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Mizuno A, Matsuoka R, Mibu T, Kusamoto T. Luminescent Radicals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1034-1121. [PMID: 38230673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Organic radicals are attracting increasing interest as a new class of molecular emitters. They demonstrate electronic excitation and relaxation dynamics based on their doublet or higher multiplet spin states, which are different from those based on singlet-triplet manifolds of conventional closed-shell molecules. Recent studies have disclosed luminescence properties and excited state dynamics unique to radicals, such as highly efficient electron-photon conversion in OLEDs, NIR emission, magnetoluminescence, an absence of heavy atom effect, and spin-dependent and spin-selective dynamics. These are difficult or sometimes impossible to achieve with closed-shell luminophores. This review focuses on luminescent organic radicals as an emerging photofunctional molecular system, and introduces the material developments, fundamental properties including luminescence, and photofunctions. Materials covered in this review range from monoradicals, radical oligomers, and radical polymers to metal complexes with radical ligands demonstrating radical-involved emission. In addition to stable radicals, transiently formed radicals generated in situ by external stimuli are introduced. This review shows that luminescent organic radicals have great potential to expand the chemical and spin spaces of luminescent molecular materials and thus broaden their applicability to photofunctional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asato Mizuno
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takuto Mibu
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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Hayashi Y, Morimoto A, Maeda T, Enoki T, Ooyama Y, Matsui Y, Ikeda H, Yagi S. Synthesis of novel π-extended D–A–D-type dipyrido[3,2- a:2′,3′- c]phenazine derivatives and their photosensitized singlet oxygen generation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05526c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electron donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) π-conjugated molecules based on dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (dppz) were developed as photosensitizers for singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Ami Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Toshiaki Enoki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
- Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
- Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
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Li X, Kutta RJ, Jandl C, Bauer A, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Photochemically Induced Ring Opening of Spirocyclopropyl Oxindoles: Evidence for a Triplet 1,3‐Diradical Intermediate and Deracemization by a Chiral Sensitizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Li
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Roger J. Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
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4
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Li X, Kutta RJ, Jandl C, Bauer A, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Photochemically Induced Ring Opening of Spirocyclopropyl Oxindoles: Evidence for a Triplet 1,3-Diradical Intermediate and Deracemization by a Chiral Sensitizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21640-21647. [PMID: 32757341 PMCID: PMC7756555 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical deracemization of spiro[cyclopropane‐1,3′‐indolin]‐2′‐ones (spirocyclopropyl oxindoles) was studied. The corresponding 2,2‐dichloro compound is configurationally labile upon direct irradiation at λ=350 nm and upon irradiation at λ=405 nm in the presence of achiral thioxanthen‐9‐one as the sensitizer. The triplet 1,3‐diradical intermediate generated in the latter reaction was detected by transient absorption spectroscopy and its lifetime determined (τ=22 μs). Using a chiral thioxanthone or xanthone, with a lactam hydrogen bonding site as a photosensitizer, allowed the deracemization of differently substituted chiral spirocyclopropyl oxindoles with yields of 65–98 % and in 50–85 % ee (17 examples). Three mechanistic contributions were identified to co‐act favorably for high enantioselectivity: the difference in binding constants to the chiral thioxanthone, the smaller molecular distance in the complex of the minor enantiomer, and the lifetime of the intermediate 1,3‐diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Li
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Roger J Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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Matsui Y, Shimono K, Takae K, Namai H, Sera T, Ogaki T, Ohta E, Mizuno K, Ikeda H. Rates of Ring Opening of Radical Cation Intermediates Govern Differences in Thermoluminescence between 1‐ and 2‐Naphthyl‐Substituted Methylenecyclopropanes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Matsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
- The Research Institute for Molecular Electronic Devices (RIMED)Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Kazuki Shimono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Kosuke Takae
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Hayato Namai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceTohoku University, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Toshiki Sera
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Takuya Ogaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Eisuke Ohta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
- The Research Institute for Molecular Electronic Devices (RIMED)Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
- The Research Institute for Molecular Electronic Devices (RIMED)Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
- The Research Institute for Molecular Electronic Devices (RIMED)Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
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Demchenko AP, Tomin VI, Chou PT. Breaking the Kasha Rule for More Efficient Photochemistry. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13353-13381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Demchenko
- Palladin
Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir I. Tomin
- Institute
of Physics, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, ul. Arciszewskiego, 22b, Słupsk 76-200, Poland
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Abe M, Sheridan RS. Preface for the special issue of ISRIUM-2015 in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Abe
- Hiroshima University; Higashihiroshima Japan
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