1
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Jakhar VK, Shen YH, Yadav R, Nadif SS, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Lester DW, Veige AS. Tethered Alkylidenes for REMP from Carbon Disulfide Cleavage. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38888279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Reactions between tungsten alkylidyne [tBuOCO]W≡CtBu(THF)2 1 and sulfur containing small molecules are reported. Complex 1 reacts with CS2 to produce intermediate η2 bound CS2 complex [O2C(tBuC═)W(η2-(S,C)-CS2)(THF)] 8. Heating complex 8 provides a mixture of a monomeric tungsten sulfido complex 9 and a dimeric complex 10 in a 4:1 ratio, respectively. Heating the mixture does not perturb the ratio. Addition of excess THF in a solution of 9 and 10 (4:1) converts 10 to 9 (>96%) with concomitant loss of (CS)x. Both 9 and 10 can be selectively crystallized from the mixture. An alternative synthesis of exclusively monomeric 9 involves the reaction between 1 and PhNCS. Demonstrating ring expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP), tethered tungsten alkylidene 8 polymerizes norbornene to produce cis-selective syndiotactic cyclic polynorbornene (c-poly(NBE)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yu-Hsuan Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Soufiane S Nadif
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterization Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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2
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Nguyen TTM, Hazoor S, Vuong T, Kydd L, Shortt I, Foss FW, La Plante E. Synthesis of Metastable Calcium Carbonate Using Long-Chain Bisphosphonate Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30567-30579. [PMID: 38830119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cementation in construction materials primarily relies on the aqueous precipitation of minerals such as carbonates and silicates. The kinetics of nucleation and growth play a critical role in the development of strength and durability, yet our understanding of the kinetic controls governing phase formation and porosity reduction in cements remains limited. In this study, we synthesized bisphosphonate molecules with varying alkyl chain lengths and functional groups to investigate their impact on calcium carbonate precipitation. Through conductivity measurements, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, we uncovered the selective formation of polymorphs and the specific incorporation of these molecules within the carbonate matrix. Further, in situ atomic force microscopy revealed that these molecules influenced the morphology of the precipitates, indicating a possible effect on the ionic organization through sorption mechanisms. Interestingly, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), when formed in the presence of bisphosphonates, showed metastability for at least seven months without inhibiting further calcium carbonate precipitation. Our research sheds light on the diverse mechanisms by which organic additives can modify mineral nucleation and growth, offering valuable insights for the control and enhancement of carbonate-based cementation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Thao My Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shan Hazoor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Thanh Vuong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - LeMaur Kydd
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Ian Shortt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Frank W Foss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Erika La Plante
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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3
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Porras JD, Diaz IL, Perez LD. Synthesis of PEGylated amphiphilic block copolymers with pendant linoleic moieties by combining ring-opening polymerization and click chemistry. Biopolymers 2024:e23582. [PMID: 38680100 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study focused on synthesizing and characterizing PEGylated amphiphilic block copolymers with pendant linoleic acid (Lin) moieties as an alternative to enhance their potential in drug delivery applications. The synthesis involved a two-step process, starting with ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) and propargylated cyclic carbonate (MCP) to obtain PEG-b-P(CL-co-MCP) copolymers, which were subsequently modified via click chemistry. Various reaction conditions were explored to improve the yield and efficiency of the click chemistry step. The use of anisole as a solvent, N-(3-azidopropyl)linoleamide as a substrate, and a reaction temperature of 60°C proved to be highly efficient, achieving nearly 100% conversion at a low catalyst concentration. The resulting copolymers exhibited controlled molecular weights and low polydispersity, confirming the successful synthesis. Furthermore, click chemistry allows for the attachment of Lin moieties to the copolymer, enhancing its hydrophobic character, as deduced from their significantly lower critical micelle concentration than that of traditional PEG-b-PCL systems, which is indicative of enhanced stability against dilution. The modified copolymers exhibited improved thermal stability, making them suitable for applications that require high processing temperatures. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of micellar structures with sizes below 100 nm and minimal aggregate formation. Additionally, 1H NMR spectroscopy in deuterated water revealed the presence of core-shell micelles, which provided higher kinetic stability against dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Porras
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ivonne L Diaz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Leon D Perez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
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4
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Clarke RW, Caputo MR, Polo Fonseca L, McGraw ML, Reilly LT, Franklin KA, Müller AJ, Chen EYX. Cyclic and Linear Tetrablock Copolymers Synthesized at Speed and Scale by Lewis Pair Polymerization of a One-Pot (Meth)acrylic Mixture and Characterized at Multiple Levels. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4930-4941. [PMID: 38346332 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic block copolymers (cBCP) are fundamentally intriguing materials, but their synthetic challenges that demand precision in controlling both the monomer sequence and polymer topology limit access to AB and ABC block architectures. Here, we show that cyclic ABAB tetra-BCPs (cABAB) and their linear counterpart (lABAB) can be readily obtained at a speed and scale from one-pot (meth)acrylic monomer mixtures, through coupling the Lewis pair polymerization's unique compounded-sequence control with its precision in topology control. This approach achieves fast (<15 min) and quantitative (>99%) conversion to tetra-BCPs of predesignated linear or cyclic topology at scale (40 g) in a one-pot procedure, precluding the needs for repeated chain extensions, stoichiometric addition steps, dilute conditions, and postsynthetic modifications, and/or postsynthetic ring-closure steps. The resulting lABAB and cABAB have essentially identical molecular weights (Mn = 165-168 kg mol-1) and block degrees/symmetry, allowing for direct behavioral comparisons in solution (hydrodynamic volume, intrinsic viscosity, elution time, and refractive indices), bulk (thermal transitions), and film (thermomechanical and rheometric properties and X-ray scattering patterns) states. To further the morphological characterizations, allylic side-chain functionality is exploited via the thiol-ene click chemistry to install crystalline octadecane side chains and promote phase separation between the A and B blocks, allowing visualization of microdomain formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Maria Rosaria Caputo
- Polymat and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Lucas Polo Fonseca
- Polymat and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Michael L McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Liam T Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Kevin A Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- Polymat and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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5
