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Emamian S, Soleymani M. Synthesis of tetrazoles through a domino reaction: A molecular electron density theory study of energetics, selectivities, and molecular mechanistic aspects. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 125:108596. [PMID: 37597310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
This study corresponds to a molecular electron density theory (MEDT) investigation to shed light on the energetics, selectivities, and molecular mechanistic aspects of an experimental domino reaction. Theoretical evidences at the M06-2X/6-31G(d) level indicates that this domino reaction includes three different successive steps and is initialized by a stepwise HCl elimination from precursor chlorohydrazone NPCH to yield nitrile imine NI-2. A subsequent stepwise and highly regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of NI-2 toward tetramethylguanidine TMG-3 affords corresponding formal [3 + 2] cycloadduct CA-1 as the sole product. Finally, a stepwise HNMe2 elimination experienced by CA-1 leads to amino triazole ATA as an aromatic five-membered target product. Computed rate constants reveal that the HCl elimination step should be considered as the bottleneck of this domino reaction. However, a topological analysis of electron localization function (ELF) of NI-2 demonstrates a zwitterionic type (zw-type) 32 C A reaction is expected between NI-2 and TMG-3. This 32CA reaction also displays an almost noticeable polar character arising from moderate electrophilicity and strong nucleophilicity of NI-2 and TMG-3, respectively. The regioselectivity of 32CA reaction can be explained via analysis of Parr functions values calculated at the reactive sites of reagents. The molecular mechanism of the 32CA reaction was explored through portraying bond forming/breaking patterns involved in this polar, stepwise, and zw-type reaction by means of the ELF analysis. Indeed, formation of both C-N single bonds along the first and second steps takes place through coupling of the corresponding pseudoradical centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran.
| | - Mousa Soleymani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
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2
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Sadi S, Khorief Nacereddine A, Djerourou A. The effects of solvent nature and steric hindrance on the reactivity, mechanism and selectivity of the cationic imino‐Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction between cationic 2‐azadienes and arylpropene. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sadi
- Synthesis and Biocatalysis Organic Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences Badji Mokhtar‐Annaba University Annaba Algeria
| | - Abdelmalek Khorief Nacereddine
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Biology of Materials, Department of Physics and Chemistry Higher Normal School of Technological Education—Skikda Skikda Algeria
| | - Abdelhafid Djerourou
- Synthesis and Biocatalysis Organic Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences Badji Mokhtar‐Annaba University Annaba Algeria
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Zawadzińska K, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Kula K, Woliński P, Mirosław B, Krawczyk T, Jasiński R. The Participation of 3,3,3-Trichloro-1-nitroprop-1-ene in the [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction with Selected Nitrile N-Oxides in the Light of the Experimental and MEDT Quantum Chemical Study. Molecules 2021; 26:6774. [PMID: 34833866 PMCID: PMC8622200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The regioselective zw-type [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of a series of aryl-substituted nitrile N-oxides (NOs) with trichloronitropropene (TNP) have been both experimentally and theoretically studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). Zwitterionic NOs behave as moderate nucleophiles while TNP acts as a very strong electrophile in these polar 32CA reactions of forward electron density flux, which present moderate activation Gibbs free energies of 22.8-25.6 kcal·mol-1 and an exergonic character of 28.4 kcal·mol-1 that makes them irreversible and kinetically controlled. The most favorable reaction is that involving the most nucleophilic MeO-substituted NO. Despite Parr functions correctly predicting the experimental regioselectivity with the most favorable O-CCCl3 interaction, these reactions follow a two-stage one-step mechanism in which formation of the O-C(CCl3) bond takes place once the C-C(NO2) bond is already formed. The present MEDT concludes that the reactivity differences in the series of NOs come from their different nucleophilic activation and polar character of the reactions, rather than any mechanistic feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Zawadzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.Z.); (K.K.); (P.W.)
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Karolina Kula
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.Z.); (K.K.); (P.W.)
| | - Przemysław Woliński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.Z.); (K.K.); (P.W.)
| | - Barbara Mirosław
- Department of General and Coordination Chemistry and Crystallography, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Krawczyk
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.Z.); (K.K.); (P.W.)
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Regio- and stereochemistry in the intramolecular [4 + 2] and intermolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions in the synthesis of epoxypyrrolo[3,4-g]indazoles: a density functional theory study. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Application of β-Phosphorylated Nitroethenes in [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions Involving Benzonitrile N-Oxide in the Light of a DFT Computational Study. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The regiochemistry of [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) processes between benzonitrile N-oxide 1 and β-phosphorylated analogues of nitroethenes 2a–c has been studied using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the M062X/6-31+G(d) theory level. The obtained results of reactivity indices show that benzonitrile N-oxide 1 can be classified both as a moderate electrophile and moderate nucleophile, while β-phosphorylated analogues of nitroethenes 2a–c can be classified as strong electrophiles and marginal nucleophiles. Moreover, the analysis of CDFT shows that for [3+2] cycloadditions with the participation of β-phosphorylatednitroethene 2a and β-phosphorylated α-cyanonitroethene 2b, the more favored reaction path forms 4-nitro-substituted Δ2-isoxazolines 3a–b, while for a reaction with β-phosphorylated β-cyanonitroethene 2c, the more favored path forms 5-nitro-substituted Δ2-isoxazoline 4c. This is due to the presence of a cyano group in the alkene. The CDFT study correlates well with the analysis of the kinetic description of the considered reaction channels. Moreover, DFT calculations have proven the clearly polar nature of all analyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reactions according to the polar one-step mechanism.
