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Roy R, Stevens KC, Treaster KA, Sumerlin BS, McGaughey AJH, Malen JA, Evans AM. Intrinsically thermally conductive polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3267-3286. [PMID: 38747574 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01796f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Here, we describe the design features that lead to intrinsically thermally conductive polymers. Though polymers are conventionally assumed to be thermal insulators (<0.3 W m-1 K-1), significant efforts by the thermal transport community have shown that polymers can be intrinsically thermally conductive (>1.0 W m-1 K-1). However, these findings have not yet driven comprehensive synthetic efforts to expose how different macromolecular features impact thermal conductivity. Preliminary theoretical and experimental investigations have revealed that high k polymers can be realized by enhancing the alignment, crystallinity, and intermolecular interactions. While a holistic mechanistic framework does not yet exist for thermal transport in polymeric materials, contemporary literature suggests that phonon-like heat carriers may be operative in macromolecules that meet the abovementioned criteria. In this review, we offer a perspective on how high thermal conductivity polymers can be systematically engineered from this understanding. Reports for several classes of macromolecules, including linear polymers, network polymers, liquid-crystalline polymers, and two-dimensional polymers substantiate the design principles we propose. Throughout this work, we offer opportunities for continued fundamental and technological development of polymers with high thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Roy
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Kaden C Stevens
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Kiana A Treaster
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Alan J H McGaughey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan A Malen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
- Deparmtent of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Moon J, Kang C, Kang H. Vertical Alignment of Liquid Crystals on Phenylphenoxymethyl-Substituted Polystyrene-PS Derivatives Structurally Similar to LC Molecules. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:934. [PMID: 35267756 PMCID: PMC8912853 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of polystyrene derivatives containing precursors of liquid crystal (LC) molecules, phenylphenoxymethyl-substituted polystyrene (PPHE#; # = 5, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 100)-where # is the molar content of 4-phenylphenol using polymer modification reactions-were prepared in order to examine the effect of the polymer film, which possess similar LC molecular structure on the LC alignment properties. It was found that the Tg values of the PPHE# were higher than 100 °C due to their aromatic structure in the biphenyl-based PHE moiety. The LC cells fabricated with PPHE5 and PPHE15 films exhibited planar LC alignment. Conversely, LC molecules showed a vertical alignment in LC cells made using the polymer films with phenylphenoxymethyl side groups in the range of 25-100 mol %. The polar surface energies on the PPHE# films can be associated with the vertical LC alignment on the PPHE# films. For example, vertical LC alignment was exhibited when the polar surface energy of the polymer films was less than approximately 4.2 mJ/m2. Aligning stability was observed at 200 °C and UV irradiation of 20 J/cm2 for LC cells made using the PPHE100 film. Therefore, it was found that biphenyl, one of the LC precursors, modified polystyrene derivatives and can produce a next-generation vertical LC alignment system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyo Kang
- BK-21 Four Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero, 550 Beon-gil, Saha–gu, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.M.); (C.K.)
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Vertical Orientation of Liquid Crystal on 4- n-Alkyloxyphenoxymethyl-Substituted Polystyrene Containing Liquid Crystal Precursor. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050736. [PMID: 33673579 PMCID: PMC7956854 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a series of polystyrene derivatives that were modified with precursors of liquid crystal (LC) molecules, such as 4-ethyloxyphenol (homopolymer PEOP and copolymer PEOP#; # = 20, 40, 60, and 80, where # indicates the molar fraction of 4-ethyloxyphenoxymethyl in the side chain), 4-n-butyloxyphenol (PBOP), 4-n-hexyloxyphenol (PHOP), and 4-n-octyloxyphenol (POOP), via polymer modification reaction to investigate the orientation of LC molecules on polymer films, exhibiting part of the LC molecular structure. LC molecules showed a stable and uniform vertical orientation in LC cells fabricated with polymers that have 4-ethyloxyphenoxymethyl in the range of 40–100 mol%. In addition, similar results were obtained in LC cells fabricated with homopolymers of PEOP, PBOP, PHOP, and POOP. The vertical orientation of LC molecules in LC cells fabricated with polymer films correlated to the surface energy of polymer films. For example, vertical LC orientation was observed when the total surface energies of the polymer films were lower than approximately 43.2 mJ/m2. Good alignment stabilities were observed at 150 °C and 20 J/cm2 of ultraviolet irradiation for LC cells fabricated with PEOP film.