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Xiao CL, Kobayashi Y, Tsuji Y, Harada A, Yamaguchi H. Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Poly(ethylene glycol)s under High Concentration Conditions by the Assistance of Pseudopolyrotaxane with Cyclodextrin Derivatives. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1498-1502. [PMID: 37874266 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of cyclic polymers (CPs) is in high demand due to their unique properties. However, polymer cyclization generally occurs at low concentrations (0.1 g/L), and the synthesis of CPs at high concentrations remains a challenge. Herein an efficient cyclization of poly(ethylene glycol) (Mn = 2000 g/mol, 4000 g/mol) (PEG-2k, PEG-4k) in high concentration (80 g/L) is realized by the assistance of pseudopolyrotaxane (pPRx). Water-soluble pPRx with a U-like-shape inclusion motif is prepared by mixing the 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HPγCD) and PEG with (E)-3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (TCA-PEG-2k, TCA-PEG-4k). Subsequent irradiation of the pPRx solution (10-80 g/L) by UV light gives cyclic polymers through the intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of the cinnamoyl moieties. The photoreaction of TCA-PEG-2k in the pPRx system gives cyclic monomers (C-1mer) as major products with a yield of 66% at 80 g/L. Additionally, the cyclization of TCA-PEG-4k also gives C-1mer as major products with a yield of 45% at a concentration of 80 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Xiao
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kobayashi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tsuji
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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6
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Staňo R, Likos CN, Egorov SA. Mixing Linear Polymers with Rings and Catenanes: Bulk and Interfacial Behavior. Macromolecules 2023; 56:8168-8182. [PMID: 37900098 PMCID: PMC10601540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
We derive and parameterize effective interaction potentials between a multitude of different types of ring polymers and linear chains, varying the bending rigidity and solvent quality for the former species. We further develop and apply a density functional treatment for mixtures of both disconnected (chain-ring) and connected (chain-polycatenane) mixtures of the same, drawing coexistence binodals and exploring the ensuing response functions as well as the interface and wetting behavior of the mixtures. We show that worsening of the solvent quality for the rings brings about a stronger propensity for macroscopic phase separation in the linear-polycatenane mixtures, which is predominantly of the demixing type between phases of similar overall particle density. We formulate a simple criterion based on the effective interactions, allowing us to determine whether any specific linear-ring mixture will undergo a demixing phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Staňo
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Physics, University of
Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christos N. Likos
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergei A. Egorov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
- Erwin
Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematics and Physics, Boltzmanngasse 9, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Beauchamp AM, Chakraborty J, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Lester DW, Veige AS. Ring Expansion Alkyne Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22796-22802. [PMID: 37812163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and preliminary activity of an unprecedented tethered alkylidyne tungsten complex for ring expansion alkyne metathesis polymerization (REAMP) are reported. The tethered alkylidyne 7 is generated rapidly by combining alkylidyne W(CtBu)(CH2tBu)(O-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)2 (6) with 1 equiv of an yne-ol proligand (5). Characterized by NMR studies and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, complex 7 is a dimer. Each metal center contains a tungsten-carbon triple bond tethered to the metal center via an alkoxide ligand. The polymerization of the strained cycloalkyne 3,8-didodecyloxy-5,6-dihydro-11,12-didehydrodibenzo[a,e]-[8]annulene, 8, to generate cyclic polymers was demonstrated. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and intrinsic viscosity (η) measurements confirm the polymer's cyclic topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Beauchamp
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jhonti Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NMR Spectroscopy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterization Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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8
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Levenson AM, Morrison CM, Huang PR, Wang TW, Carter-Schwendler Z, Golder MR. Ancillary Ligand Lability Improves Control in Cyclic Ruthenium Benzylidene Initiated Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1286-1292. [PMID: 37695322 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined cyclic polymers is crucial to exploring applications spanning engineering, energy, and biomedicine. These materials lack chain-ends and are therefore imbued with unique bulk properties. Despite recent advancements, the general methodology for controlled cyclic polymer synthesis via ring-expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP) remains challenging. Low initiator activity leads to high molar mass polymers at short reaction times that subsequently "evolve" to smaller polymeric products. In this work, we demonstrate that in situ addition of pyridine to the tethered ruthenium-benzylidene REMP initiator CB6 increases ancillary ligand lability to synthesize controlled and low dispersity cyclic poly(norbornene) on a short time scale without relying on molar mass evolution events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide M Levenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christine M Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Pin-Ruei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Teng-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zak Carter-Schwendler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew R Golder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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9
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Aboudzadeh MA, Rodríguez-Fanjul V, Terenzi A, Gónzalez de San Román E, Miranda JI, Pizarro AM, Salassa L, Barroso-Bujans F. Synthesis and Characterization of a Luminescent Cyclic Poly(ethylene oxide)-Polypyridyl Ruthenium Complex. ACS Macro Lett 2023:999-1004. [PMID: 37406348 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a macrocyclic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) connected by one [Ru(bpy)3]2+ unit (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), a photoactive metal complex that provides photosensitivity and potential biomedical applications to this polymer structure. The PEO chain provides biocompatibility, water solubility, and topological play. The macrocycles were successfully synthesized by copper-free click cycloaddition between a bifunctional dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-PEO precursor and 4,4'-diazido-2,2'-bipyridine, followed by complexation with [Ru(bpy)2Cl2]. The cyclic product accumulated efficiently in MCF7 cancer cells and exhibited a longer fluorescence lifetime than its linear analogue, likely due to differences in the accessibility of the ligand-centered/intraligand states of Ru polypyridyls in both topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ali Aboudzadeh
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Alessio Terenzi
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Gónzalez de San Román
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José I Miranda
- SGIKer, NMR Service, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta R&D Ctr, Avda. Tolosa-72, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Ana M Pizarro
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología CNB-CSIC-IMDEA, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Salassa
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fabienne Barroso-Bujans
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Aswale S, Kim M, Kim D, Mohanty AK, Jeon HB, Cho HY, Paik HJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Spirocyclic Mid-Block Containing Triblock Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071677. [PMID: 37050292 PMCID: PMC10097252 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers containing cyclic derivatives are a new class of macromolecular topologies with unique properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of a triblock copolymer containing a spirocyclic mid-block. To achieve this, a spirocyclic polystyrene (cPS) mid-block was first synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using a tetra-functional initiator, followed by end-group azidation and a copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The resulting functional cPS was purified using liquid chromatography techniques. Following the esterification of cPS, a macro-ATRP initiator was obtained and used to synthesize a poly (methyl methacrylate)-block-cPS-block-poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-b-cPS-b-PMMA) triblock copolymer. This work provides a synthetic strategy for the preparation of a spirocyclic macroinitiator for the ATRP technique and as well as liquid chromatographic techniques for the purification of (spiro) cyclic polymers.
