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Bhusare N, Gade A, Kumar MS. Using nanotechnology to progress the utilization of marine natural products in combating multidrug resistance in cancer: A prospective strategy. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23732. [PMID: 38769657 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Achieving targeted, customized, and combination therapies with clarity of the involved molecular pathways is crucial in the treatment as well as overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative and promising approach to address the problem of drug resistance. Developing nano-formulation-based therapies using therapeutic agents poses a synergistic effect to overcome MDR in cancer. In this review, we aimed to highlight the important pathways involved in the progression of MDR in cancer mediated through nanotechnology-based approaches that have been employed to circumvent them in recent years. Here, we also discussed the potential use of marine metabolites to treat MDR in cancer, utilizing active drug-targeting nanomedicine-based techniques to enhance selective drug accumulation in cancer cells. The discussion also provides future insights for developing complex targeted, multistage responsive nanomedical drug delivery systems for effective cancer treatments. We propose more combinational studies and their validation for the possible marine-based nanoformulations for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilam Bhusare
- Somaiya Institute for Research and Consultancy, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Vidyavihar (E), Mumbai, India
| | - Anushree Gade
- Somaiya Institute for Research and Consultancy, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Vidyavihar (E), Mumbai, India
| | - Maushmi S Kumar
- Somaiya Institute for Research and Consultancy, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Vidyavihar (E), Mumbai, India
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2
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Wang J, Li P, Wang C, Liu N, Xing D. Molecularly or atomically precise nanostructures for bio-applications: how far have we come? MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3304-3324. [PMID: 37365977 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A huge variety of nanostructures are promising for biomedical applications, but only a few have been practically applied. Among the various reasons, the limited structural preciseness is a critical one, as it increases the difficulty in product quality control, accurate dosing, and ensuring the repeatability of material performance. Constructing nanoparticles with molecule-like preciseness is becoming a new research field. In this review, we focus on the artificial nanomaterials that can currently be molecularly or atomically precise, including DNA nanostructures, some metallic nanoclusters, dendrimer nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures, describing their syntheses, bio-applications and limitations, in view of up-to-date studies. A perspective on their potential for clinical translation is also given. This review is expected to provide a particular rationale for the future design of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ping Li
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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3
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Jeevanandam J, Tan KX, Rodrigues J, Danquah MK. Target-Specific Delivery and Bioavailability of Pharmaceuticals via Janus and Dendrimer Particles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1614. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles have emerged as promising nanocarriers for the target-specific delivery and improved bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Janus particles, with two distinct regions exhibiting different physical and chemical properties, provide a unique platform for the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs or tissue-specific targeting. Conversely, dendrimers are branched, nanoscale polymers with well-defined surface functionalities that can be designed for improved drug targeting and release. Both Janus particles and dendrimers have demonstrated their potential to improve the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, increase the intracellular uptake of drugs, and reduce their toxicity by controlling the release rate. The surface functionalities of these nanocarriers can be tailored to specific targets, such as overexpressed receptors on cancer cells, leading to enhanced drug efficacy The design of these nanocarriers can be optimized by tuning the size, shape, and surface functionalities, among other parameters. The incorporation of Janus and dendrimer particles into composite materials to create hybrid systems for enhancing drug delivery, leveraging the unique properties and functionalities of both materials, can offer promising outcomes. Nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles hold great promise for the delivery and improved bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Further research is required to optimize these nanocarriers and bring them to the clinical setting to treat various diseases. This article discusses various nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles for target-specific delivery and bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. In addition, the development of Janus-dendrimer hybrid nanoparticles to address some limitations of standalone nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Kei Xian Tan
- GenScript Biotech (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., 164, Kallang Way, Solaris@Kallang 164, Singapore 349248, Singapore
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Michael K. Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN 37403-2598, USA
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4
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Jeevanandam J, Tan KX, Rodrigues J, Danquah MK. Target-Specific Delivery and Bioavailability of Pharmaceuticals via Janus and Dendrimer Particles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1614. [PMID: 37376062 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles have emerged as promising nanocarriers for the target-specific delivery and improved bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Janus particles, with two distinct regions exhibiting different physical and chemical properties, provide a unique platform for the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs or tissue-specific targeting. Conversely, dendrimers are branched, nanoscale polymers with well-defined surface functionalities that can be designed for improved drug targeting and release. Both Janus particles and dendrimers have demonstrated their potential to improve the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, increase the intracellular uptake of drugs, and reduce their toxicity by controlling the release rate. The surface functionalities of these nanocarriers can be tailored to specific targets, such as overexpressed receptors on cancer cells, leading to enhanced drug efficacy The design of these nanocarriers can be optimized by tuning the size, shape, and surface functionalities, among other parameters. The incorporation of Janus and dendrimer particles into composite materials to create hybrid systems for enhancing drug delivery, leveraging the unique properties and functionalities of both materials, can offer promising outcomes. Nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles hold great promise for the delivery and improved bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Further research is required to optimize these nanocarriers and bring them to the clinical setting to treat various diseases. This article discusses various nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles for target-specific delivery and bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. In addition, the development of Janus-dendrimer hybrid nanoparticles to address some limitations of standalone nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Kei Xian Tan