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Yamanaka A, Mito-oka Y, Okihara S, Kitagawa T. Thermal Conductivity of poly-p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole Film along the In-Plane Axis in the 10–300 K Temperature Range. J MACROMOL SCI B 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2018.1493832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rashidi V, Coyle EJ, Sebeck K, Kieffer J, Pipe KP. Thermal Conductance in Cross-linked Polymers: Effects of Non-Bonding Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:4600-4609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rashidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eleanor J. Coyle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katherine Sebeck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John Kieffer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kevin P. Pipe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, and §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Kharazmi A, Faraji N, Mat Hussin R, Saion E, Yunus WMM, Behzad K. Structural, optical, opto-thermal and thermal properties of ZnS-PVA nanofluids synthesized through a radiolytic approach. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:529-536. [PMID: 25821695 PMCID: PMC4362026 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a fast, clean and low-cost approach to synthesize ZnS-PVA nanofluids consisting of ZnS nanoparticles homogeneously distributed in a PVA solution. The ZnS nanoparticles were formed by the electrostatic force between zinc and sulfur ions induced by gamma irradiation at a dose range from 10 to 50 kGy. Several experimental characterizations were conducted to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the chemical structure and bonding conditions of the final products, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for determining the shape morphology and average particle size, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) for confirming the formation and crystalline structure of ZnS nanoparticles, UV-visible spectroscopy for measuring the electronic absorption characteristics, transient hot wire (THW) and photoacoustic measurements for measuring the thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity of the samples, from which, for the first time, the values of specific heat and thermal diffusivity of the samples were then calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Kharazmi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nastaran Faraji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Roslina Mat Hussin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Elias Saion
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - W Mahmood Mat Yunus
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kasra Behzad
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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El-Brolossy TA, Saber O. Thermal properties stability of UV irradiated PVA nanohybrid composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhou H, Zhang S, Yang M. The thermal conductivity of Nylon 6/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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UEHARA H. Structural and Property Development for Conventional Polymers Utilizing Molecular Anisotropy and Entanglement Characteristics. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2007. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.64.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fukushima K, Takahashi H, Takezawa Y, Kawahira T, Itoh M, Kanai J. High Thermal Conductive Resin Composites with Controlled Nanostructures for Electric Devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1541/ieejfms.126.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Fukushima
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Research, Materials Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Research, Materials Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd
| | - Yoshitaka Takezawa
- Department of Electronic Materials and Devices Research, Materials Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd
| | - Tetsuya Kawahira
- Research and Development Div., Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery Co., Ltd
| | - Makoto Itoh
- Research and Development Div., Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery Co., Ltd
| | - Jun Kanai
- Research and Development Div., Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery Co., Ltd
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Yamanaka A, Izumi Y, Kitagawa T, Terada T, Sugihara H, Hirahata H, Ema K, Fujishiro H, Nishijima S. The radiation effect on thermal conductivity of high strength ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fiber by γ-rays. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yamanaka A, Izumi Y, Terada T, Ema K, Tsutsumi M, Nakamura M, Oohazama T, Kitagawa T, Fujishiro H, Abe S, Nishijima S. Radiation effect on the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of ramie fibers in a range of low temperatures by γ rays. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yamanaka A, Abe S, Tsutsumi M, Kitagawa T, Fujishiro H, Ema K, Izumi Y, Nishijima S. Thermal conductivity of ramie fiber drawn in water in low temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yamanaka A, Yoshikawa M, Abe S, Tsutsumi M, Oohazama T, Kitagawa T, Fujishiro H, Ema K, Izumi Y, Nishijima S. Effects of vapor-phase-formaldehyde treatments on thermal conductivity and diffusivity of ramie fibers in the range of low temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yamanaka A, Fujishiro H, Kashima T, Kitagawa T, Ema K, Izumi Y, Ikebe M, Nishijima S. Thermal conductivity of high strength polyethylene fiber in low temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Akatsuka M, Takezawa Y. Study of high thermal conductive epoxy resins containing controlled high-order structures. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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