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11
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Song Y, He J, Zhang Y, Gilsdorf RA, Chen EYX. Recyclable cyclic bio-based acrylic polymer via pairwise monomer enchainment by a trifunctional Lewis pair. Nat Chem 2023; 15:366-376. [PMID: 36443531 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The existing catalyst/initiator systems and methodologies used for the synthesis of polymers can access only a few cyclic polymers composed entirely of a single monomer type, and the synthesis of such authentic cyclic polar vinyl polymers (acrylics) devoid of any foreign motifs remains a challenge. Here we report that a tethered B-P-B trifunctional, intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair catalyst enables the synthesis of an authentic cyclic acrylic polymer, cyclic poly(γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone) (c-PMMBL), from the bio-based monomer MMBL. Detailed studies have revealed an initiation and propagation mechanism through pairwise monomer enchainment enabled by the cooperative and synergistic initiator/catalyst sites of the trifunctional catalyst. We propose that macrocyclic intermediates and transition states comprising two catalyst molecules are involved in the catalyst-regulated ring expansion and eventual cyclization, forming authentic c-PMMBL rings and concurrently regenerating the catalyst. The cyclic topology of the c-PMMBL polymers imparts an ~50 °C higher onset decomposition temperature and a much narrower degradation window compared with their linear counterparts of similar molecular weight and dispersity, while maintaining high chemical recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Reid A Gilsdorf
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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12
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Molnar K, Sasidharan Pillai A, Chen D, Kaszas G, McKenna GB, Kornfield JA, Puskas JE. Investigation of the Structure, Filler Interaction and Degradation of Disulfide Elastomers made by Reversible Radical Recombination Polymerization (R3P). Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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13
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Mitra D, Pande S, Chatterji A. Topology-driven spatial organization of ring polymers under confinement. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:054502. [PMID: 36559479 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.054502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Entropic repulsion between DNA ring polymers under confinement is a key mechanism governing the spatial segregation of bacterial DNA before cell division. Here we establish that "internal" loops within a modified-ring polymer architecture enhance entropic repulsion between two overlapping polymers confined in a cylinder. Interestingly, they also induce entropy-driven spatial organization of polymer segments as seen in vivo. Here we design polymers of different architectures in our simulations by introducing a minimal number of cross-links between specific monomers along the ring-polymer contour. The cross-links are likely induced by various bridging proteins inside living cells. We investigate the segregation of two polymers with modified topologies confined in a cylinder, which initially had spatially overlapping configurations. This helps us to identify the architectures that lead to higher success rates of segregation. We also establish the mechanism that leads to localization of specific polymer segments. We use the blob model to provide a theoretical understanding of why certain architectures lead to enhanced entropic repulsive forces between the polymers. Lastly, we establish a correspondence between the organizational patterns of the chromosome of the C.crescentus bacterium and our results for a specifically designed polymer architecture. However, the principles outlined here pertaining to the organization of polymeric segments are applicable to both synthetic and biological polymers.