- GenScript Biotech (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., 164, Kallang Way, Solaris@Kallang 164, Singapore 349248, Singapore
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN 37403-2598, USA
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5
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Bonilla V, Freixas VM, Fernandez-Alberti S, Galindo JF. Impact of the core on the inter-branch exciton exchange in dendrimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12097-12106. [PMID: 37133823 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp06009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic dendrimers with π conjugated systems are capable of capturing solar energy as a renewable source for human use. Nonetheless, further study regarding the relationship between the structure and the energy transfer mechanism in these types of molecules is still necessary. In this work, nonadiabatic excited state molecular dynamics (NEXMD) were carried out to study the intra- and inter-branch exciton migration in two tetra-branched dendrimers, C(dSSB)4 and Ad(BuSSB)4, which differ in their respective carbon and adamantane core. Both systems undergo a ladder decay mechanism between excited states, with back-and-forth transitions between S1 and S2. Despite presenting very similar absorption-emission spectra, differences in the photoinduced energy relaxation are observed. The size of the core impacts the inter-branch energy exchange and transient exciton localization/delocalization, which ultimately condition the relative energy relaxation rates, being faster in Ad(BuSSB)4 with respect to C(dSSB)4. Nevertheless, the photoinduced processes lead to a progressive final exciton-self-trapping in one of the branches of both dendrimers, which is a desirable feature in organic photovoltaic applications. Our results can inspire the design of more efficient dendrimers with the desired magnitude of inter-branch exciton exchange and localization/delocalization according to changes in their core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bonilla
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Victor M Freixas
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | | | - Johan Fabian Galindo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Mishra S, Raval M, Singh V, Tiwari AK. Synthetic receptors in medicine. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:303-335. [PMID: 36813363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cellular signaling is controlled by ligand receptor interaction and subsequent biochemical changes inside the cell. Manipulating receptors as per need that can be a strategy to alter the disease pathologies in various conditions. With recent advances in synthetic biology, now it is possible to engineer the artificial receptor "synthetic receptors." Synthetic receptors are the engineering receptors that have potential to alter the disease pathology by altering/manipulating the cellular signaling. Several synthetic receptors are being engineered that have shown positive regulation in several disease conditions. Thus, synthetic receptor-based strategy opens a new avenue in the medical field to cope up with various health issues. The current chapter summarizes updated information about the synthetic receptors and their applications in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Mishra
- School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Mahima Raval
- Genetics & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Anand Krishna Tiwari
- Genetics & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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7
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Arora V, Abourehab MA, Modi G, Kesharwani P. Dendrimers as prospective nanocarrier for targeted delivery against lung cancer. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Jangid AK, Patel K, Joshi U, Patel S, Singh A, Pooja D, Saharan VA, Kulhari H. PEGylated G4 dendrimers as a promising nanocarrier for piperlongumine delivery: Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Niu L, Song N, Wang X, Ding S. Internally Functionalized Dendrimers Based on Fully Substituted 1,2,3-Triazoles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200375. [PMID: 35766341 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Being one important class in dendrimer chemistry, internally functionalized dendrimers (IFDs) are still exiguous. Here we demonstrate the first construction of IFDs involving fully substituted 1,2,3-triazole rings as interior functionality carriers. Through divergent or convergent synthetic protocols established on the efficient iridium-catalyzed annulation of internal 1-thioalkynes with organic azides (IrAAC), sequence-controlled heterolayered dendrimers with different branched structures are achieved in a convenient manner. 1 H NMR, MS and SEC characterizations well identify their architecture and high purity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shengtao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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10
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Jaquilin P J R, Oluwafemi OS, Thomas S, Oyedeji AO. Recent advances in drug delivery nanocarriers incorporated in temperature-sensitive Pluronic F-127–A critical review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shengtao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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12
