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Zhang WW, Feng Z, You SL, Zheng C. Electrophile-Arene Affinity: An Energy Scale for Evaluating the Thermodynamics of Electrophilic Dearomatization Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11487-11501. [PMID: 39077910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Rational design and development of organic reactions are lofty goals in synthetic chemistry. Quantitative description of the properties of molecules and reactions by physical organic parameters plays an important role in this regard. In this Article, we report an energy scale, namely, electrophile-arene affinity (EAA), for evaluating the thermodynamics of electrophilic dearomatization reactions, a class of important transformations that can rapidly build up molecular complexity and structural diversity by converting planar aromatic compounds into three-dimensional cyclic molecules. The acquisition of EAA data can be readily achieved by theoretically calculating the enthalpy changes (ΔH) of the hypothetical reactions of various (cationic) electrophiles with aromatic systems (taking the 1-methylnaphthalen-2-olate ion as an example in this study). Linear correlations are found between the calculated ΔH values and established physical organic parameters such as the percentage of buried volume %VBur (steric effect), Hammett's σ or Brown's σ+ (electronic effect), and Mayr's E (reaction kinetics). Careful analysis of the ΔH values leads to the rational design of a dearomative alkynylation reaction using alkynyl hypervalent iodonium reagents as the electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Zhang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zuolijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Schulz J, Antala J, Rezazgui D, Císařová I, Štěpnička P. Synthesis, Structure, Reactivity, and Intramolecular Donor-Acceptor Interactions in a Phosphinoferrocene Stibine and Its Corresponding Phosphine Chalcogenides and Stiboranes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14028-14043. [PMID: 37566394 PMCID: PMC10466383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene-based phosphines equipped with additional functional groups are versatile ligands for coordination chemistry and catalysis. This contribution describes a new compound of this type, combining phosphine and stibine groups at the ferrocene backbone, viz. 1-(diphenylphosphino)-1'-(diphenylstibino)ferrocene (1). Phosphinostibine 1 and the corresponding P-chalcogenide derivatives Ph2P(E)fcSbPh2 (1E, fc = ferrocene-1,1'-diyl, E = O, S, Se) were synthesized and further converted to the corresponding stiboranes Ph2P(E)fcSb(O2C6Cl4)Ph2 (6 and 6E) by oxidation with o-chloranil. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods, X-ray diffraction analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and theoretical methods. Both NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations confirmed the presence of P → Sb and P═O → Sb donor-acceptor interactions in 6 and 6O, triggered by the oxidation of the stibine moiety into Lewis acidic stiborane. The corresponding interactions in 6S and 6Se were of the same type but significantly weaker. A coordination study with AuCl as the model metal fragment revealed that the phosphine group acts as the "primary" coordination site, in line with its higher basicity. The obtained Au(I) complexes were applied as catalysts in the Au-catalyzed cyclization of N-propargylbenzamide and in the oxidative [2 + 2 + 1] cyclization of ethynylbenzene with acetonitrile and pyridine N-oxides. The catalytic results showed that the stibine complexes had worse catalytic performance than their phosphine counterparts, most likely due to the formation of weaker coordination bonds and hence poorer stabilization of the active metal species. Nevertheless, the stibine moiety could be used to fine-tune the properties of the ligated metal center by changing the oxidation state or substituents at the "remote" Sb atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Schulz
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Antala
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Rezazgui
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Werra JA, Wurst K, Wilm LB, Löwe P, Röthel MB, Dielmann F. 1,2,5-Trimethylpyrrolyl Phosphines: A Class of Strongly Donating Arylphosphines. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janina A. Werra
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas B. Wilm
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pawel Löwe
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maike B. Röthel
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Kadish D, Mood AD, Tavakoli M, Gutman ES, Baldi P, Van Vranken DL. Methyl Cation Affinities of Canonical Organic Functional Groups. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3721-3729. [PMID: 33596071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methyl cation affinities are calculated for the canonical nucleophilic functional groups in organic chemistry. These methyl cation affinities, calculated with a solvation model (MCA*), give an emprical correlation with the NsN term from the Mayr equation under aprotic conditions when they are scaled to the Mayr reference cation (4-MeOC6H4)2CH+ (Mayr E = 0). Highly reactive anionic nucleophiles were found to give a separate correlation, while some ylides and phosphorus compounds were determined to give a poor correlation. MCA*s are estimated for a broad range of simple molecules representing the canonical functional groups in organic chemistry. On the basis of a linear correlation, we estimate the range of nucleophilicities of organic functional groups, ranging from a C-C bond to a hypothetical tert-butyl carbanion, toward the reference electrophile to be about 50 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron D Mood
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mohammadamin Tavakoli
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Eugene S Gutman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - David L Van Vranken
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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5
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De Vylder A, Lauwaert J, Sabbe MK, Reyniers MF, De Clercq J, Van Der Voort P, Thybaut JW. Rational design of nucleophilic amine sites via computational probing of steric and electronic effects. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Kleoff M, Suhr S, Sarkar B, Zimmer R, Reissig H, Marin‐Luna M, Zipse H. Efficient Syntheses of New Super Lewis Basic Tris(dialkylamino)‐Substituted Terpyridines and Comparison of Their Methyl Cation Affinities. Chemistry 2019; 25:7526-7533. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Kleoff