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14
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Ochs J, Pagnacco CA, Barroso-Bujans F. Macrocyclic polymers: Synthesis, purification, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Singh M, Dong M, Wu W, Nejat R, Tran DK, Pradhan N, Raghavan D, Douglas JF, Wooley KL, Karim A. Enhanced Dielectric Strength and Capacitive Energy Density of Cyclic Polystyrene Films. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:324-332. [PMID: 36254316 PMCID: PMC9562468 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The maximum capacitive
energy stored in polymeric dielectric capacitors,
which are ubiquitous in high-power-density devices, is dictated by
the dielectric breakdown strength of the dielectric polymer. The fundamental
mechanisms of the dielectric breakdown, however, remain unclear. Based
on a simple free-volume model of the polymer fluid state, we hypothesized
that the free ends of linear polymer chains might act as “defect”
sites, at which the dielectric breakdown can initiate. Thus, the dielectric
breakdown strength of cyclic polymers should exhibit enhanced stability
in comparison to that of their linear counterparts having the same
composition and similar molar mass. This hypothesis is supported by
the ∼50% enhancement in the dielectric breakdown strength and
∼80% enhancement in capacitive energy density of cyclic polystyrene
melt films in comparison to corresponding linear polystyrene control
films. Furthermore, we observed that cyclic polymers exhibit a denser
packing density than the linear chain melts, an effect that is consistent
with and could account for the observed property changes. Our work
demonstrates that polymer topology can significantly influence the
capacitive properties of polymer films, and correspondingly, we can
expect polymer topology to influence the gas permeability, shear modulus,
and other properties of thin films dependent on film density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninderjeet Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Mei Dong
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Roushanak Nejat
- Materials Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - David K. Tran
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Nihar Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Dharmaraj Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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16
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Chen C, Weil T. Cyclic polymers: synthesis, characteristics, and emerging applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1121-1135. [PMID: 35938292 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers with a ring-like topology and no chain ends are a unique class of macromolecules. In the past several decades, significant advances have been made to prepare these fascinating polymers, which allow for the exploration of their topological effects and potential applications in various fields. In this Review, we first describe representative synthetic strategies for making cyclic polymers and their derivative topological polymers with more complex structures. Second, the unique physical properties and self-assembly behavior of cyclic polymers are discussed by comparing them with their linear analogues. Special attention is paid to highlight how polymeric rings can assemble into hierarchical macromolecular architectures. Subsequently, representative applications of cyclic polymers in different fields such as drug and gene delivery and surface functionalization are presented. Last, we envision the following key challenges and opportunities for cyclic polymers that may attract future attention: large-scale synthesis, efficient purification, programmable folding and assembly, and expansion of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Menzel R, Maier T, Täuscher E, von Mertz FS, Freiberger E, Golz C, Fruth L, Pahl I, Hauk A. Structure elucidation and toxicological evaluation of cyclic Polyethersulfone oligomers present in extracts of membrane filters. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ina Pahl
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech Göttingen Germany
| | - Armin Hauk
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech Göttingen Germany
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18
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Pal D, Garrison JB, Miao Z, Diodati LE, Veige AS, Sumerlin BS. Nanobowls from Amphiphilic Core–Shell Cyclic Bottlebrush Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Digvijayee Pal
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John B. Garrison
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Zhihui Miao
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Lily E. Diodati
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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19
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Mao X, Xian J, Wang R, Han X, Pan X, Wu J. Synthesis of Linear to Cyclic Polylactide via a One-Pot Step-Wise Ring-Opening Polymerization and Back-Biting Reaction of Ring Closure Using Magnesium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10722-10730. [PMID: 35771955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The controllable synthesis of cyclic polylactide remains a challenging topic so far. In this work, a new strategy of one-pot step-wise ring-opening polymerization (ROP) followed by a back-biting reaction of ring closure was reported, in which one magnesium atrane-like complex {N,N-bis[3,5-di-cumyl-2-benzyloxy]-[2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy]magnesium} was utilized to initiate the ROP of lactide using 4-dimethylaminopyridine as a co-catalyst; then, macrocyclic polylactides were liberated out via increasing temperature after complete depletion of the monomer in which a back-biting reaction was utilized as a ring-closure method. The living feature at the first ROP stage can be proved well by the controllable molecular weights ranging from 3.10 to 34.70 kDa and narrow molecular weight distributions of linear polylactides obtained after quenching the reaction. The final cyclic polylactides with molecular weights (vs polystyrene) ranging from 2.50 to 16.10 kDa can be achieved too after the back-biting reaction of ring closure. Although a shoulder peak at the gel permeation chromatography profile appears when the ratio of monomer:initiator is high up to 100:1 or 200:1, this system is suitable for the controllable syntheses of cyclic polylactides with desirable modest molecular weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinning Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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20
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Watanabe T, Wang Y, Ono T, Chimura S, Isono T, Tajima K, Satoh T, Sato SI, Ida D, Yamamoto T. Topology and Sequence-Dependent Micellization and Phase Separation of Pluronic L35, L64, 10R5, and 17R4: Effects of Cyclization and the Chain Ends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091823. [PMID: 35566993 PMCID: PMC9105568 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The topology effects of cyclization on thermal phase transition behaviors were investigated for a series of amphiphilic Pluronic copolymers of both hydrophilic–hydrophobic–hydrophilic and hydrophobic–hydrophilic–hydrophobic block sequences. The dye solubilization measurements revealed the lowered critical micelle temperatures (TCMT) along with the decreased micellization enthalpy (ΔHmic) and entropy (ΔSmic) for the cyclized species. Furthermore, the transmittance and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicated a block sequence-dependent effect on the clouding phenomena, where a profound decrease in cloud point (Tc) was only found for the copolymers with a hydrophilic–hydrophobic–hydrophilic block sequence. Thus, the effect of cyclization on these critical temperatures was manifested differently depending on its block sequence. Finally, a comparison of the linear hydroxy-terminated, methoxy-terminated, and cyclized species indicated the effect of cyclization to be unique from a simple elimination of the terminal hydrophilic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Watanabe
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.W.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Yubo Wang
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.W.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Tomoko Ono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Satoru Chimura
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.W.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Shin-ichiro Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Daichi Ida