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Fernandes T, Martins NCT, Fateixa S, Nogueira HIS, Daniel-da-Silva AL, Trindade T. Dendrimer stabilized nanoalloys for inkjet printing of surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 612:342-354. [PMID: 34998194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on paper substrates prepared by inkjet deposition of metal nanoparticles for sensing applications has become a hot topic in recent years; however, the design of such substrates based on the deposition of alloy nanoparticles remains less explored. Herein, we report for the first time the inkjet printing of dendrimer-stabilized colloidal metal nanoalloys for the preparation of paper substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. To this end, nanoassemblies containing variable molar ratios of Au:Ag were prepared in the presence of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM), resulting in plasmonic properties that depend on the chemical composition of the final materials. The dendrimer-stabilized Au:Ag:PAMAM colloids exhibit high colloidal stability, making them suitable for the preparation of inks for long-term use in inkjet printing of paper substrates. Moreover, the pre-treatment of paper with a polystyrene (PS) aqueous emulsion resulted in hydrophobic substrates with improved SERS sensitivity, as illustrated in the analytical detection of tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram pesticide) dissolved in aqueous solutions. We suggest that the interactions established between the two polymers (PAMAM and PS) in an interface region over the cellulosic fibres, resulted in more exposed metallic surfaces for the adsorption of the analyte molecules. The resulting hydrophobic substrates show long-term plasmonic stability with high SERS signal retention for at least ninety days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO- Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Natércia C T Martins
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO- Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Fateixa
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO- Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena I S Nogueira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO- Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Daniel-da-Silva
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO- Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tito Trindade
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO- Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Vonlanthen M, Cuétara-Guadarrama F, Porcu P, Sorroza-Martínez K, González-Méndez I, Rivera E. Dendronized Porphyrins: Molecular Design and Synthesis. CURR ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272826666220126121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
In this review, we report different methods and strategies to synthesize flexible and rigid dendronized porphyrins. We will focus on porphyrin dendrimers that have been reported in the last 10 years. Particularly, in our research group, we have designed and synthesized different series of dendronized porphyrins (free base and metallated) with pyrene units at the periphery and Fréchet-type dendritic arms. The Lindsey methodology has allowed the synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins with various substitution patterns, such as symmetric, dissymmetric, or unsymmetric. Porphyrin dendrimers have been prepared by different synthetic methodologies; one of the most reported being the convergent method, where the dendrons are first prepared and further linked to a meso-substituted functionalized porphyrin unit, which will constitute the core of the dendrimer. Another interesting synthetic approach is the use of a reactive dendron bearing a terminal aldehyde functional group to form the final porphyrin core. In this way, a two-armed dendronized dissymmetric porphyrin core can be prepared from a dendritic precursor and a dipyrromethene derivative. This strategy is very convenient to prepare low-generation dendritic porphyrins. The divergent approach is another well-known methodology for porphyrin dendrimer synthesis, mostly used for the obtainment of high-generation dendrimers. Click chemistry reaction has been advantageous for the development of more complex porphyrin dendritic structures. This reaction presents important advantages, such as high yields and mild reaction conditions which permit the assembly of different multiporphyrin dendritic structures. In the constructs presented in this review, the emission of the porphyrin moiety has been observed, leading to potential applications in artificial photosynthesis, sensing, nanomedicine, and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Vonlanthen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabián Cuétara-Guadarrama
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pasquale Porcu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kendra Sorroza-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel González-Méndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Rivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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Peptide Multimerization as Leads for Therapeutic Development. Biologics 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics2010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multimerization of peptide structures has been a logical evolution in their development as potential therapeutic molecules. The multivalent properties of these assemblies have attracted much attention from researchers in the past and the development of more complex branching dendrimeric structures, with a wide array of biocompatible building blocks is revealing previously unseen properties and activities. These branching multimer and dendrimer structures can induce greater effect on cellular targets than monomeric forms and act as potent antimicrobials, potential vaccine alternatives and promising candidates in biomedical imaging and drug delivery applications. This review aims to outline the chemical synthetic innovations for the development of these highly complex structures and highlight the extensive capabilities of these molecules to rival those of natural biomolecules.
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Thalji MR, Ibrahim AA, Ali GA. Cutting-edge development in dendritic polymeric materials for biomedical and energy applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Chis AA, Dobrea CM, Rus LL, Frum A, Morgovan C, Butuca A, Totan M, Juncan AM, Gligor FG, Arseniu AM. Dendrimers as Non-Viral Vectors in Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:5976. [PMID: 34641519 PMCID: PMC8512881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) has been intensively studied as a promising new strategy of prodrug delivery, with its main advantages being represented by an enhanced efficacy and a reduced off-target toxicity of the active drug. In recent years, numerous therapeutic systems based on GDEPT strategy have entered clinical trials. In order to deliver the desired gene at a specific site of action, this therapeutic approach uses vectors divided in two major categories, viral vectors and non-viral vectors, with the latter being represented by chemical delivery agents. There is considerable interest in the development of non-viral vectors due to their decreased immunogenicity, higher specificity, ease of synthesis and greater flexibility for subsequent modulations. Dendrimers used as delivery vehicles offer many advantages, such as: nanoscale size, precise molecular weight, increased solubility, high load capacity, high bioavailability and low immunogenicity. The aim of the present work was to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances regarding the use of dendrimers as non-viral carriers in the GDEPT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adina Frum
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.A.C.); (C.M.D.); (L.-L.R.); (A.B.); (M.T.); (A.M.J.); (F.G.G.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Claudiu Morgovan
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.A.C.); (C.M.D.); (L.-L.R.); (A.B.); (M.T.); (A.M.J.); (F.G.G.); (A.M.A.)
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