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Quinn H, Robben GA, Zheng Z, Gardner AL, Werner JG, Brown KA. PANDA: a self-driving lab for studying electrodeposited polymer films. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39140190 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00797b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
We introduce the polymer analysis and discovery array (PANDA), an automated system for high-throughput electrodeposition and functional characterization of polymer films. The PANDA is a custom, modular, and low-cost system based on a CNC gantry that we have modified to include a syringe pump, potentiostat, and camera with a telecentric lens. This system can perform fluid handling, electrochemistry, and transmission optical measurements on samples in custom 96-well plates that feature transparent and conducting bottoms. We begin by validating this platform through a series of control fluid handling and electrochemistry experiments to quantify the repeatability, lack of cross-contamination, and accuracy of the system. As a proof-of-concept experimental campaign to study the functional properties of a model polymer film, we optimize the electrochromic switching of electrodeposited poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films. In particular, we explore the monomer concentration, deposition time, and deposition voltage using an array of experiments selected by Latin hypercube sampling. Subsequently, we run an active learning campaign based upon Bayesian optimization to find the processing conditions that lead to the highest electrochromic switching of PEDOT:PSS. This self-driving lab integrates optical and electrochemical characterization to constitute a novel, automated approach for studying functional polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley Quinn
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Gregory A Robben
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Zhaoyi Zheng
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Alan L Gardner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jörg G Werner
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Keith A Brown
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Kousseff CJ, Wustoni S, Silva RKS, Lifer A, Savva A, Frey GL, Inal S, Nielsen CB. Single-Component Electroactive Polymer Architectures for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308281. [PMID: 38520718 PMCID: PMC11251565 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have emerged as promising materials for biological sensing, owing to their electrochemical activity, stability in an aqueous environment, and biocompatibility. Yet, OMIEC-based sensors rely predominantly on the use of composite matrices to enable stimuli-responsive functionality, which can exhibit issues with intercomponent interfacing. In this study, an approach is presented for non-enzymatic glucose detection by harnessing a newly synthesized functionalized monomer, EDOT-PBA. This monomer integrates electrically conducting and receptor moieties within a single organic component, obviating the need for complex composite preparation. By engineering the conditions for electrodeposition, two distinct polymer film architectures are developed: pristine PEDOT-PBA and molecularly imprinted PEDOT-PBA. Both architectures demonstrated proficient glucose binding and signal transduction capabilities. Notably, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) architecture demonstrated faster stabilization upon glucose uptake while it also enabled a lower limit of detection, lower standard deviation, and a broader linear range in the sensor output signal compared to its non-imprinted counterpart. This material design not only provides a robust and efficient platform for glucose detection but also offers a blueprint for developing selective sensors for a diverse array of target molecules, by tuning the receptor units correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- Organic Bioelectronics LaboratoryBiological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Raphaela K. S. Silva
- Organic Bioelectronics LaboratoryBiological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Ariel Lifer
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTechnion–Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Bioelectronics SectionDepartment of MicroelectronicsFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS)Delft University of TechnologyDelft2628 CDThe Netherlands
| | - Gitti L. Frey
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTechnion–Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics LaboratoryBiological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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Ranathunge TA, Curiac C, Green KA, Kolodziejczyk W, Hill G, Morgan S, Delcamp JH, Watkins DL. Heteroacene-Based Polymer with Fast-Switching Visible-Near Infrared Electrochromic Behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7217-7226. [PMID: 36692904 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochromic properties and application of electronically conducting polymers (ECPs) (PTRPZ-EDOT) consisting of a 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and the heteroacene-based molecular scaffold, 6H-pyrrolo[3,2-b:4,5-b'] bis [1,4] benzothiazine (TRPZ), are reported. Known for its high electron mobility and conducting properties, the novel TRPZ scaffold was synthesized to possess two EDOT molecules termini affording TRPZ-EDOT. Electropolymerization of TRPZ-EDOT resulted in remarkable spectroscopic and conductive properties suitable for electrochromic device fabrication. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the average surface roughness and surface topography of PTRPZ-EDOT polymer thin films were determined. Spectroelectrochemical data showed that the polymer achieved switching times of 4.07 (coloration) and 0.47 s (bleaching) at 539 nm. The PTRPZ-EDOT film exhibits an optical contrast of 36-44% at 539 nm between its neutral and colored states, respectively. The NIR region from 1000 to 1700 nm shows the appearance of charge carrier bands with a 0-1 V potential range. An electrochromic device was successfully fabricated from PTRPZ-EDOT, showcasing the potential and applicability of the polymer material for advanced technologies such as smart windows, flexible electrochromic screens, and energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharindu A Ranathunge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street Thayer Street, MacMillan Lawn, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Christine Curiac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Kevin A Green
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Wojciech Kolodziejczyk
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson- State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Glake Hill
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson- State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Sarah Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Davita L Watkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Stephen M, Wu X, Li T, Salim T, Hou K, Chen S, Leong WL. Crown ether enabled enhancement of ionic-electronic properties of PEDOT:PSS. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2408-2415. [PMID: 35801931 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00496h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have proven to be one of the most versatile platforms for various applications including bioelectronics, neuromorphic computing and soft robotics. The use of PEDOT:PSS for OECTs originates from its ample mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, which in turn depends on the microscale phase separation and morphology of the polymer. Thus, modulation of the microstructure of PEDOT:PSS film enables us to tune the operation and device characteristics of the resulting OECT. Herein we report enhanced transconductance (20 mS), fast switching (32 μs) and stable operation (10 000 cycles) of modified PEDOT:PSS based OECTs using 15-crown-5 as an additive. Four probe measurements reveal an increased electronic conductivity of the modified PEDOT:PSS film (∼450 S cm-1) while tapping mode atomic force microscopy shows an increased phase separation. Further detailed characterization using spectroelectrochemistry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction (GIWAXS) provides insight into the microstructural changes brought about by the crown ether additive that result in the desirable characteristics of the modified PEDOT:PSS film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Stephen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Xihu Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Ting Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Teddy Salim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kunqi Hou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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Optical and electrochemical properties of novel fused tricyclic thiophene–15-crown-5 systems and their complexes with Mg and Ba ions. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
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Electronically interfacing with the
nervous system for the purposes
of health diagnostics and therapy, sports performance monitoring,
or device control has been a subject of intense academic and industrial
research for decades. This trend has only increased in recent years,
with numerous high-profile research initiatives and commercial endeavors.
An important research theme has emerged as a result, which is the
incorporation of semiconducting polymers in various devices that communicate
with the nervous system—from wearable brain-monitoring caps
to penetrating implantable microelectrodes. This has been driven by
the potential of this broad class of materials to improve the electrical
and mechanical properties of the tissue–device interface, along
with possibilities for increased biocompatibility. In this review
we first begin with a tutorial on neural interfacing, by reviewing
the basics of nervous system function, device physics, and neuroelectrophysiological
techniques and their demands, and finally we give a brief perspective
on how material improvements can address current deficiencies in this
system. The second part is a detailed review of past work on semiconducting
polymers, covering electrical properties, structure, synthesis, and
processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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