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura 615-8510, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.O.); (T.I.); (K.T.); (T.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Edwards HM, Sasiene ZJ, Mendis PM, Jackson GP. Structural Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Macrocycles Using Charge-Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:671-680. [PMID: 35195991 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research in natural products (NPs) has gained interest as drug developers turn to nature to combat problems with drug resistance, drug delivery, and emerging diseases. Whereas NPs offer a tantalizing source of new pharmacologically active compounds, their structural complexity presents a challenge for analytical characterization and organic synthesis. Of particular concern is the characterization of cyclic-, polycyclic-, or macrocyclic compounds. One example of endogenous compounds as inspiration for NP development are cobalamins, like vitamin B12. An example of exogenous NPs is the class of macrolides that includes erythromycin. Both classes of macrocycles feature analogues with a range of modifications on their macrocyclic cores, but because of their cyclic nature, they are generally resistant to fragmentation by collision-induced dissociation (CID). In the present work, charge-transfer dissociation (CTD) was employed, with or without supplemental collisional activation, to produce radical-driven, high-energy fragmentation products of different macrocyclic precursors. With the assistance of collisional activation of CTnoD products, CTD frequently cleaved two covalent bonds within the macrocycle cores to reveal rich, informative spectra that helped identify sites of modification and resolve structural analogues. In a third example of macrocycle fragmentation, CTD enabled an impurity in a biological sample to be characterized as a cyclic polymer of nylon-6,6. In each example, CTD spectra are starkly different from CID and are highly reminiscent of other high-energy fragmentation techniques like extreme ultraviolet dissociative photoionization (XUV-DPI) and electron ionization-induced dissociation (EID). The results indicate that CTD-MS is a useful tool for the characterization of natural and synthetic macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle M Edwards
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Praneeth M Mendis
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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22
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McGraw ML, Reilly LT, Clarke RW, Cavallo L, Falivene L, Chen EYX. Mechanism of Spatial and Temporal Control in Precision Cyclic Vinyl Polymer Synthesis by Lewis Pair Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116303. [PMID: 35132730 PMCID: PMC9304268 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In typical cyclic polymer synthesis via ring‐closure, chain growth and cyclization events are competing with each other, thus affording cyclic polymers with uncontrolled molecular weight or ring size and high dispersity. Here we uncover a mechanism by which Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) operates on polar vinyl monomers that allows the control of where and when cyclization takes place, thereby achieving spatial and temporal control to afford precision cyclic vinyl polymers or block copolymers with predictable molecular weight and low dispersity (≈1.03). A combined experimental and theoretical study demonstrates that cyclization occurs only after all monomers have been consumed (when) via conjugate addition of the propagating chain end to the specific site of the initiating chain end (where), allowing the cyclic polymer formation steps to be regulated and executed with precision in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Liam T Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Ryan W Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- Università di Salerno, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, 84100, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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23
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Ali Al Assiri M, Gómez Urreizti E, Andrea Pagnacco C, Gónzalez de San Román E, Barroso-Bujans F. Reactivity of B(C6F5)3 Towards Glycidol: The Formation of Branched Cyclic Polyglycidol Structures. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Castro GDD, Sánchez-Ayala A, De La Torre Canales G, Figueredo OMCD, Câmara-Souza MB, Amaral CFD, Rodrigues Garcia RCM. Effect of frozen storage on preservation of a silicone-based test food material. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.20396/bjos.v21i00.8665757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of frozen storage on the physical properties of a silicone-based test food material, highly used to evaluate the masticatory performance in research settings. Methods: A total of 1,666 silicone cubes of Optosil Comfort® with 5.6-mm edges were shaped and stored at -18°C. The cubes were subsequently tested for flexural strength (maximum force, displacement, stress, and strain) before breaking (n = 136), changes in weight and size (n = 170), and masticatory performance (n = 1360) at eight timepoints: immediately after cube preparation (baseline, no freezing), and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, and 2, 4 and 6 months after frozen storage. The cubes were thawed 8 h before each assessment. Results: The maximum force, stress, maximum displacement, and deformation values for the cubes were not affected by freezing (P > 0.05). At all of the time points, the cubes exhibited similar weight (P = 0.366) and size (identical values). The masticatory performance for the cubes also showed no differences from baseline through 6 months (P = 0.061). Conclusion: Freezing Optosil Comfort® silicone cubes did not alter the physical and mechanical properties of the material, being suitable to optimize the assessment of masticatory parameters for research purposes.
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25
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McGraw ML, Reilly LT, Clarke RW, Cavallo L, Falivene L, Chen EY. Mechanism of Spatial and Temporal Control in Precision Cyclic Vinyl Polymer Synthesis by Lewis Pair Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523–1872 USA
| | - Liam T. Reilly
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523–1872 USA
| | - Ryan W. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523–1872 USA
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Physical Sciences and Engineering Division KAUST Catalysis Center Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- Università di Salerno Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II 84100 Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Eugene Y.‐X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523–1872 USA
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26
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Xue Y, Jiang S, Zhong H, Chen Z, Wang F. Photo‐Induced Polymer Cyclization via Supramolecular Confinement of Cyanostilbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Sixun Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Ze Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
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27
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Nabiyan A, Max JB, Schacher FH. Double hydrophilic copolymers - synthetic approaches, architectural variety, and current application fields. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:995-1044. [PMID: 35005750 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solubility and functionality of polymeric materials are essential properties determining their role in any application. In that regard, double hydrophilic copolymers (DHC) are typically constructed from two chemically dissimilar but water-soluble building blocks. During the past decades, these materials have been intensely developed and utilised as, e.g., matrices for the design of multifunctional hybrid materials, in drug carriers and gene delivery, as nanoreactors, or as sensors. This is predominantly due to almost unlimited possibilities to precisely tune DHC composition and topology, their solution behavior, e.g., stimuli-response, and potential interactions with small molecules, ions and (nanoparticle) surfaces. In this contribution we want to highlight that this class of polymers has experienced tremendous progress regarding synthesis, architectural variety, and the possibility to combine response to different stimuli within one material. Especially the implementation of DHCs as versatile building blocks in hybrid materials expanded the range of water-based applications during the last two decades, which now includes also photocatalysis, sensing, and 3D inkjet printing of hydrogels, definitely going beyond already well-established utilisation in biomedicine or as templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Nabiyan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes B Max
