1
|
Mao Y, Head-Gordon M, Shao Y. Unraveling substituent effects on frontier orbitals of conjugated molecules using an absolutely localized molecular orbital based analysis. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8598-8607. [PMID: 30568785 PMCID: PMC6253684 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02990c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is common to introduce electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituent groups into functional conjugated molecules (such as dyes) to tune their electronic structure properties (such as frontier orbital energy levels) and photophysical properties (such as absorption and emission wavelengths). However, there lacks a generally applicable tool that can unravel the underlying interactions between orbitals from a substrate molecule and those from its substituents in modern electronic structure calculations, despite the long history of qualitative molecular orbital theory. In this work, the absolutely localized molecular orbitals (ALMO) based analysis is extended to analyze the effects of substituent groups on the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of a given system. This provides a bottom-up avenue towards quantification of effects from distinct physical origins (e.g. permanent electrostatics/Pauli repulsion, mutual polarization, inter-fragment orbital mixing). For the example case of prodan (a typical dye molecule), it is found that inter-fragment orbital mixing plays a key role in narrowing the HOMO-LUMO gap of the naphthalene core. Specifically, an out-of-phase mixing of high-lying occupied orbitals on the naphthalene core and the dimethylamino group leads to an elevated HOMO, whereas an in-phase combination of LUMOs on the naphthalene core and the propionyl group lowers the LUMO energy of the entire molecule. We expect this ALMO-based analysis to bridge the gap between concepts from qualitative orbital interaction analysis and quantitative electronic structure calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Mao
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , USA . ; Tel: +1 405 325 0442
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pontes RM, Basso EA, Martins DE, Madeira RM. Acidities under the Perspective of Energy Decomposition Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4993-5004. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M. Pontes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Ernani A. Basso
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo E. Martins
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Madeira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seitz CG, Zhang H, Mo Y, Karty JM. Why Do Enolate Anions Favor O-Alkylation over C-Alkylation in the Gas Phase? The Roles of Resonance and Inductive Effects in the Gas-Phase SN2 Reaction between the Acetaldehyde Enolate Anion and Methyl Fluoride. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3711-9. [PMID: 27011344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contributions by resonance and inductive effects toward the net activation barrier were determined computationally for the gas-phase SN2 reaction between the acetaldehyde enolate anion and methyl fluoride, for both O-methylation and C-methylation, in order to understand why this reaction favors O-methylation. With the use of the vinylogue extrapolation methodology, resonance effects were determined to contribute toward increasing the size of the barrier by about 9.5 kcal/mol for O-methylation and by about 21.2 kcal/mol for C-methylation. Inductive effects were determined to contribute toward increasing the size of the barrier by about 1.7 kcal/mol for O-methylation and 4.2 kcal/mol for C-methylation. Employing our block-localized wave function methodology, we determined the contributions by resonance to be 12.8 kcal/mol for O-methylation and 22.3 kcal/mol for C-methylation. Thus, whereas inductive effects have significant contributions, resonance is the dominant factor that leads to O-methylation being favored. More specifically, resonance serves to increase the size the barrier for C-methylation significantly more than it does for O-methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University , Elon, North Carolina 27244, United States
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Joel M Karty
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University , Elon, North Carolina 27244, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lynch K, Maloney A, Sowell A, Wang C, Mo Y, Karty JM. Why is sulfuric acid a much stronger acid than ethanol? Determination of the contributions by inductive/field effects and electron-delocalization effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:138-44. [PMID: 25316069 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04110k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two different and complementary computational methods were used to determine the contributions by inductive/field effects and by electron-delocalization effects toward the enhancement of the gas-phase deprotonation enthalpy of sulfuric acid over ethanol. Our alkylogue extrapolation method employed density functional theory calculations to determine the deprotonation enthalpy of the alkylogues of sulfuric acid, HOSO2-(CH2CH2)n-OH, and of ethanol, CH3CH2-(CH2CH2)n-OH. The inductive/field effect imparted by the HOSO2 group for a given alkylogue of sulfuric acid was taken to be the difference in deprotonation enthalpy between corresponding (i.e., same n) alkylogues of sulfuric acid and ethanol. Extrapolating the inductive/field effect values for the n = 1-6 alkylogues, we obtained a value of 51.0 ± 6.4 kcal mol(-1) for the inductive/field effect for n = 0, sulfuric acid, leaving 15.4 kcal mol(-1) as the contribution by electron-delocalization effects. Our block-localized wavefunction method was employed to calculate the deprotonation enthalpies of sulfuric acid and ethanol using the electron-localized acid and anion species, which were compared to the values calculated using the electron-delocalized species. The contribution from electron delocalization was thus determined to be 18.2 kcal mol(-1), which is similar to the value obtained from the alkylogue extrapolation method. The two methods, therefore, unambiguously agree that both inductive/field effects and electron-delocalization effects have significant contributions to the enhancement of the deprotonation enthalpy of sulfuric acid compared with ethanol, and that the inductive/field effects are the dominant contributor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ivanov SN, Giricheva NI, Nurkevich TV, Fedorov MS. Energies of the gas-phase deprotonation of nitro-substituted benzenesulfonic and benzoic acids: The role of the conformation isomerism of sulfonic acids. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024414040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Ivanov SN, Giricheva NI, Fedorov MS, Men’shikova IA, Nurkevich TV, Tarasova EG. Electronic effects of the functional groups in ortho-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acids on the results of NBO analysis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024413040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Bourgoin-Voillard S, Afonso C, Lesage D, Zins EL, Tabet JC, Armentrout PB. Critical evaluation of kinetic method measurements: possible origins of nonlinear effects. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:365-380. [PMID: 23389479 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic method is a widely used approach for the determination of thermochemical data such as proton affinities (PA) and gas-phase acidities (ΔH° acid ). These data are easily obtained from decompositions of noncovalent heterodimers if care is taken in the choice of the method, references used, and experimental conditions. Previously, several papers have focused on theoretical considerations concerning the nature of the references. Few investigations have been devoted to conditions required to validate the quality of the experimental results. In the present work, we are interested in rationalizing the origin of nonlinear effects that can be obtained with the kinetic method. It is shown that such deviations result from intrinsic properties of the systems investigated but can also be enhanced by artifacts resulting from experimental issues. Overall, it is shown that orthogonal distance regression (ODR) analysis of kinetic method data provides the optimum way of acquiring accurate thermodynamic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bourgoin-Voillard
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7201, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giricheva NI, Girichev GV, Fedorov MS, Ivanov SN. Substituent effect on geometric and electronic structure of benzenesulfonic acid: gas-phase electron diffraction and quantum chemical studies of 4-CH3C6H4SO3H and 3-NO2C6H4SO3H molecules. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Rawlings RE, McKerlie AK, Bates DJ, Mo Y, Karty JM. Origin of the SN2 Benzylic Effect: Contributions by π Delocalization and Field/Inductive Effects. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
10
|
Fersner A, Karty JM, Mo Y. Why Are Esters and Amides Weaker Carbon Acids than Ketones and Acid Fluorides? Contributions by Resonance and Inductive Effects. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7245-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901225t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fersner
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina 27244
| | - Joel M. Karty
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina 27244
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-3842
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oehlke A, Auer AA, Schreiter K, Hofmann K, Riedel F, Spange S. Electrophilic Substituent Constant σ+ of Electron Donor Substituents in Nonpolar Media. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3316-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oehlke
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Katja Schreiter
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Katja Hofmann
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Franziska Riedel
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan Spange
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mello R, Royo J, Andreu C, Báguena-Añó M, Asensio G, González-Núñez ME. On the Reactivity of C(sp3)–H σ-Bonds: Oxygenation with Methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
13
|
Vianello R, Maksić ZB. Interpretation of Brønsted Acidity by Triadic Paradigm: A G3 Study of Mineral Acids. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11718-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0756606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vianello
- Quantum Organic Chemistry Group, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, POB 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia, and Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102A, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir B. Maksić
- Quantum Organic Chemistry Group, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, POB 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia, and Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102A, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Exner O, Böhm S. Revision of the dual substituent parameter treatment using the DFT-calculated reaction energies. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
15
|
Vianello R, Maksić ZB. Triadic analysis of substituent effects—gas-phase acidity of para-substituted phenols. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Exner O, Böhm S. Inductive effect of uncharged groups: dependence on electronegativity. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
17
|
Dworkin A, Naumann R, Seigfred C, Karty JM, Mo Y. Y-Aromaticity: Why Is the Trimethylenemethane Dication More Stable than the Butadienyl Dication? J Org Chem 2005; 70:7605-16. [PMID: 16149789 DOI: 10.1021/jo0508090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reactions: see text] Resonance energies of the trimethylenemethane dication (1) and the butadienyl dication (4) were evaluated using two independent computational methodologies to provide insight into the validity of Y-aromaticity. One methodology employed density functional theory calculations and examined the resonance contribution of the C=C double bond toward the double hydride abstraction enthalpies of methylpropene (6) and 2-butene (8), yielding 1 and 4, respectively. These resonance contributions by the double bond were determined by calculating the double hydride abstraction enthalpies of both the parallel and perpendicular conformations of vinylogues of 6 and 8, in which n = 1-4 vinyl units were inserted between the central carbon-carbon double bond and each of the reaction centers. Extrapolation of the resonance contribution in each vinylogue to n = 0 yielded the resonance contribution in the respective parent molecules. The second methodology employed an orbital deletion procedure (ODP), which effectively allowed us to examine the energies of individual resonance structures. The resonance energy of each dication is computed as the difference between the most stable resonance structure and that of the delocalized species. The two methodologies are in agreement, suggesting that the resonance energy of the trimethylenemethane dication is substantially greater than that of the butadienyl dication. The origin of this difference in resonance stabilization is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dworkin
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University, 2625 Campus Box, Elon, North Carolina 27244, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lamsabhi AM, Escobar CA, Pérez P. Do substituents make any contribution to the formation of systems where the electronic effects seem to be neutralized? The case of the indigo dye formation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|