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Acharjee N, Mohammad‐Salim HA, Chakraborty M, Rao MP, Ganesh M. Unveiling the high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity within the synthesis of spirooxindolenitropyrrolidine: A molecular electron density theory perspective. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mrinmoy Chakraborty
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College Durgapur India
| | - Madhuri P. Rao
- Department of Chemistry B.M.S College of Engineering Bengaluru India
| | - Madhu Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry B.M.S College of Engineering Bengaluru India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad India
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Adjieufack AI, Nana CN, Ketcha-Mbadcam J, Mbouombouo Ndassa I, Andrés J, Oliva M, Safont VS. Deciphering the Curly Arrow Representation and Electron Flow for the 1,3-Dipolar Rearrangement between Acetonitrile Oxide and (1 S,2 R,4 S)-2-Cyano-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl Acetate Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22215-22225. [PMID: 32923779 PMCID: PMC7482254 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study is focused on describing the molecular mechanism beyond the molecular picture provided by the evolution of molecular orbitals, valence bond structures along the reaction progress, or conceptual density functional theory. Using bonding evolution theory (BET) analysis, we have deciphered the mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar rearrangement between acetonitrile oxide and (1S,2R,4S)-2-cyano-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl acetate derivatives. The BET study revealed that the formation of the C-C bond takes place via a usual sharing model before the O-C one that is also formed in the halogenated species through a not very usual sharing model. The mechanism includes depopulation of the electron density at the N-C triple bond and creation of the V(N) and V(C) monosynaptic basins, depopulation of the former C-C double bond with the creation of V(C,C) basins, and final formation of the V(O,C) basin associated with the O-C bond. The topological changes along the reaction pathway take place in a highly synchronous way. BET provides a convenient quantitative method for deriving curly arrows and electron flow representation to unravel molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Idrice Adjieufack
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory and Computational Chemistry Laboratory,
High Teacher Training College, University
of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Nouhou Nana
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory and Computational Chemistry Laboratory,
High Teacher Training College, University
of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Ketcha-Mbadcam
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University
of Yaoundé 1, P. O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ibrahim Mbouombouo Ndassa
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, High Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O.
Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Juan Andrés
- Departament
de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Mónica Oliva
- Departament
de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Vicent Sixte Safont
- Departament
de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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Afshari T, Mohsennia M. A molecular electron density theory study of Diels‐Alder reaction between Danishefsky's diene and (2E)‐3‐phenyl‐2‐(trifluoromethyl) acrylonitrile. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Afshari
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohsennia
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kashan Kashan Iran
- Institute of Nanoscience and NanotechnologyUniversity of Kashan Kashan Iran
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Participation of furoxancarbonitrile oxide in [3+2] cycloaddition reaction toward C–N triple bond: a Molecular Electron Density Theory study of regioselectivity and mechanistic aspect. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Highly efficient and stereoselective cycloaddition of nitrones to indolyl- and pyrrolylacrylates. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Benallou A, El Alaoui El Abdallaoui H, Garmes H. C-C bond formation in the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of triene amides. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00504. [PMID: 29560439 PMCID: PMC5857617 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism nature of the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction has been performed; and thus, the changes of C-C bond forming/breaking along IRC are characterized in this study. Conceptual DFT analyses of the most favorable adduct fused/exo shows that the flux electronic will take place from diene to dienophile moiety. Moreover, ELF topological analysis based on the electron density predicts that C-C bond is formed by the coupling of two pseudoradical centers generated at the most significant atoms of the molecules. However, C2 vs C3, also C1 and C4 interaction comes mainly from the global electron density transfer which takes place along the reaction. Two- stage one-step is the proposed mechanism of this reaction, the first stage aims for the formation of C2-C3 σ bond while the second stage aims for C1-C4 σ bond formation. Interestingly, the observed asynchronicity of this IMDA reaction due principally to the asymmetric reorganization of electron density at the most attractive centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelilah Benallou
- Team of Chemoinformatics Research and Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Physical and Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science, El Jadida, Morocco
- Corresponding author.
| | - Habib El Alaoui El Abdallaoui
- Team of Chemoinformatics Research and Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Physical and Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Hocine Garmes
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, El Jadida, Morocco
- University Chouaib Doukkali, B.P. 20, 2300, El Jadida, Morocco
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Emamian S, Lu T, Domingo LR, Heidarpoor Saremi L, Ríos-Gutiérrez M. A molecular electron density theory study of the chemo- and regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between trifluoroacetonitrile N-oxide and thioketones. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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A DFT computational study on the molecular mechanism of reaction between pyridinium salts and π-deficient ethylenes: Why furan derivatives are formed instead of feasible cyclopropane derivatives and [3 + 2] cycloadducts? COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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