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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28
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Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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29
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O'Neill JM, Mao J, Haque FM, Barroso-Bujans F, Grayson SM, Wesdemiotis C. Separation, identification, and confirmation of cyclic and tadpole macromolecules via UPLC-MS/MS. Analyst 2022; 147:2089-2096. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00208f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS/MS enables the separation and relative quantitation of cyclic and tadpole architectures of poly(glycidyl phenyl ether)s synthesized via ring-opening zwitterionic polymerization (ZREP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Farihah M. Haque
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Fabienne Barroso-Bujans
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 4, Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 5, Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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30
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Nagao M, Hoshino Y, Miura Y. Synthesis of well-defined cyclic glycopolymers and the relationship between their physical properties and their interaction with lectins. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00941b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The suppressed molecular mobility of the cyclic glycopolymers was found to weaken their interactions with target proteins, demonstrating the influence of polymer topology on molecular recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Nagao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yu Hoshino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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31
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Liao X, Cui FC, He JH, Ren WM, Lu XB, Zhang YT. Sustainable Approach for Synthesis and Completely Recycle of Cyclic CO 2-based Polycarbonates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6283-6290. [PMID: 35733884 PMCID: PMC9159078 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is highly desirable to reduce the environmental pollution related to the disposal of end-of-life plastics. Polycarbonates derived from the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides have attracted much attention since they can enable CO2-fixation and furnish biorenewable and degradable polymeric materials. So far, only linear CO2-based polycarbonates have been reported and typically degraded to cyclic carbonates. Here we synthesize a homogeneous dinuclear methyl zinc catalyst ((BDI-ZnMe)2, 1) to rapidly copolymerize meso-CHO and CO2 into poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) with an unprecedentedly cyclic structure. Moreover, in the presence of trace amounts of water, a heterogeneous multi-nuclear zinc catalyst ((BDI-(ZnMe2·xH2O))n, 2) is prepared and shows up to 99% selectivity towards the degradation of PCHC back to meso-CHO and CO2. This strategy not only achieves the first case of cyclic CO2-based polycarbonate but also realizes the complete chemical recycling of PCHC back to its monomers, representing closed-loop recycling of CO2-based polycarbonates. It is highly desirable to reduce the environmental pollution related to the disposal of end-of-life plastics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Feng-Chao Cui
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University 130024 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yue-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
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32
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Lo PH, Wang X. The effect of CX (alkyl groups) on the migration insertion polymerization (MIP) of PFpCX [PFp = (PPh2(CH2)3Cp)Fe(CO)2]. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Jung K, Corrigan N, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Bioactive Synthetic Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105063. [PMID: 34611948 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are omnipresent in society as textiles and packaging materials, in construction and medicine, among many other important applications. Alternatively, natural polymers play a crucial role in sustaining life and allowing organisms to adapt to their environments by performing key biological functions such as molecular recognition and transmission of genetic information. In general, the synthetic and natural polymer worlds are completely separated due to the inability for synthetic polymers to perform specific biological functions; in some cases, synthetic polymers cause uncontrolled and unwanted biological responses. However, owing to the advancement of synthetic polymerization techniques in recent years, new synthetic polymers have emerged that provide specific biological functions such as targeted molecular recognition of peptides, or present antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. In this review, the emergence of this generation of bioactive synthetic polymers and their bioapplications are summarized. Finally, the future opportunities in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenward Jung
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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34
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Lee J, Kim K, Lee HC, Kim D, Kwon M, Joo H, Cho HY, Jeon HB, Paik H. Glasses‐shaped triblock copolymer prepared by combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and ring opening polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Hong Chan Lee
- Department of Smart Interdisciplinary Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Myeonghee Kwon
- Department of Chemistry Kwangwoon University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hongil Joo
- Department of Chemistry Kwangwoon University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hong Y. Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Heung Bae Jeon
- Department of Chemistry Kwangwoon University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun‐jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
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35
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A versatile ring-closure method for efficient synthesis of cyclic polymer and tadpole-shaped copolymer. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Xue Y, Jiang S, Zhong H, Chen Z, Wang F. Photo-Induced Polymer Cyclization via Supramolecular Confinement of Cyanostilbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202110766. [PMID: 34714571 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient synthesis of cyclic polymers has received much attention in polymer chemistry field. Although photochemical cycloaddition of terminal π-bonded units provides a plausible way toward cyclic polymerization, it remains challenging to avoid side reactions by manipulating the reaction selectivity. Herein supramolecular confinement has been developed as a promising strategy to address this issue, by introducing highly directional hydrogen bonds to the photo-reactive cyanostilbenes. The cyanostilbenes units on both ends of a telechelic macromonomer are orientationally aligned with high local concentrations, yielding [2+2] photo-cycloaddition products upon 430 nm light irradiation. It leads to the formation of cyclic polymers in the self-assembled state, in stark contrast to Z-E isomerization of cyanostilbenes in the monomeric state. Overall, supramolecular confinement effect exemplified in the current study provides new avenues toward cyclic topological polymers with high synthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Sixun Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ze Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- B. E. Eichinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98118, United States
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38
