 2010; 16:5681-90. [PMID: 20376824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) with 1-trimethylsilyloxybuta-1,3-diene (8) is shown to afford a mixture of [2+4] diastereomeric cycloadducts (10, 11) through stepwise addition-cyclization pathways. Zwitterionic intermediate sigma-adduct 9, which is involved in the processes, has been successfully characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and UV/visible spectrophotometry in acetonitrile. A kinetic study has been carried out in this solvent that revealed that the rate of formation of 9 nicely fits the three-parameter equation log k=s(E+N) developed by Mayr to describe the feasibility of nucleophile-electrophile combinations. This significantly adds to the NMR spectroscopic evidence that the overall cycloadditions take place through a stepwise mechanism. The reaction has also been studied in dichloromethane and toluene. In these less polar solvents, the stability of 9 is not sufficient to allow direct characterization by spectroscopic methods, but a kinetic investigation supports the view that stepwise processes are still operating. An informative comparison of our reaction with previous interactions firmly identified as prototype stepwise cycloadditions is made on the basis of the global electrophilicity index, omega, defined by Parr within the density functional theory, and highlighted by Domingo et al. as a powerful tool for understanding Diels-Alder reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Lakhdar
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
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Jasiński R, Barański A. Reactivity of (E)-2-aryl-1-cyano-1-nitroethenes in carbo and hetero Diels–Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene: A DFT study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Kwiatkowska M, Jasiński R, Mikulska M, Barański A. Secondary α-deuterium kinetic isotope effects in [2+4] cycloaddition of (E)-2-phenylnitroethene to cyclopentadiene. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Buncel E, Terrier F. Assessing the superelectrophilic dimension through σ-complexation, SNAr and Diels–Alder reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2285-308. [DOI: 10.1039/b923983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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A competition between carbo and hetero Diels–Alder reactions of E-2-phenyl-1-cyano-1-nitroethene to cyclopentadiene in the light of B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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