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Simon Suhr
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinAnorganische Chemie Fabeckstr. 34–36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinAnorganische Chemie Fabeckstr. 34–36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Reinhold Zimmer
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Hans‐Ulrich Reissig
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Marta Marin‐Luna
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
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7
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Timofeeva DS, Mayer RJ, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Which Factors Control the Nucleophilic Reactivities of Enamines? Chemistry 2018; 24:5901-5910. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria S. Timofeeva
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Robert J. Mayer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
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8
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Levens A, An F, Breugst M, Mayr H, Lupton DW. Influence of the N-Substituents on the Nucleophilicity and Lewis Basicity of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Org Lett 2016; 18:3566-9. [PMID: 27434216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to modulate the nucleophilicity and Lewis basicity of N-heterocyclic carbenes is pivotal to their application as organocatalysts. Herein we examine the impact of the N-substituent on the nucleophilicity and Lewis basicity. Four N-substituents popular in NHC organocatalysis, namely, the N-2,6-(CH3O)2C6H3, N-Mes, N-4-CH3OC6H4, and N-tert-butyl groups, have been examined and found to strongly affect the nucleophilicity. Thus, the N-2,6-(CH3O)2C6H3 group provides the most nucleophilic imidazolylidene NHC reported and the N-tert-butyl group one of the least. This difference in nucleophilicity is reflected in the catalyst efficiency, as observed with a recently reported trienyl ester rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Levens
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Feng An
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Martin Breugst
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Greinstraße 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
| | - David W Lupton
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Hommes P, Fischer C, Lindner C, Zipse H, Reissig HU. Unprecedented Strong Lewis Bases-Synthesis and Methyl Cation Affinities of Dimethylamino-Substituted Terpyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7647-51. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Hommes P, Fischer C, Lindner C, Zipse H, Reißig HU. Extrem starke Lewis-Basen - Synthese und Methylkationaffinitäten von Dimethylamino-substituierten Terpyridinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Tandon R, Unzner T, Nigst TA, De Rycke N, Mayer P, Wendt B, David ORP, Zipse H. Annelated Pyridines as Highly Nucleophilic and Lewis Basic Catalysts for Acylation Reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:6435-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Travis AL, Binding SC, Zaher H, Arnold TAQ, Buffet JC, O'Hare D. Small molecule activation by frustrated Lewis pairs. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2431-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32525j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Greb L, Tussing S, Schirmer B, Oña-Burgos P, Kaupmees K, Lõkov M, Leito I, Grimme S, Paradies J. Electronic effects of triarylphosphines in metal-free hydrogen activation: a kinetic and computational study. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Lindner C, Tandon R, Maryasin B, Larionov E, Zipse H. Cation affinity numbers of Lewis bases. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1406-42. [PMID: 23019478 PMCID: PMC3458768 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using selected theoretical methods the affinity of a large range of Lewis bases towards model cations has been quantified. The range of model cations includes the methyl cation as the smallest carbon-centered electrophile, the benzhydryl and trityl cations as models for electrophilic substrates encountered in Lewis base-catalyzed synthetic procedures, and the acetyl cation as a substrate model for acyl-transfer reactions. Affinities towards these cationic electrophiles are complemented by data for Lewis-base addition to Michael acceptors as prototypical neutral electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lindner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5–13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Raman Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5–13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Boris Maryasin
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5–13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Evgeny Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5–13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5–13, D-81377 München, Germany
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15
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Lindner C, Tandon R, Liu Y, Maryasin B, Zipse H. The aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of electronically and sterically deactivated substrates. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3210-8. [PMID: 22407401 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (azaMBH) reaction has been studied for electronically and sterically deactivated Michael acceptors. It is found that electronically deactivated systems can be converted with electron-rich phosphanes and pyridines as catalysts equally well. For sterically deactivated systems clearly better catalytic turnover can be achieved with pyridine catalysts. This is in accordance with the calculated affinities of the catalysts towards different Michael-acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lindner
- Department of Chemistry, LMU Muenchen, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Muenchen, Germany
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Maji B, Breugst M, Mayr H. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Organocatalysts with Moderate Nucleophilicity but Extraordinarily High Lewis Basicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6915-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Maji B, Breugst M, Mayr H. N-Heterocyclische Carbene: Organokatalysatoren mit mäßiger Nucleophilie, aber außerordentlich hoher Lewis-Basizität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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