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Hosono N, Uemura T. Metal-Organic Frameworks as Versatile Media for Polymer Adsorption and Separation. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3593-3603. [PMID: 34506124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition is of paramount importance for modern chemical processes and has now been achieved for small molecules using well-established host-guest chemistry and adsorption-science principles. In contrast, technologies for recognizing polymer structure are relatively undeveloped. Conventional polymer separation methods, which are mostly limited in practice to size-exclusion chromatography and reprecipitation, find it difficult to recognize minute structural differences in polymer structures as such small structural alterations barely influence the polymer characteristics, including molecular size, polarity, and solubility. Therefore, most of the polymeric products being used today contain mixtures of polymers with different structures as it is challenging to completely control polymer structures during synthesis even with state-of-the-art substitution and polymerization techniques. In this context, development of novel techniques that can resolve the challenges of polymer recognition and separation is in great demand, as these techniques hold the promise of a new paradigm in polymer synthesis, impacting not only materials chemistry but also analytical and biological chemistry.In biological systems, precise recognition and translation of base monomer sequences of mRNA are achieved by threading them through small ribosome tunnels. This principle of introducing polymers into nanosized channels can possibly help us design powerful polymer recognition and separation technologies using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as ideal and highly designable recognition media. MOFs are porous materials comprising organic ligands and metal ions and have been extensively studied as porous beds for gas separation and storage. Recently, we found that MOFs can accommodate large polymeric chains in their nanopores. Polymer chains can spontaneously infiltrate MOFs from neat molten and solution phases by threading their terminals into MOF nanochannels. Polymer structures can be recognized and differentiated due to such insertion processes, resulting in the selective adsorption of polymers on MOFs. This enables the precise recognition of the polymer terminus structure, resulting in the perfect separation of a variety of terminal-functionalized polymers that are otherwise difficult to separate by conventional polymer separation methods. Furthermore, the MOFs can recognize polymer shapes, thus enabling the large-scale separation of high purity cyclic polymers from the complex crude mixtures of linear polymers, which are used as precursor materials in common cyclization reactions. In solution-phase adsorption, many factors, including molecular weight, terminal groups, polymer shape, polymer-MOF interaction, and coexisting solvent molecules, influence the selective adsorption behavior; this yields a new liquid chromatography-based polymer separation technology using an MOF as the stationary phase. MOF-packed columns, in which a novel separation mode based on polymer insertion into the MOF operates under a dynamic insertion/rejection equilibrium at the liquid/solid interface, exhibited excellent polymer separation capability. The polymer recognition principle described in this study thus has a high probability for realizing previously unfeasible polymer separations based on monomer composition and sequences, stereoregularity, regioregularity, helicity, and block sequences in synthetic polymers and biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Hosono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
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39
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Ruiz MB, Pérez-Camargo RA, López JV, Penott-Chang E, Múgica A, Coulembier O, Müller AJ. Accelerating the crystallization kinetics of linear polylactides by adding cyclic poly (L-lactide): Nucleation, plasticization and topological effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:255-267. [PMID: 34246673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Polylactide is one of the most versatile biopolymers, but its slow crystallization limits its temperature usage range. Hence finding ways to enhance it is crucial to widen its applications. Linear and cyclic poly (L-lactide) (l-PLLA and c-PLLA) of similarly low molecular weights (MW) were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide, and ring-expansion methodology, respectively. Two types of blends were prepared by solution mixing: (a) l-PLLA/c-PLLA, at extreme compositions (rich in linear or in cyclic chains), and (b) blends of each of these low MW materials with a commercial high MW linear PLA. The crystallization of the different blends was evaluated by polarized light optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found, for the first time, that in the l-PLLA rich blends, small amounts of c-PLLA (i.e., 5 and 10 wt%) increase the nucleation density, nucleation rate (1/τ0), spherulitic growth rate (G), and overall crystallization rate (1/τ50%), when compared to neat l-PLLA, due to a synergistic effect (i.e., nucleation plus plasticization). In contrast, the opposite effect was found in the c-PLLA rich blends. The addition of small amounts of l-PLLA to a matrix of c-PLLA chains causes a decrease in the nucleation density, 1/τ0, G, and 1/τ50% values, due to threading effects between cyclic and linear chains. Small amounts of l-PLLA and c-PLLA enhance the crystallization ability of a commercial high MW linear PLA without affecting its melting temperature. The l-PLLA only acts as a plasticizer for the PLA matrix, whereas c-PLLA has a synergistic effect in accelerating the crystallization of PLA that goes beyond simple plasticization. The addition of small amounts of c-PLLA affects not only PLA crystal growth but also its nucleation due to the unique cyclic chains topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Betegón Ruiz
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ricardo A Pérez-Camargo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Juan V López
- Grupo de Polímeros USB, Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000, Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela
| | - Evis Penott-Chang
- Grupo de Polímeros USB, Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000, Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela
| | - Agurtzane Múgica
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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40
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Zhao Y, Zhu S, Liao C, Wang Y, Lam JWY, Zhou X, Wang X, Xie X, Tang BZ. Cobalt-Mediated Switchable Catalysis for the One-Pot Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16974-16979. [PMID: 34013603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A cobalt salen pentenoate complex [salen=(R,R)-N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tertbutylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine] is rationally designed as the catalyst for the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of epoxides/anhydrides/CO2 . Via migratory insertion of carbon monoxide (CO) into the Co-O bonds, the ROCOP-active species α-alkene-ω-O-CoIII (salen) can be rapidly and quantitatively transformed into α-alkene-ω-O2 C-CoIII (salen) telechelic linear precursors. Upon dilution of reaction mixtures, the homolytic cleavage of Co-C bonds induced by visible light generates α-alkene acyl radicals that spontaneously undergo intramolecular radical addition to afford organocobalt-functionalized cyclic polyesters and CO2 -based polycarbonates with excellent regioselectivity. The cyclic products can either react with radical scavengers to generate metal-free cyclic polymers or serve as photo-initiators for organometallic-mediated radical polymerization (OMRP) to produce tadpole-shaped copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Can Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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41
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Zhao Y, Zhu S, Liao C, Wang Y, Lam JWY, Zhou X, Wang X, Xie X, Tang BZ. Cobalt‐Mediated Switchable Catalysis for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Can Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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42
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Wang TW, Huang PR, Chow JL, Kaminsky W, Golder MR. A Cyclic Ruthenium Benzylidene Initiator Platform Enhances Reactivity for Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7314-7319. [PMID: 33960766 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ring-expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP) has shown potential as an efficient strategy to access cyclic macromolecules. Current approaches that utilize cyclic olefin feedstocks suffer from poor functional group tolerance, low initiator stability, and slow reaction kinetics. Improvements to current initiators will address these issues in order to develop more versatile and user-friendly technologies. Herein, we report a reinvigorated tethered ruthenium-benzylidene initiator, CB6, that utilizes design features from ubiquitous Grubbs-type initiators that are regularly applied in linear polymerizations. We report the controlled synthesis of functionalized cyclic poly(norbornene)s and demonstrate that judicious ligand modifications not only greatly improve kinetics but also lead to enhanced initiator stability. Overall, CB6 is an adaptable platform for the study and application of cyclic macromolecules via REMP.
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43
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Cao Y, Liu S, Wu Z, Chen H. Synthesis and antifouling performance of tadpole-shaped poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide) coatings. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2877-2884. [PMID: 33720249 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb03015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Linear poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide) (PHEAA) is regarded as one of the most promising antifouling materials because of its excellent antifouling properties and good hemocompatibility. However, the antifouling performance of topological PHEAAs remains largely unknown. Herein, the preparation of antifouling surfaces based on a tadpole-shaped PHEAA coating is reported for the first time, and how the tadpole-shaped PHEAA architecture affects antifouling performance is investigated. It is shown that the tadpole-shaped PHEAA-modified surfaces exhibit better antifouling performance than linear copolymer precursor-modified surfaces with identical molar masses and chemical compositions. This may be primarily attributed to the presence of cyclic PHEAA head chain segments in the tadpole-shaped PHEAA copolymer, and the absence of interchain entanglements can facilitate the formation of smoother and densely packed grafts, which result in better antifouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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44
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Jakhar V, Pal D, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Lester DW, Sumerlin BS, Veige AS. Tethered Tungsten-Alkylidenes for the Synthesis of Cyclic Polynorbornene via Ring Expansion Metathesis: Unprecedented Stereoselectivity and Trapping of Key Catalytic Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1235-1246. [PMID: 33417768 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This report describes an approach for preparing tethered tungsten-imido alkylidene complexes featuring a tetra-anionic pincer ligand. Treating the tungsten alkylidyne [tBuOCO]W≡CtBu(THF)2 (1) with isocyanates (RNCO; R = tBu, Cy, and Ph) leads to cycloaddition occurring exclusively at the C═N bond to generate the tethered tungsten-imido alkylidenes (6-NR). Unanticipated intermediates reveal themselves, including the discovery of [(O2CtBuC═)W(η2-(N,C)-RNCO)(THF)] (11-R) and an unprecedented decarbonylation product [(tBuOCO)W(≡NR)(tBuCCO)] (14-R), on the pathway to the formation of 6-NR. Complex 11-R is kinetically stable for sterically bulky isocyanate R = tBu (11-tBu) and is isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Finally, adding to the short list of catalysts capable of ring expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP), complexes 6-NR and 11-tBu are active for the stereoselective synthesis of cyclic polynorbornene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Digvijayee Pal
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterization Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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45
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Wang TW, Golder MR. Advancing macromolecular hoop construction: recent developments in synthetic cyclic polymer chemistry. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01655a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methodology to access cyclic macromolecules continues to develop via two distinct mechanistic classes: ring-expansion of macrocyclic initiators and ring-closure of functionalized linear polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
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46
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Kusuyama N, Daito Y, Kubota H, Kametani Y, Ouchi M. Construction of ring-based architectures via ring-expansion cationic polymerization and post-polymerization modification: design of cyclic initiators from divinyl ether and dicarboxylic acid. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00209k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Topologically unique polymers such as tadpole and figure-eight polymers were synthesized via ring-expansion cationic polymerization (RECP) of vinyl ether with a functionalized cyclic initiator, followed by post-polymerization modification (PPM) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kusuyama
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Yuji Daito
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kubota
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Yuki Kametani
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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47
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Pal D, Miao Z, Garrison JB, Veige AS, Sumerlin BS. Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Macrocyclic Bottlebrushes via Post-Polymerization Modification of a Cyclic Polymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Digvijayee Pal
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Zhihui Miao
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John B. Garrison
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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48
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Golba B, Benetti EM, De Geest BG. Biomaterials applications of cyclic polymers. Biomaterials 2020; 267:120468. [PMID: 33120171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers are an intriguing class of polymers due to their lack of chain ends. This unique architecture combined with steric constraints adorn cyclic polymers as well as nano-, micro- and macro-scale materials containing cyclic polymers with distinctive physicochemical properties which can have a profound effect on the performance of these materials in a wide range of applications. Within a biomedical context, biomaterials based on cyclic polymers have shown very distinct properties in terms of biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, drug/gene delivery efficiency and surface activity. This review summarizes the applications of cyclic polymers in the field of biomaterials and highlights their potential in the biomedical field as well as addressing future challenges in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Golba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
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49
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Zhang L, Wu Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhang K. Scalable Bimolecular Ring-Closure Method for Cyclic Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangcai Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shumu Li
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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50
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Xue X, Chen Y, Liang K, Huang W, Yang H, Jiang L, Jiang Q, Jiang B, Pu H. A facile approach for preparing tadpole and barbell-shaped cyclic polymers through combining ATRP and atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC) reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile strategy was developed to prepare active tadpole-shaped cyclic polystyrene, which was then used to fabricate symmetrical barbell polystyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Yangjing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Kang Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Li Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - QiMin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Hongting Pu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
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